Annual Review of Information Science and Technology最新文献_第4页

Fifty years of research in artificial intelligence 50年的人工智能研究

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology Pub Date : 2012-01-18 DOI: 10.1002/aris.2010.1440440112

Hamid R. Ekbia

{"title":"Fifty years of research in artificial intelligence","authors":"Hamid R. Ekbia","doi":"10.1002/aris.2010.1440440112","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aris.2010.1440440112","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) has come of age. Two thousand and six marked the fiftieth anniversary of the Dartmouth Conference, where the term Artificial Intelligence was accepted as the official label for a new discipline that seemed to hold great promise in the pursuit of understanding the human mind. AI, as the nascent discipline came to be known in public and academic discourse, has accomplished a lot during this period, breaking new ground and providing deep insights into our minds, our technologies, and the relationship between them. But AI has also failed significantly, making false promises and often manifesting a kind of unbridled enthusiasm that is emblematic of Hollywood-style projects. This chapter seeks to capture both of these aspects: AI’s successes, accomplishments, and contributions to science, technology, and intellectual inquiry, on one hand, and its failures, fallacies, and shortcomings, on the other. The history of AI can, furthermore, be reviewed from different perspectives— humanistic, cognitive, sociological, and philosophical, among others. This review examines AI from two key perspectives—scientific and engineering. The former represents AI claims about the human mind and the nature of intelligence; the latter embodies the wide array of computer systems that are built by AI practitioners or by others who have, or claim to have, taken inspiration from ideas in AI in order to solve a practical problem in an area of application. Ideally, the scientific face should guide the engineering one and the engineering face would provide support and substance to its scientific counterpart. In reality, however, that relationship is not as straightforward as it should be, turning AI into a schizophrenic Janus. The way AI practitioners “talk” about these two faces complicates the situation even further, as we shall see. This review seeks to provide a balanced portrait of the two faces. Currently, we are witnessing a resurgence of interest in, and application of, AI in areas such as education, video gaming, financial forecasting, medical diagnosis, health and elderly care, data mining, self-aware computing, and the Semantic Web. The list is illustrative, but it clearly indicates the broad range of application domains that draw on AI techniques for ideas and solutions. As a general heuristic, whenever one encounters something qualified as “smart” or “intelligent”—as in CHAPTER 5","PeriodicalId":55509,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Information Science and Technology","volume":"44 1","pages":"201-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aris.2010.1440440112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121395865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Economic theory as it applies to public sector information 经济理论，因为它适用于公共部门信息

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology Pub Date : 2012-01-18 DOI: 10.1002/aris.2010.1440440117

Kirsti Nilsen

{"title":"Economic theory as it applies to public sector information","authors":"Kirsti Nilsen","doi":"10.1002/aris.2010.1440440117","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aris.2010.1440440117","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction This chapter1 reviews the economics literature pertaining to public sector information. In addition, the economic arguments put forward in government studies and policy documents are reviewed, focusing on the current push for harmonization of public sector information policy across the European Union and the debate as to which model of information dissemination is preferable (i.e., the U.S. open access model versus the more restrictive European model). Some works by economists that appeared in the library and information science (LIS) and other literatures are covered, but the LIS literature in general is not reviewed. The term “public sector information” (PSI) is used here rather than “government information” or “official information.” The terms are synonymous, although PSI can be construed more broadly, to include any information produced by public sector bodies, including cultural and educational institutions. Public sector information (and content) is any kind of information that is produced and/or collected by a public body as part of the institution’s mandated role. It is directly generated by, and associated with, the functioning of the public sector and is readily useable in commercial applications (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, Working Party on the Economy, 2006). As will be discussed, the economic value of its commercial use is the focus of much recent attention in Europe. The chapter begins with a brief summary of neoclassical economic theory, including the concepts of market failure and public goods, to lay the groundwork for the review. Readers familiar with these concepts may wish to move directly to the section on the economics of information. The literature on the history of information economics; the definitions of information used by economists; and their concepts of information as a public good, as a commodity, and as a contributor to social value are addressed. The review then focuses on the economic arguments and rationalization for public sector versus private sector supply of information, the impact of PSI on general economic efficiency, commercial re-use, value adding, and revenue generation. Then the literature on the pricing of information and the arguments around the imposition of user fees for PSI, and, finally, the arguments for CHAPTER 10","PeriodicalId":55509,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Information Science and Technology","volume":"44 1","pages":"419-489"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/aris.2010.1440440117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123493380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

About the Editor 关于编辑

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology Pub Date : 2012-01-18 DOI: 10.1002/aris.2010.1440440106

引用次数: 0

Usage bibliometrics 应用文献计量学

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology Pub Date : 2012-01-18 DOI: 10.1002/aris.2010.1440440108

Michael J. Kurtz, Johan Bollen

引用次数: 149

Contributors 贡献者

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology Pub Date : 2012-01-18 DOI: 10.1002/aris.2010.1440440105

引用次数: 0

Chapter reviewers 章评论者

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology Pub Date : 2012-01-18 DOI: 10.1002/aris.2010.1440440104

引用次数: 0

Information architecture 信息架构

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology Pub Date : 2011-02-16 DOI: 10.1002/aris.2009.1440430110

Elin K. Jacob, Aaron Loehrlein

引用次数: 1

Acknowledgments 致谢。

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology Pub Date : 2011-02-16 DOI: 10.1002/aris.2009.1440430102

引用次数: 0

Literature-related discovery Literature-related发现

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology Pub Date : 2011-02-16 DOI: 10.1002/aris.2009.1440430112

Ronald N. Kostoff, Joel A. Block, Jeffrey L. Solka, Michael B. Briggs, Robert L. Rushenberg, Jesse A. Stump, Dustin Johnson, Terence J. Lyons, Jeffrey R. Wyatt

引用次数: 41

Similarity methods in chemoinformatics 化学信息学中的相似方法

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology Pub Date : 2011-02-16 DOI: 10.1002/aris.2009.1440430108

Peter Willett

引用次数: 84