Australasian Emergency Care最新文献

{"title":"Assessing student paramedics' measurements of fatigue and quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a simulated cardiac arrest case","authors":"Anthony Weber ,&nbsp;Shannon Delport ,&nbsp;Aldon Delport","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2022.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2022.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) and the Australian Resuscitation Council (ARC) recommend that high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the key to performance outcomes, emphasising compression and rotation through this process. The proposed study has a two-stage approach to evaluating cardiopulmonary resuscitations effectiveness by out-of-hospital practitioners. The first stage aimed to evaluate the influence of providing real-time biofeedback<span> using the Q-CPR system on the provision of CPR by student paramedics. Secondly, the study quantified the effects of physical fatigue on maintaining quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by paramedic students.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Forty paramedic students completed cardiopulmonary resuscitation on an instrumented manikin with and without audio-visual biofeedback (Q-CPR within the Phillips MRx defibrillator) in a balanced cross-over fashion. To quantify the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation concerning the percentage of applied compressions that meet the current ARC guidelines in terms of rate, depth, and recoil time, a manikin feedback system (SimMan 3 G; Laerdal, Norwegian) was used.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>When using the Q-CPR prompt with bio-feedback, overall, the depth and fatigue levels increased significantly, highlighting a correlation between correct depth and increased fatigue.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Audio prompts improved compression depth; however, fatigue levels increased. The depth during manual compression compared to the Q-CPR prompt was not statistically significant.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"26 3","pages":"Pages 211-215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10289399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and outcomes of patient presentations to the emergency department via police: A scoping review","authors":"Rachel Wardrop ,&nbsp;Jamie Ranse ,&nbsp;Wendy Chaboyer ,&nbsp;Julia Crilly","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>As emergency department (ED) presentations continue to rise, understanding the complexities of vulnerable populations such as people brought in by police (BIBP) is crucial. This review aimed to map and describe the research about people BIBP to the ED.</p></div><div><h3>Design and method</h3><p>A scoping review, guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute process, was undertaken. The databases CINAHL, Embase and PubMed were searched between November 2017 and July 2022. The Patterns, Advances, Gaps, Evidence for practice, Research recommendations (PAGER) framework was used to guide the analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 21 studies were included in the review, originating mainly from westernised countries. Examination of patterns across studies revealed four themes: routinely collected data is used to describe people BIBP to the ED; a focus on mental health care; the relationship between care delivery and outcomes; and the role of police in providing emergency care.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>There is some understanding of the demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of people BIBP to the ED. Knowledge gaps surrounding sociodemographic factors, prehospital and ED care delivery for people BIBP require further investigation to optimise outcomes for this vulnerable cohort of presenters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"26 3","pages":"Pages 239-248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10233205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of emergency medical services in the management of in-hospital emergencies: Causes and outcomes of emergency calls – A descriptive retrospective register-based study","authors":"Henna Myrskykari ,&nbsp;Timo Iirola ,&nbsp;Hilla Nordquist","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Medical emergency teams (METs) are in place in some hospitals in Finland to respond to critical emergency events. However, in hospitals without dedicated METs, staff are instructed to call emergency medical services (EMS) to deal with emergencies. This study examined the reasons for calling EMS to hospitals and the outcomes of these calls.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Descriptive retrospective register-based study of the response and management of in-hospital emergencies by EMS in the wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland. Patient care reports of the EMS and those of the hospitals were analysed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In total, 138 medical emergencies managed by EMS were included in this study. 108 of these related to patients, and 25 related to hospital personnel. Cardiac arrest (<em>n</em> = 36) and a reduced level of consciousness (<em>n</em> = 29) were the most common in-hospital emergencies. In 68% of in-hospital emergencies managed by the EMS team, after calling 112, hospital personnel implemented various treatment measures. In 72% of cases, follow-up treatment was required.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Hospital personnel are able to initiate medical measures in emergencies, even when no MET is available. Although EMS are important in responding to in-hospital emergencies, they seem to be performing the same role as METs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 42-48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588994X23000532/pdfft?md5=14382413616dada601b95abd072539ec&pid=1-s2.0-S2588994X23000532-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10028043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between transformational leadership, adverse patient events, and nurse-assessed quality of care in emergency units: The mediating role of work satisfaction","authors":"Leodoro J. Labrague","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Effective leadership plays a pivotal role in healthcare settings, particularly in the fast-paced and high-pressure environment of the emergency room, as it is closely linked to patient safety and the overall quality of care. This study assessed the mediating role of work satisfaction in the relationship between nurses' perceptions of their nurse managers' transformational leadership, reported adverse patient events, and the nurse-assessed quality of care in the emergency units.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A cross-sectional survey design was carried out involving 283 emergency room nurses from the Philippines, utilizing standardized scales. Mediation testing was performed using Hayes' PROCESS macro in SPSS (Model 4).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Emergency room nurses perceived their nurse managers as highly transformational. Nurses' perceptions of transformational leadership in their nurse managers were associated with a reduction in reported adverse patient events and an increase in nurse-assessed nursing care quality. Work satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and nurse-assessed nursing care quality, but it did not serve as a mediator between transformational leadership and reported adverse patient events.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The results suggested that enhancing transformational leadership behaviors among nurse leaders can foster work satisfaction in ER nurses, which, in effect, contributes to enhanced nursing quality of care provision in emergency settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 49-56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10028045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of the Interagency Integrated Triage Tool in a resource-constrained emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Rob Mitchell ,&nbsp;Wilma Sebby ,&nbsp;Donna Piamnok ,&nbsp;Alyxandra Black ,&nbsp;Wips Amono ,&nbsp;Sarah Bornstein ,&nbsp;Colin Banks ,&nbsp;Gerard O’Reilly ,&nbsp;Peter Cameron","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The Interagency Integrated Triage Tool (IITT) is a three-tier triage instrument recommended by the World Health Organization, but only the pilot version of the tool has been comprehensively assessed for its validity and reliability. This study sought to evaluate the performance of the IITT in a resource-constrained emergency department (ED) during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This prospective observational study was conducted at ANGAU Memorial Provincial Hospital in Lae, Papua New Guinea. The study period commenced approximately six weeks after introduction of the IITT, coinciding with a major COVID-19 wave. The primary outcome was sensitivity for the detection of time-critical illness, defined by eight pre-specified conditions. Secondary outcomes included the relationship between triage category and disposition. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen’s Kappa.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>There were 759 eligible presentations during the study period. Thirty patients (4.0%) were diagnosed with one of the eight pre-specified time-critical conditions and 21 were categorised as red or yellow, equating to a sensitivity of 70.0% (95%CI 50.6–85.3). There was a clear association between triage category and disposition, with 22 of 53 red patients (41.5%), 72 of 260 yellow patients (27.7%) and 22 of 452 green patients (4.9%) admitted (p = &lt;0.01). Negative predictive values for admission and death were 95.1% (95%CI 92.7–96.9) and 99.3% (95%CI 98.1–99.9) respectively. Among a sample of 106 patients, inter-rater reliability was excellent (<em>κ</em> = 0.83) and the median triage assessment time was 94 seconds [IQR 57–160].</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In this single-centre study, the IITT’s sensitivity for the detection of time-critical illness was comparable to previous evaluations of the tool and within the performance range reported for other triage instruments. There was a clear relationship between triage category and disposition, suggesting the tool can predict ED outcomes. Health service pressures related to COVID-19 may have influenced the findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 30-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588994X23000519/pdfft?md5=a42d48f34dc510e9a9e0152ec52a8f60&pid=1-s2.0-S2588994X23000519-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10028039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing community paramedicine: A known player in a new role. A narrative review","authors":"Evelien Spelten ,&nbsp;Brodie Thomas ,&nbsp;Julia van Vuuren ,&nbsp;Ruth Hardman ,&nbsp;David Burns ,&nbsp;Peter O’Meara ,&nbsp;Louise Reynolds","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Community Paramedicine is a model of care which is effective and accepted by health professionals and the community. Community paramedicine delivers low acuity primary care to disadvantaged communities and addresses service gaps. We aimed to identify successful implementation of community paramedicine models and signalled opportunities and challenges.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A narrative review was conducted. We identified 14 literature reviews from four databases EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane. The results from the thematic analysis were structured along the quadruple aim for healthcare redesign framework.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The reviews supported acceptability of the model. Patients are satisfied and there is evidence of cost reduction. Long term evidence of the positive effects of community paramedicine on patient, community health and the health system are lacking. Equally, there is unfamiliarity about the role and how it is part of an integrated health model.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Community paramedicine could alleviate current stresses in the healthcare system and uses an available workforce of registered paramedics. To facilitate integration, we need more evidence on long-term effects for patients and the system. In addition, the unfamiliarity with the model needs to be addressed to enhance the uptake of the model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 21-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588994X23000490/pdfft?md5=9180d06365c95fdcc5caef3bf1847492&pid=1-s2.0-S2588994X23000490-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10351090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative virtual nursing simulation in teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A blended learning approach","authors":"Yan Li ,&nbsp;Yunling Lv ,&nbsp;Ramil D. Dorol ,&nbsp;Junxiao Wu ,&nbsp;Anna Ma ,&nbsp;Qian Liu ,&nbsp;Jin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Online learning resources facilitated educational development during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study focuses on the integration of online virtual simulation with interactive exercises and offline low-fidelity simulation for the first time to explore the impact on CPR skills.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>First year nursing students from a medical college participated as volunteers in this study. They were divided randomly into two groups with both having a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) lesson with the same timings and objectives. The experimental group (n = 36) adopted a blended learning method, with virtual simulation and low-fidelity simulation as resources; the control group (n = 36) used the same method without virtual simulation. The same lecturers taught both classes. Students’ self-directed learning (SDL) and critical thinking skills were assessed before and after the intervention and their CPR skills were examined afterward.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The experimental group exhibited significantly greater improvement in their SDL abilities and CPR skills. By contrast, we found no statistical differences in their critical thinking abilities.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>During CPR training, blended learning method was used to integrate virtual nursing simulation in teaching, which effectively improved students' SDL and CPR skills.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 37-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588994X23000520/pdfft?md5=6c230d3525879a8ef4fc99a695c2e4ec&pid=1-s2.0-S2588994X23000520-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9969242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"As loud as a construction site: Noise levels in the emergency department","authors":"Corey Adams ,&nbsp;Ramya Walsan ,&nbsp;Rebecca McDonnell ,&nbsp;Anthony Schembri","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The Emergency Department (ED), while being an integral part of healthcare systems, frequently experiences noise levels surpassing the World Health Organization's recommended thresholds. These excessive noise levels could considerably compromise the safety and wellbeing of both patients and staff.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>To evaluate noise levels throughout the ED environment, this study utilized dosimeters to measure noise levels over a 24-hour period in six distinct locations, including the ED Waiting Room and Treatment areas.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The study found that noise exceeded the WHO recommendations in all six areas of the ED for the entire 24-hour period. Peak noise levels were recorded up to 102.8 dB, which is as loud as noise levels at a construction site. The ED Waiting Room exhibited high peak and average noise levels, indicating the urgent need for quality improvement efforts. These findings align with the results of previous research, thereby suggesting that noise levels in the ED have remained problematic for more than a decade.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The findings of this study underscore the importance of addressing excessive noise levels in the ED to create a safe and therapeutic hospital environment for both patients and staff. Healthcare organizations must implement proactive measures to address excessive noise levels in the ED.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 26-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588994X23000507/pdfft?md5=8724fdf143fad4a5c0b242b59b9276b6&pid=1-s2.0-S2588994X23000507-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9926994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Staff perceptions of barriers to self-harm care in the emergency department: A cross-sectional survey study","authors":"Hannah Richards ,&nbsp;Gowri Rajaram ,&nbsp;Michelle Lamblin ,&nbsp;Jonathan Knott ,&nbsp;Owen Connolly ,&nbsp;Sarah Hetrick ,&nbsp;Jo Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Emergency departments (EDs) are often the first point of contact for people with self-harm; however, they do not always receive optimal care. The study objective was to examine the perspectives of ED staff who respond to self-harm presentations, perceived barriers to providing optimal, guideline-concordant care, and staff’s familiarity with existing guidelines.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>An online cross-sectional survey comprising purpose-designed questions concerning self-harm in the ED was completed by 131 staff (83.2% nurses) from two hospitals in Victoria, Australia. Survey results were analysed using Stata version 16 and frequencies and percentages were calculated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Respondents reported knowledge of how to appropriately manage a person presenting with self-harm. However, lack of space (62.3%) and time (78.7%) to conduct the appropriate assessments, lack of self-harm training (71.8%), and limited awareness of or access to guidelines and recommendations for self-harm management within the ED (63.6%), were identified as primary barriers to their ability to appropriately manage these presenters.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Improvements to the ED environment and processes, as well as the provision of regular self-harm specific education and training for all ED staff are needed. Implementation of best-practice standards should prioritise guideline-concordant care, with a particular focus on the education needs of nursing staff.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588994X23000489/pdfft?md5=542a252986e47d3b0758c48f21e81054&pid=1-s2.0-S2588994X23000489-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10265846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary traumatic stress in partners of paramedics: A scoping review","authors":"Matthew A. Hill ,&nbsp;Jessica L. Paterson ,&nbsp;Amanda L. Rebar","doi":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.auec.2023.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Paramedics experience post-traumatic stress in their work, and many paramedics turn to their intimate partner for support. However, exposure to traumatic event details can leave partners vulnerable to secondary traumatic stress. Despite substantial research into reducing stress and improving support for paramedics, few studies have investigated their partners’ trauma experiences and support needs. This scoping review aimed to examine evidence regarding secondary traumatic stress in paramedic partners.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>The MEDLINE, PsychINFO, </span>CINAHL, EMCare, and Sociology Source Ultimate databases were searched up to November 9, 2022. The results sections of studies published in English involving a sample of paramedic partners that examined the impact of paramedics’ work-related exposure to trauma on their intimate partner were extracted for analysis. This scoping review was guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Key themes were generated using a framework synthesis approach.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Five qualitative studies and one quantitative study were included, indicating a paucity of literature regarding secondary traumatic stress in paramedic partners. Post-traumatic stress experienced by paramedics can crossover to paramedic partners in the form of secondary traumatic stress; furthermore, it can have widespread effects on couple functioning. While paramedic partners appear to recognise the need for effective coping strategies, they perceive that little support is available to them. Notably, effective strategies aimed at reducing secondary traumatic stress in paramedic partners are limited.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Further research is required to quantify secondary traumatic stress severity in paramedic partners and explore relationships between post-traumatic stress, secondary traumatic stress, and couple functioning. Further, evaluation of partner support needs and barriers to accessing support is warranted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55979,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Emergency Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9769087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}