{"title":"Leveraging extended reality technologies to enhance the architectural design of healthcare environments: A Systematic Review","authors":"Parnia Azini , Hamid Estejab , Farimah Raisali , Nazli Jafari , Dorna Hedayat","doi":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic literature review examines the application of extended reality (XR) technologies, including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), in healthcare design. This review explores how XR tools are applied to evaluate and enhance healthcare environments and the types of data collected during these assessments. A comprehensive review of 25 studies, conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, highlights four primary themes: tool effectiveness, design feedback, wayfinding, and care environment experience. Findings indicate that XR technologies offer significant potential for evaluating and improving healthcare environments, enhancing user experiences, and optimizing the design process. While challenges such as cybersickness and the lack of haptic feedback remain, XR can significantly boost user engagement, support evidence-based design decisions, and provide a cost-effective alternative to traditional mock-ups. This review underscores the importance of integrating multiple methods for collecting objective and subjective data in XR-based evaluations to ensure well-informed design decisions in future healthcare facilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55502,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ergonomics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 104656"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145402942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied ErgonomicsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104668
Jinlei Shi , Yu Lei , Wei Zhang , Min Yin , Hao Fan , Chunlei Chai
{"title":"Striving for a balance between safety performance and driver acceptance in auditory takeover requests","authors":"Jinlei Shi , Yu Lei , Wei Zhang , Min Yin , Hao Fan , Chunlei Chai","doi":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Designing an effective auditory takeover request (TOR) is critical for ensuring driving safety in conditionally automated vehicles. Our previous study revealed that earcon warnings as TORs are the most suitable for improving takeover safety performance among various types of auditory TORs, while drivers prefer speech TORs the most. This indicates that using either earcon or speech as TORs alone could not simultaneously ensure both takeover safety and driver acceptance. Since both aspects are important for the successful implementation of takeover warning systems, the present study further explored whether combining earcon and speech warnings as TORs could achieve a balance between the two aspects. We recruited 30 participants and conducted a simulated driving experiment to compare three TOR types (earcon, speech, and earcon + speech) in terms of takeover performance and driver acceptance (usefulness and satisfaction). The potential impact of takeover situation urgency was also considered. The results showed that regardless of the takeover situation urgency, the combined TOR was as effective as the earcon TOR in ensuring takeover safety. Additionally, the combined TOR received higher usefulness ratings than the speech TOR, especially in urgent situations, although it was associated with lower satisfaction ratings. Moreover, the combined TOR had no significant difference from the speech TOR in preference ranking. Overall, the combined TOR (earcon + speech) shows potential for improving the balance between takeover safety and driver acceptance in automated vehicles. The findings of this study have practical implications for researchers and designers when developing auditory takeover warning systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55502,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ergonomics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 104668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145356898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied ErgonomicsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104680
M.F. Roig-Maimó , R. Mas-Sansó , I.S. MacKenzie
{"title":"Design of 2D Fitts’ law experiments: An odd thing about targets","authors":"M.F. Roig-Maimó , R. Mas-Sansó , I.S. MacKenzie","doi":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We explored the ISO 9241-411 multi-directional tapping (2D) test for evaluating computer pointing techniques. Based on Fitts’ law, the test evenly distributes targets around a circular layout and requires the same movement distance between targets for all trials in a sequence. We demonstrate that this is only possible when using an odd number of targets. We reviewed 200 research papers using the 2D task and found that about a third of them use an even number of targets, and consequently report incorrect values for throughput, reinforcing the need to advertise this overlooked but relevant issue. Our findings imply that adhering to an odd number of targets and to the correct definition of movement distance ensures methodological consistency, leading to valid throughput values. Consequently, we argue for revisiting and updating the ISO 9241-411 standard to explicitly state that an odd number of targets is required for the 2D task.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55502,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ergonomics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 104680"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145446662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied ErgonomicsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104640
Matin Jahani Jirsaraei , Wenying Ji , Samuel A. Acuña
{"title":"Kinematic indicators of physical fatigue during walking: A systematic review of assessment parameters and protocols","authors":"Matin Jahani Jirsaraei , Wenying Ji , Samuel A. Acuña","doi":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Physical fatigue is a critical concern for the health and safety of construction workers. Traditional fatigue assessment methods, such as surveys, are time-intensive and lack real-time applicability during activities like walking. This review identifies key kinematic parameters relevant to real-time fatigue assessment and examines fatigue-inducing activities that alter these parameters. A search of key databases (2000–2024) identified 19 relevant studies from 352 articles. Studies varied in fatigue induction methods and measured parameters. Three types of fatigue—localized muscle, multi-joint, and whole-body—were induced. Gait speed, stride length, step width, heel contact velocity, and trunk acceleration were commonly assessed and significantly affected by fatigue. Fatigue in key muscles, including the quadriceps and ankle plantar flexors, had the greatest impact on walking kinematics. This review contributes to the existing literature by systematically identifying and organizing kinematic parameters that are practical for real-time, non-invasive fatigue monitoring. It also highlights the challenge of comparing studies that used different fatigue protocols and explains how these findings can support monitoring in real-world environments like construction, where walking is both common and physically demanding. Together, these contributions address an important research gap and provide a foundation for developing injury prevention strategies using wearable technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55502,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ergonomics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 104640"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied ErgonomicsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-26DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104667
Minji Yu , Linsey Griffin
{"title":"Fit prediction for filtering facepiece respirator using 3D face shape","authors":"Minji Yu , Linsey Griffin","doi":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to develop and demonstrate a methodological framework for enhancing the predictability of filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) fit using 3D face-shape elements and evaluating their advantages over traditional anthropometric measurements for improved predictive modeling. Data was collected from 202 participants, including their 3D face scans and quantitative fit factor scores for one N95 respirator. An automated process was used to extract face shape data from 3D scans. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to evaluate if 3D face shape elements could achieve distinct and interpretable groupings compared to traditional anthropometric measurements. Predictive models were then developed using the face shape elements to predict FFR fit. The PCA grouped face shape elements, emphasizing their ability to form meaningful categories and opening the possibility to reduce variables in predictive modeling. The predictive models developed showed that specific face shape elements including lateral nose slope (3D) are more predictive of FFR fit than traditional anthropometric measurements. The best predictive models were those with fewer variables, emphasizing the effectiveness of 3D shape measurements in capturing critical local features beyond traditional face size metrics. This study demonstrated that 3D face shape elements provide a more reliable basis for predicting FFR fit than the traditional anthropometric approach. The use of geometric data enhances the understanding of face-respirator interaction, which can lead to the development of more effective respirator fit panels, improved safety protocols, and future respirator design innovation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55502,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ergonomics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 104667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145379966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied ErgonomicsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104670
Charlotte L. Brakenridge , Venerina Johnston , Nicole E. Andrews , Sjaan R. Gomersall , Trevor Russell , Michelle D. Smith
{"title":"Do fixed or personalised sit-stand desk ratios improve lower back pain? A randomised trial","authors":"Charlotte L. Brakenridge , Venerina Johnston , Nicole E. Andrews , Sjaan R. Gomersall , Trevor Russell , Michelle D. Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alternating posture between sitting and standing with sit-stand desks may improve lower back pain (LBP). This study explored the effectiveness, acceptability and adherence of two sit-stand desk recommendations on LBP (measured via App) and secondary health and work outcomes. Fifty-six desk-based workers with LBP (age = 37.7 [SD = 10.0] years, 75 % women) were randomised to either a fixed ratio (30 min sitting:15 min standing); or a personalised ratio (self-selected or pre-emptive to discomfort). After 3 months, fixed ratio participants experienced reduced worst (−1.33 points/10) and average LBP (−0.83 points/10); personalised ratio participants experienced reduced worst LBP only (−0.69 points/10). Fixed ratio participants improved in their job-related stress, concentration and presenteeism; whereas, personalised ratio participants reduced their sitting time. Both recommendations were acceptable, while adherence was higher in the fixed ratio group. In conclusion, a 30:15 sit-stand ratio was acceptable and effective at improving LBP in the short term compared to a personalised ratio.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55502,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ergonomics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 104670"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145350313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied ErgonomicsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104628
David Prendez, Jiaxin Li, Elizabeth A. Higgins, Ji-Eun Kim
{"title":"Toward sustainable interventions for enhancing vigilance: A scoping review","authors":"David Prendez, Jiaxin Li, Elizabeth A. Higgins, Ji-Eun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article highlights the importance of considering sustainability when designing intervention tools for enhancing vigilance, which refers to the ability to remain attentive and alert over a prolonged period of time. Responding to Industry 5.0's emphasis on systematic approaches that integrate social and environmental considerations, we reviewed when and how 18 vigilance intervention strategies identified in 52 studies were applied. Each intervention was evaluated in reference to its sustainability, defined as its ability to be maintained after external support is withdrawn. We observed that the highly sustainable interventions—breaks, sugar-based drinks, caffeine, chewing gum, and meditation—were not technology-based strategies, while the less sustainable interventions—electrical stimulation, transcranial light, and neuro/biofeedback—were technology-based. This underscores the need for easy-to-use and affordable adaptive intervention technologies that work for intervention recipients. The framework and approaches presented in this study will help researchers to design, implement, and adapt successful interventions that can be used continuously for enhancing vigilance, even after the termination of external supports.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55502,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ergonomics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 104628"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied ErgonomicsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104663
Peiyu Zhang , Zichen Ye , Ronggan Wei , Haiyan Niu , Hongxia Li , Mingjuan Wang , Peng Xue , Sara Lu Riggs
{"title":"The effect of AI assistance timing on performance and user perceptions in pathological slide diagnosis","authors":"Peiyu Zhang , Zichen Ye , Ronggan Wei , Haiyan Niu , Hongxia Li , Mingjuan Wang , Peng Xue , Sara Lu Riggs","doi":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated three timing strategies for delivering AI assistance in pathological slide diagnosis — pre-diagnosis (triage), during diagnosis (concurrent), and post-diagnosis (secondary) — and assessed users’ perceptions of AI assistance. All three AI modes improved diagnostic performance and reduced workload versus no AI assistance. Concurrent mode was preferred for its balance between efficiency and reader control; secondary mode was appreciated for minimizing bias and aiding training. Triage mode yielded lower workload and higher performance but raised concerns about trust and transparency. AI was regarded as a valuable tool for initial slide review, but not as a replacement for expert readers. Participants generally trusted the AI for highlighting suspicious areas, not making final decisions. After use, willingness to rely on AI for final diagnosis declined, though trust and usability remained moderate to high. To increase adoption, designers should manage AI information presentation to avoid bias, balance sensitivity and specificity based on user feedback, and improve explainability to enhance reader confidence and trust.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55502,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ergonomics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 104663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied ErgonomicsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104678
Davood Dadkhah , Hamed Ghomashchi , Tilak Dutta
{"title":"Determining the risk of slipping on level ice using winter footwear with varied maximum achievable angle slip-resistance performance","authors":"Davood Dadkhah , Hamed Ghomashchi , Tilak Dutta","doi":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Slip-related falls on icy surfaces remain a significant public health concern, largely because of the extremely low coefficient of friction of ice. Although advanced composite outsoles can reduce slips by 68% and falls by 78% compared to conventional winter footwear, our studies suggest that frequent slips on ice persist. We hypothesized that absolute slip risk on ice remains high, motivating the need for additional interventions. The objective of this project was to measure the risk of slipping for participants walking on a level ice surface using winter footwear with varying slip resistance performance and to compare the slip risk on ice to other surfaces reported in the literature.</div><div>We investigated slip risk by recruiting 27 participants who walked on level ice while wearing 11 different winter boots across five Maximum Achievable Angle (MAA) categories (0°, 3°, 5°, 9°, 10°). After completing the level-ice trials, participants walked on progressively steeper ice surfaces only to determine their Observed MAA. The MAA test defines the steepest icy slope an individual can traverse without slipping. A motion capture system recorded 8,503 steps, of which 999 were slip-steps, corresponding to an overall 11.8% slip probability. Footwear with a 0°MAA exhibited 36% slip risk, while higher-rated 9-10°boots still had a 4%–5% slip probability, approximately one slip every 20-25 steps. Finally, we include an equation that converts MAA ratings into absolute, step-level slip risk on level ice (1 in N steps).</div><div>These results confirm that, despite technological advances in outsole design, ice remains exceptionally hazardous. Even the best-performing boots did not fully prevent slips. Additional measures – such as slip-prevention training, improved ice-clearing practices, or heated and porous pavements – may thus be required to further reduce winter slip-related injuries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55502,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ergonomics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 104678"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145419241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied ErgonomicsPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104658
Jie Zhang , Hang Ren , Yan Luximon , Xin Wang
{"title":"3D head growth and aging trajectories in Chinese and Caucasian for headwear customization: From modeling to comparison","authors":"Jie Zhang , Hang Ren , Yan Luximon , Xin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding population-specific head growth and aging patterns is critical for ergonomic design, yet existing models lack comprehensive comparisons between major ethnic groups. This study addresses this gap by presenting the first comprehensive comparison of 3D head growth and aging trajectories between Chinese and Caucasian populations across a wide age range (5-70 years). Using principal component analysis and weighted partial least squares regression on a large dataset (including 2,553 Chinese and 1,993 Caucasian), we develop an efficient pipeline for modeling population-specific head development. Our analysis reveals significant morphological differences: Chinese individuals exhibit characteristically brachycephalic cranial forms (wider but shorter heads) with flatter nasal bridges and less prominent chins compared to Caucasian dolichocephalic morphology. The growth and aging trajectories demonstrate rapid cranial development until around 18 years followed by stabilization in adulthood, with population-specific patterns persisting across all age groups. Key contributions include: (1) the first cross-population growth model spanning childhood to late adulthood, (2) an optimized computational framework reducing processing time while maintaining high accuracy, and (3) quantitative anthropometric benchmarks for designing population-specific headwear/facewear/eyewear. These findings bridge critical gaps in anthropometric research and provide actionable insights for ergonomic product design, particularly for helmets, AR/VR headsets, and respiratory protection equipment. The dataset and methodology establish a foundation for future studies in craniofacial development and population-sensitive design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55502,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ergonomics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 104658"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145318760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}