{"title":"Stabilization of Networked Periodic and Almost-Periodic Piecewise Linear Systems Under Hybrid Packet Dropouts","authors":"Liheng Wan;Panshuo Li;James Lam","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2026.3691478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2026.3691478","url":null,"abstract":"Stabilization under hybrid packet dropouts induced by the network and DoS attacks is a challenging problem for switched systems. In this article, the stabilization under hybrid packet dropouts is studied for networked periodic piecewise linear systems, a type of switched systems of which subsystems are switched cyclically with fixed dwell times. First an intensity-stealthiness balanced attack scheme is proposed, which regulates the attack rate according to the rate of network-induced packet dropouts. The resulting hybrid packet dropouts are characterized by a new stochastic model, where the constraint on the attack duration is relaxed in comparison with the previous works. Then, considering hybrid packet dropouts, stabilization of networked periodic piecewise linear systems with nonstabilizable subsystems is studied. A sufficient condition of exponential mean-square stabilization is proposed, and the controller can be designed directly by solving linear matrix inequalities. Moreover, the stabilization method is developed for networked almost-periodic piecewise linear systems with time-varying dwell times, which would be more practical in applications, by constructing a Lyapunov function based on the bounds of dwell times. Finally, numerical examples are employed to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"13 3","pages":"1373-1384"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Encryption-Based Watermarking Protection Control Scheme for Cyber-Physical System","authors":"Qi He;Xiao-Jian Li","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2026.3692450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2026.3692450","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, an encryption-based watermarking protection control scheme is proposed to solve the problem of detecting replay attack and injection attack for cyber-physical systems (CPSs). A basic set of watermarking elements is first established to generate the required watermarks recyclably. The sensor measurements are then marked by the watermarks and encrypted following the permutation-diffusion framework. The ciphertext is finally processed using a secure Huffman encoding method and transmitted over the network as a digital signal. In this case, both the security performance and signal transmission efficiency are improved. The introduced watermarks can be completely removed in an attack-free case. Compared with the solutions adding watermarks into control inputs, the proposed scheme can not only identify attacks but also realize zero-control performance loss. Furthermore, the proposed scheme can provide multilevel security protections for CPSs with a lightweight solution, and the privacy of CPSs can also be guaranteed. Simulations verify the security performance of the proposed scheme.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"13 3","pages":"1604-1615"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prescribed-Time Coverage Control for Bidirectional and Unidirectional Mobile Sensor Networks on a Closed Curve","authors":"Yongqin He;Cheng Song;Mingyang Xie;Shengyuan Xu","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2026.3691587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2026.3691587","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates prescribed-time coverage control for bidirectional and unidirectional mobile sensor networks deployed on a closed curve. By using a time-varying scaling function, prescribed-time coverage control laws are developed for the two types of sensor networks, and their convergence is established via matrix theory and Lyapunov stability theory. It is shown that the sensors can be guided to the configuration minimizing the coverage cost function at the prescribed convergence time, while respecting their control input constraints, provided that the sensors' maximum velocities satisfy a given condition. In contrast to previous studies, we further demonstrate that the order of the sensors on the closed curve is strictly maintained at all times. In consequence, only the information of two immediate counterclockwise and clockwise sensors is needed for each sensor to compute its control input, and collision among mobile sensors can be avoided. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control laws is validated through numerical simulations.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"13 3","pages":"1462-1471"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Optimization-Based Hierarchical Framework for Affine Formation Control of Nonholonomic Mobile Robots","authors":"Jiayi Shao;Hao Yu;Dawei Shi;Junzheng Wang","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2026.3691489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2026.3691489","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a hierarchical framework for achieving the affine formation of multiple nonholonomic mobile robots in undirected graphs with moving leaders. The proposed framework consists of three layers, each serving a specific function: First, through the communication between robots, a distributed optimization-based algorithm is applied in the top layer to generate the affine formation position-velocity trajectories for the followers. Then, the middle layer reconstructs the aforementioned trajectories into equivalent reference linear-velocity and angular-velocity signals in virtual nonholonomic mobile robots. Meanwhile, to address inaccessibility of angular velocity signals in reference nonholonomic mobile robots, a linear extended state observer is designed to provide bounded estimation. Finally, based on the reference nonholonomic mobile robots, a tracking algorithm is employed in the bottom layer to enable the follower robots to track the desired position in affine formation, along with a robustness analysis of tracking performance concerning reconstruction errors in reference nonholonomic mobile robots. The effectiveness of the proposed framework are verified by simulation results.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"13 3","pages":"1399-1411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Distributed Approach for the Nonconvex Resource Allocation Problem Over Unbalanced Directed Networks","authors":"Xiasheng Shi;Yanxu Su;Darong Huang;Changyin Sun","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2026.3691602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2026.3691602","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the distributed resource allocation problem with a nonconvex objective function over a weight-unbalanced directed communication network, where a coupled equality constraint and a private convex set are considered. To handle this issue, a distributed consensus-based estimator is introduced to track the coupled constraint within a finite time. Then, based on this estimator, a primal–dual distributed optimization approach is designed, where the local dual variable guarantees the global constraint and cooperatively achieves the optimal centralized dual variable. To ensure the stability of the primal subsystem, based on the penalty-like function method, a convex term is added to the augmented Lagrangian multiplier function such that its Hessian matrix over the primal variable is positive definite. Finally, the developed method’s asymptotical convergence rate is established, and its effectiveness is evaluated via two case simulations.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"13 3","pages":"1472-1483"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive Prescribed-Time Cooperative Guidance With Actuator Efficiency Loss","authors":"Rujia Chen;Haibin Duan","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2026.3695556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2026.3695556","url":null,"abstract":"To address the efficiency loss of actuators in cooperative guidance for multiple missiles intercepting a maneuvering target, this article proposes a 3-D adaptive prescribed-time (PT) cooperative guidance strategy. A three-channel decoupled model with actuator efficiency loss decomposes the 3-D system into longitudinal and normal/lateral subsystems to separately satisfy impact time and impact angle constraints. For the longitudinal subsystem, an adaptive PT cooperative guidance law with consensus ensures that all missiles agree on relative distance and speed within a predefined time under a unified communication topology. For the normal and lateral subsystems, an adaptive PT impact angle guidance law with virtual control inputs relies only on local state information to meet angle constraints. Rigorous stability analysis verifies the PT convergence of both guidance laws. Simulation results validate rapid convergence within the specified impact time, effective satisfaction of impact angle constraints, resilience to input disturbances, and robust performance across diverse communication topologies and initial conditions.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"13 3","pages":"1652-1664"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Consensus of Discrete-Time Linear Multiagent Systems: A Server-Assisted Approach","authors":"Hao Su;Rongrong Qian;Yuan Qi;Zhihao Xue;Hao Xu","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2026.3695557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2026.3695557","url":null,"abstract":"Although significant research efforts have been devoted to the consensus of multiagent systems (MASs), limited attention has been paid to general network environments, including network-disconnected scenarios. In this context, this article addresses the consensus problem of MASs with the assistance of a control station, so that consensusability can be achieved in both network-connected and network-disconnected scenarios. More specifically, for the considered MASs, we propose server-assisted control protocols that integrate local state information and global average information. The sufficient condition for MASs to achieve consensus exponentially fast is then derived. We also investigate the early computability of the proposed server-assisted control protocols. Finally, numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed control protocols.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"13 3","pages":"1639-1651"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structured Cooperative Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Control: A Bayesian Network Perspective","authors":"Shahbaz P Qadri Syed;He Bai","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2026.3691269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2026.3691269","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a systematic approach to leverage structures in interagent couplings for efficient model-free cooperative multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). We model the cooperative MARL problem via a Bayesian network and characterize the subset of agents, termed as the <italic>value dependence set</i>, whose information is required by each agent to estimate its local action value function exactly. Moreover, we propose a <italic>partially decentralized training and decentralized execution</i> (P-DTDE) paradigm based on the value dependence set, and establish that the total variance of the P-DTDE policy gradient estimator is less than the centralized training decentralized execution (CTDE) policy gradient estimator.We derive a cooperative multiagent policy gradient theorem based on the P-DTDE scheme and develop a scalable actor–critic algorithm. We demonstrate the efficiency and scalability of the proposed algorithm on multiwarehouse resource allocation and multizone temperature control examples. For dense value dependence sets, we propose an approximation scheme based on truncation of the Bayesian network and empirically show that it achieves a faster convergence than the exact value dependence set for applications with a large number of agents.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"13 3","pages":"1308-1320"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Event-Triggered Observer-Based Optimal Time-Varying Formation Control for Uncertain Nonlinear Multiagent Systems","authors":"Fuyong Wang;Jinxuan Zhang;Xinyi Wei;Zhongxin Liu","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2026.3710313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2026.3710313","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a novel distributed event-triggered observer-based optimal control framework for time-varying formation (TVF) tracking of uncertain nonlinear multiagent systems. To reduce communication demands and relax stringent requirements on network topology, a distributed event-triggered state observer is first developed, enabling each agent to intermittently estimate the state of the virtual leader. A key feature of the observer is the introduction of a dynamic triggering variable, which rigorously precludes Zeno behavior while ensuring the efficient use of communication resources. Building upon these estimated states, a distributed optimal TVF controller is then synthesized via reinforcement learning, where a critic–actor neural network architecture is employed to approximate the solution to the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation in the presence of system uncertainties and nonlinearities. Distinct from conventional event-triggered control methods that embed triggering logic within the controller, the proposed scheme innovatively shifts the event -triggering mechanism to the observer layer, thereby achieving a modular design that decouples communication efficiency from control performance. Finally, comprehensive simulation results are provided to validate the effectiveness, robustness, and practical feasibility of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"13 3","pages":"1848-1860"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cooperative Target Fencing Safety Control for Multiple Autonomous Aerial Vehicles via Nonlinear Model Predictive Control","authors":"Tinghan Jia;Huaicheng Yan;Kai Rao;Yunkai Lv;Youmin Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2026.3698374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2026.3698374","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the fencing-tracking control problem for multiple quadrotor autonomous aerial vehicles (AAVs) pursuing a moving target AAV in the presence of time-delays, external disturbances, and external obstacles. To achieve the fencing control for the target AAV with unknown velocity, an attractive-repulsive mechanism is designed based on the relative distances between the target and neighboring AAVs, confining the target within a rigid convex hull. The rigid formation synchronizes with the velocity of the target through the velocity observers, keeping the target enclosed. Subsequently, a nonlinear Lyapunov model predictive control based on the control barrier function (NLMPC-CBF) is developed to predict the running trajectory and maintain optimal safety-critical fencing-tracking control in the presence of obstacles. To guarantee the feasibility and stability of the NLMPC-CBF, the Lyapunov-based adaptive auxiliary controller is designed, and its stability is exploited to construct stability constraints. The NLMPC-CBF inherits features of the Lyapunov-based adaptive auxiliary controller and utilizes online optimization to improve cooperative control performance. The simulation results demonstrate a series of comparative experiments showing that the proposed NLMPC-CBF method significantly enhances the fencing-tracking control performance and enables the obstacle avoidance control.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"13 3","pages":"1704-1714"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}