Australasian Emergency Care最新文献

{"title":"Performance of the Interagency Integrated Triage Tool in a resource-constrained emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Rob Mitchell ,&nbsp;Wilma Sebby ,&nbsp;Donna Piamnok ,&nbsp;Alyxandra Black ,&nbsp;Wips Amono ,&nbsp;Sarah Bornstein ,&nbsp;Colin Banks ,&nbsp;Gerard O’Reilly ,&nbsp;Peter Cameron","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The Interagency Integrated Triage Tool (IITT) is a three-tier triage instrument recommended by the World Health Organization, but only the pilot version of the tool has been comprehensively assessed for its validity and reliability. This study sought to evaluate the performance of the IITT in a resource-constrained emergency department (ED) during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This prospective observational study was conducted at ANGAU Memorial Provincial Hospital in Lae, Papua New Guinea. The study period commenced approximately six weeks after introduction of the IITT, coinciding with a major COVID-19 wave. The primary outcome was sensitivity for the detection of time-critical illness, defined by eight pre-specified conditions. Secondary outcomes included the relationship between triage category and disposition. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen’s Kappa.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>There were 759 eligible presentations during the study period. Thirty patients (4.0%) were diagnosed with one of the eight pre-specified time-critical conditions and 21 were categorised as red or yellow, equating to a sensitivity of 70.0% (95%CI 50.6–85.3). There was a clear association between triage category and disposition, with 22 of 53 red patients (41.5%), 72 of 260 yellow patients (27.7%) and 22 of 452 green patients (4.9%) admitted (p = &lt;0.01). Negative predictive values for admission and death were 95.1% (95%CI 92.7–96.9) and 99.3% (95%CI 98.1–99.9) respectively. Among a sample of 106 patients, inter-rater reliability was excellent (<em>κ</em> = 0.83) and the median triage assessment time was 94 seconds [IQR 57–160].</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In this single-centre study, the IITT’s sensitivity for the detection of time-critical illness was comparable to previous evaluations of the tool and within the performance range reported for other triage instruments. There was a clear relationship between triage category and disposition, suggesting the tool can predict ED outcomes. Health service pressures related to COVID-19 may have influenced the findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 30-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588994X23000519/pdfft?md5=a42d48f34dc510e9a9e0152ec52a8f60&pid=1-s2.0-S2588994X23000519-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10028039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing community paramedicine: A known player in a new role. A narrative review","authors":"Evelien Spelten ,&nbsp;Brodie Thomas ,&nbsp;Julia van Vuuren ,&nbsp;Ruth Hardman ,&nbsp;David Burns ,&nbsp;Peter O’Meara ,&nbsp;Louise Reynolds","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Community Paramedicine is a model of care which is effective and accepted by health professionals and the community. Community paramedicine delivers low acuity primary care to disadvantaged communities and addresses service gaps. We aimed to identify successful implementation of community paramedicine models and signalled opportunities and challenges.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A narrative review was conducted. We identified 14 literature reviews from four databases EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane. The results from the thematic analysis were structured along the quadruple aim for healthcare redesign framework.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The reviews supported acceptability of the model. Patients are satisfied and there is evidence of cost reduction. Long term evidence of the positive effects of community paramedicine on patient, community health and the health system are lacking. Equally, there is unfamiliarity about the role and how it is part of an integrated health model.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Community paramedicine could alleviate current stresses in the healthcare system and uses an available workforce of registered paramedics. To facilitate integration, we need more evidence on long-term effects for patients and the system. In addition, the unfamiliarity with the model needs to be addressed to enhance the uptake of the model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 21-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588994X23000490/pdfft?md5=9180d06365c95fdcc5caef3bf1847492&pid=1-s2.0-S2588994X23000490-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10351090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative virtual nursing simulation in teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A blended learning approach","authors":"Yan Li ,&nbsp;Yunling Lv ,&nbsp;Ramil D. Dorol ,&nbsp;Junxiao Wu ,&nbsp;Anna Ma ,&nbsp;Qian Liu ,&nbsp;Jin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Online learning resources facilitated educational development during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study focuses on the integration of online virtual simulation with interactive exercises and offline low-fidelity simulation for the first time to explore the impact on CPR skills.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>First year nursing students from a medical college participated as volunteers in this study. They were divided randomly into two groups with both having a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) lesson with the same timings and objectives. The experimental group (n = 36) adopted a blended learning method, with virtual simulation and low-fidelity simulation as resources; the control group (n = 36) used the same method without virtual simulation. The same lecturers taught both classes. Students’ self-directed learning (SDL) and critical thinking skills were assessed before and after the intervention and their CPR skills were examined afterward.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The experimental group exhibited significantly greater improvement in their SDL abilities and CPR skills. By contrast, we found no statistical differences in their critical thinking abilities.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>During CPR training, blended learning method was used to integrate virtual nursing simulation in teaching, which effectively improved students' SDL and CPR skills.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 37-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588994X23000520/pdfft?md5=6c230d3525879a8ef4fc99a695c2e4ec&pid=1-s2.0-S2588994X23000520-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9969242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"As loud as a construction site: Noise levels in the emergency department","authors":"Corey Adams ,&nbsp;Ramya Walsan ,&nbsp;Rebecca McDonnell ,&nbsp;Anthony Schembri","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The Emergency Department (ED), while being an integral part of healthcare systems, frequently experiences noise levels surpassing the World Health Organization's recommended thresholds. These excessive noise levels could considerably compromise the safety and wellbeing of both patients and staff.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>To evaluate noise levels throughout the ED environment, this study utilized dosimeters to measure noise levels over a 24-hour period in six distinct locations, including the ED Waiting Room and Treatment areas.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The study found that noise exceeded the WHO recommendations in all six areas of the ED for the entire 24-hour period. Peak noise levels were recorded up to 102.8 dB, which is as loud as noise levels at a construction site. The ED Waiting Room exhibited high peak and average noise levels, indicating the urgent need for quality improvement efforts. These findings align with the results of previous research, thereby suggesting that noise levels in the ED have remained problematic for more than a decade.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The findings of this study underscore the importance of addressing excessive noise levels in the ED to create a safe and therapeutic hospital environment for both patients and staff. Healthcare organizations must implement proactive measures to address excessive noise levels in the ED.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 26-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588994X23000507/pdfft?md5=8724fdf143fad4a5c0b242b59b9276b6&pid=1-s2.0-S2588994X23000507-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9926994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Staff perceptions of barriers to self-harm care in the emergency department: A cross-sectional survey study","authors":"Hannah Richards ,&nbsp;Gowri Rajaram ,&nbsp;Michelle Lamblin ,&nbsp;Jonathan Knott ,&nbsp;Owen Connolly ,&nbsp;Sarah Hetrick ,&nbsp;Jo Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Emergency departments (EDs) are often the first point of contact for people with self-harm; however, they do not always receive optimal care. The study objective was to examine the perspectives of ED staff who respond to self-harm presentations, perceived barriers to providing optimal, guideline-concordant care, and staff’s familiarity with existing guidelines.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>An online cross-sectional survey comprising purpose-designed questions concerning self-harm in the ED was completed by 131 staff (83.2% nurses) from two hospitals in Victoria, Australia. Survey results were analysed using Stata version 16 and frequencies and percentages were calculated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Respondents reported knowledge of how to appropriately manage a person presenting with self-harm. However, lack of space (62.3%) and time (78.7%) to conduct the appropriate assessments, lack of self-harm training (71.8%), and limited awareness of or access to guidelines and recommendations for self-harm management within the ED (63.6%), were identified as primary barriers to their ability to appropriately manage these presenters.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Improvements to the ED environment and processes, as well as the provision of regular self-harm specific education and training for all ED staff are needed. Implementation of best-practice standards should prioritise guideline-concordant care, with a particular focus on the education needs of nursing staff.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588994X23000489/pdfft?md5=542a252986e47d3b0758c48f21e81054&pid=1-s2.0-S2588994X23000489-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10265846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary traumatic stress in partners of paramedics: A scoping review","authors":"Matthew A. Hill ,&nbsp;Jessica L. Paterson ,&nbsp;Amanda L. Rebar","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Paramedics experience post-traumatic stress in their work, and many paramedics turn to their intimate partner for support. However, exposure to traumatic event details can leave partners vulnerable to secondary traumatic stress. Despite substantial research into reducing stress and improving support for paramedics, few studies have investigated their partners’ trauma experiences and support needs. This scoping review aimed to examine evidence regarding secondary traumatic stress in paramedic partners.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>The MEDLINE, PsychINFO, </span>CINAHL, EMCare, and Sociology Source Ultimate databases were searched up to November 9, 2022. The results sections of studies published in English involving a sample of paramedic partners that examined the impact of paramedics’ work-related exposure to trauma on their intimate partner were extracted for analysis. This scoping review was guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Key themes were generated using a framework synthesis approach.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Five qualitative studies and one quantitative study were included, indicating a paucity of literature regarding secondary traumatic stress in paramedic partners. Post-traumatic stress experienced by paramedics can crossover to paramedic partners in the form of secondary traumatic stress; furthermore, it can have widespread effects on couple functioning. While paramedic partners appear to recognise the need for effective coping strategies, they perceive that little support is available to them. Notably, effective strategies aimed at reducing secondary traumatic stress in paramedic partners are limited.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Further research is required to quantify secondary traumatic stress severity in paramedic partners and explore relationships between post-traumatic stress, secondary traumatic stress, and couple functioning. Further, evaluation of partner support needs and barriers to accessing support is warranted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9769087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between transition shock in novice emergency room nurses, quality of nursing care, and adverse patient events: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion","authors":"Leodoro J. Labrague","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Transition shock<span><span>, experienced during the first two years of employment, has been attributed to decreased clinical performance and an overall decrease in work productivity among newly graduated nurses, as well as compromised patient safety outcomes. This study tested the intermediary effect of </span>emotional exhaustion<span> on the association between transition shock in novice emergency room (ER) nurses, adverse patient events, and nursing care quality.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A descriptive study was carried out involving 303 novice ER nurses from various emergency units in five different hospitals in Central Philippines, utilizing four standardized scales. Mediation testing was performed using Hayes' PROCESS macro in SPSS (Model 4).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Transition shock in novice ER nurses was associated with an increased incidence of adverse patient events (β = 0.3897, p = 0.0005) and poorer nursing care quality (β = −0.2146, p = 0.0021). Furthermore, emotional exhaustion partially mediated the association between transition shock and the two patient-related outcomes: adverse patient events (β = 0.0477, 95 % CI = 0.0078–0.0997) and nursing care quality (β = −0.0142, 95 % CI = −0.0412 to −0.0095).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Transition shock in novice ER nurses contributed to heightened emotional exhaustion, which subsequently led to an increased incidence of adverse patient events and a decline in the quality of nursing care.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 9-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9779022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Educational programs for implementing ultrasound guided peripheral intravenous catheter insertion in emergency departments: A systematic integrative literature review","authors":"Renee Stone ,&nbsp;Rachel M. Walker ,&nbsp;Nicole Marsh ,&nbsp;Amanda J. Ullman","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter insertion has been identified as an effective method to improve the success rate of cannulation, thereby improving patient experience. However, learning this new skill is complex, and involves training clinicians from a variety of backgrounds. The aim of this study was to appraise and compare literature on educational methods in the emergency setting used to support ultrasound guided peripheral intravenous catheter insertion by different clinicians, and how effective these current methods are.</p></div><div><h3>Review methods</h3><p>A systematic integrative review was undertaken using Whittemore and Knafl’s five stage approach. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the studies.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, with five themes identified. These were: the variety of educational methods and approaches; the effectiveness of the different educational methods; barriers and facilitators of education; clinician competency assessments and pathways; clinician confidence assessment and pathways.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This review demonstrates that a variety of educational methods are being used in successfully training emergency department clinicians in using ultrasound guidance for peripheral intravenous catheter insertion. Furthermore, this training has resulted in safer and more effective vascular access. However, it is evident that there is a lack of consistency of formalised education programs available. A standardised formal education program and increased availability of ultrasound machines in the emergency department will ensure consistent practices are maintained, retained, therefore leading to safer practice as well as more satisfied patients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 352-359"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10141001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational violence in a tertiary emergency department: A retrospective descriptive study","authors":"Alexander Joyce ,&nbsp;Richard Pellatt ,&nbsp;Jamie Ranse ,&nbsp;Amy Doumany ,&nbsp;Emma Hall ,&nbsp;Amy Sweeny ,&nbsp;Gerben Keijzers","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Occupational violence in emergency departments (EDs) impacts staff and patients. Most hospitals have a response mechanism called a ‘Code Black’ or similar. We aimed to determine the incidence of Code Black activations in a tertiary ED and describe contributory factors, management strategies and adverse events.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Descriptive study in a tertiary ED in South-East Queensland in 2021. Adult patients for who a Code Black had been activated were eligible. Data were obtained from a prospectively collected Code Black database, supplemented with retrospective electronic medical records.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>There were 386 Code Black events. The incidence of Code Black activation was 11.0 per 1000 adult ED presentations. Individuals requiring Code Black activation were 59.6 % male with a mean age of 40.9 years. The primary diagnosis was mental illness related in 55.1 %. Alcohol was a suspected factor in 30.9 %. When Code Black activation occurred, median length of stay increased. Restraint including physical, chemical or both were used in 54.1 % of Code Blacks.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Occupational violence occurs at a three-fold greater incidence within this ED than reported elsewhere. This study reinforces other literature suggesting an increase in occupational violence, demonstrating the need for dedicated preventative strategies for patients at risk of agitation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 346-351"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9655664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-hospital peripheral intravenous catheter insertion practice: An integrative review","authors":"Eleanor Golling ,&nbsp;Thea van de Mortel ,&nbsp;Nigel Barr ,&nbsp;Peta-Anne Zimmerman","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2022.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2022.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><span>Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are widely used within healthcare settings. There is substantial hospital-based research, particularly in </span>Emergency Departments<span>, supporting the need to reduce inappropriate PIVCs due to associated risks. However, there is limited research into pre-hospital practice. This review aims to determine the rates of pre-hospital PIVC insertions, how many remain unused, and to explore paramedic PIVC decision-making.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A systematic search of research databases was undertaken using an integrative review methodology. Articles published between 2011 and April 2022 were included. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the studies.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Fifteen studies were included. Rates of PIVC insertions ranged from 21% to 58%. Up to 72% of PIVCs remained unused in the pre-hospital setting. Paramedic decision-making was not well reported, though erring of the side of caution and inserting a “just in case” PIVC was identified.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>There are limited articles on pre-hospital PIVC practice, particularly in Australian settings. Research is required to understand factors influencing practice and provide contemporary evidence to inform the development of guidance specific to the pre-hospital setting to reduce the numbers of inappropriate PIVCs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"26 2","pages":"Pages 105-112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9566465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}