Experiments in Fluids最新文献

{"title":"Free-surface measurements in a cylindrical container using synthetic schlieren with extended paraxial range","authors":"Lyke E. van Dalen,&nbsp;Jan-Bert Flór,&nbsp;Jerry Westerweel","doi":"10.1007/s00348-026-04240-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-026-04240-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the <i>free-surface synthetic schlieren</i> (FS-SS) method, as proposed by Moisy et al. (<i>Exp. Fluids</i> <b>46</b> (2009) 1021), is extended to allow a wider application of the method. The reliance on small-angle paraxial approximation is removed, which allows for shorter distances of the camera to the free surface. Also, the presence of walls and non-constant depth of the liquid layer are accounted for. The difference between the original and modified approach is evaluated using a ray tracing approach. The extension of the method is demonstrated with measurements of the water surface in a cylinder for both rotating and non-rotating cases, i.e., surface waves due to impact, a surface depression due to a spin-up vortex, and the parabolic free surface in a rotating cylinder. The measured variations in surface elevation are as small as <span>(mathcal {O})</span>(10 <span>(upmu )</span>m) with a range in paraxial angle up to ±0.56 rad (<span>({32.3}^circ )</span>).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"67 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00348-026-04240-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerodynamic testing of pulsed-jet actuation on a short-inlet UHBR engine nacelle","authors":"Stefan Hayböck,&nbsp;Christian Breitsamter","doi":"10.1007/s00348-026-04286-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-026-04286-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Innovative short-inlet nacelle designs and disruptive technologies are essential for minimizing the drag and weight penalties of high-bypass-ratio turbofan engines. Active flow control (AFC) can mitigate inlet separation under off-design conditions by using local air injection at the inlet lip. This work investigates wind tunnel testing of continuous and pulsed blowing on a generic short-inlet UHBR nacelle at high angles of incidence (AoIs). The model is designed as a flow-through nacelle and is tested at a free stream Mach number of 0.15. The Reynolds number associated with the nacelle length is <span>(2.4 times 10^{6})</span>. Static pressure tabs on the model surface and a traversable total pressure rake serve to evaluate the performance of AFC. Both continuous and pulsed blowing could prevent inlet separation for AoIs of <span>(18^{circ })</span> and <span>(22^{circ })</span>, reducing spatial total pressure non-uniformity by up to 80%. Here, the AFC performance showed strong sensitivity to the jet velocity. A comparison of required momentum revealed that pulsed blowing consumes 20% less momentum input than continuous blowing for the same improvement level. For an AoI of <span>(26^{circ })</span>, only continuous blowing at maximum momentum input could effectively mitigate inlet separation. This experimental study confirms the potential of AFC to improve inlet flow under off-design conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"67 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00348-026-04286-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow inside a compliant aortic bifurcation model","authors":"Benedikt Harald Johanning-Meiners,&nbsp;Dominik Krug,&nbsp;Michael Klaas","doi":"10.1007/s00348-026-04293-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-026-04293-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shear-thinning properties of non-Newtonian fluids such as blood significantly affect the flow in compliant vessels. In particular, under physiologically realistic pulsatile inflow conditions, these shear-thinning properties can alter the flow field and thus the fluid–structure interaction. Yet, non-Newtonian effects are frequently neglected in in vitro experiments due to increased experimental complexity. This study aims to provide a comparative analysis of the combined influence of pulsatile flow conditions and non-Newtonian fluid properties on the flow field and fluid–structure interaction in a compliant abdominal aortic bifurcation model. Therefore, a fully transparent compliant bifurcation phantom was manufactured from two-component PDMS (RTV-615) using a wax-based lost-core technique to ensure dimensional accuracy and smooth internal surfaces. The model was integrated into a pulsatile flow loop, and time-resolved three-dimensional velocity fields were acquired by three-dimensional particle-tracking velocimetry (3D PTV) using the Shake-the-Box algorithm. The flow field, static pressure, wall dilatation, and volume flux were measured for both a Newtonian fluid and a blood-analogue non-Newtonian fluid across three Reynolds numbers and two Womersley numbers, representing physiologically relevant flow regimes. The flow measurements indicate that for both fluids an increase of the Womersley number yields broader and more uniform high-velocity cores and smoother axial transitions. Results for the non-Newtonian fluid consistently exhibit wider velocity distributions and more synchronized fluid–structure interaction dynamics in all cases that were investigated. Overall, the findings suggest that the shear-thinning rheology of the non-Newtonian fluid shifts the temporal response characteristics of the coupled system toward behavior observed at higher Womersley numbers. This indicates an altered phase relationship between the flow field and wall deformation. Thus, the present measurements indicate that non-Newtonian properties significantly influence both the flow field and the fluid–structure interaction in compliant vascular models under pulsatile conditions. Combining compliant, optically transparent phantoms with time-resolved 3D PTV provides a powerful platform for quantifying these coupled effects, advancing the understanding of physiological hemodynamics, and improving the reliability of in vitro studies and simulation validation efforts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"67 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00348-026-04293-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a hydraulically confined column device for simultaneous measurement of air relative permeability and water retention in unconsolidated porous media","authors":"Kevin Hernandez-Perez,&nbsp;Gerhard Schäfer,&nbsp;Amir H. Alizadeh,&nbsp;Mohammad Piri,&nbsp;Renaud Toussaint","doi":"10.1007/s00348-026-04294-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-026-04294-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air relative permeability is a key parameter controlling gas transport in unsaturated porous media, yet its dependence on saturation history and pore structure remains insufficiently constrained by experimental data. In this study, air relative permeability was measured during controlled drainage and imbibition processes in homogeneous sands with contrasting grain-size distributions. Steady-state air-flow experiments were conducted in a laboratory column, and air permeability was determined from imposed gas-flow rates and measured pressure gradients. Water saturation was quantified independently from expelled-water volumes, allowing reproducible characterization of permeability–saturation relationships along defined hydraulic paths. The results reveal pronounced hysteresis in air relative permeability between drainage and imbibition, with strongly dependent behaviour on grain-size distribution. In the fine sand, air relative permeability decreases progressively with increasing water saturation, whereas in the coarse sand, it remains close to its maximum value over a wide saturation range during imbibition before collapsing abruptly near full saturation. Comparisons with permeability predictions derived from independently fitted water retention curves show significant discrepancies, particularly during imbibition, where saturation-based models fail to reproduce the observed permeability plateau and sharp decline. These findings demonstrate that air relative permeability in granular media cannot be described solely as a function of water saturation and that saturation history and pore structure exert a first-order control on gas transport. The experimental dataset provides a benchmark for evaluating and improving constitutive models for gas flow in unsaturated porous media.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"67 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental investigation on the vortex ring merging in twin parallel pulsed jets","authors":"T. Chevalier,&nbsp;W. Saleh,&nbsp;L. Kadem,&nbsp;H. D. Ng","doi":"10.1007/s00348-026-04288-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-026-04288-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, we present planar time-resolved particle image velocimetry measurements focusing on the vortex ring merging from twin parallel pulsed jets, generated by the nozzle spacing (<i>S</i>/<i>D</i>₀) from 1.49 to 3.20 and stroke ratio (<i>L</i>/<i>D</i>₀) between 2 and 4. The results show a critical spacing ratio, of approximately 3, below which the pulsed jets interact and merge after a certain formation time (for 1.49 &lt; <i>S</i>/<i>D</i>₀ &lt; 3.20) or right at the exit of the tubes (for <i>S</i>/<i>D</i>₀ &lt; 1.49). Using the vortex core identification method based on the swirling strength criterion, the streamwise merge position is identified for different conditions and appears to be highly dependent on nozzle spacing, while not being influenced by <i>L/D</i>₀. High nozzle spacing delays, following a quartic trend, the streamwise merge position until reaching a threshold level beyond which no merge exists anymore. Time–frequency analysis and the oscillatory motions of the vortex ring tilt angle were also examined to identify characteristic signatures and elucidate the flow dynamics during vortex merging. For <i>S</i>/<i>D</i>₀ = 2.45, a cooperative tilting instability driven by mutual induction precedes vortex ring merging. In contrast, for <i>S</i>/<i>D</i>₀ = 3.20, where vortex rings are initially well separated, the weakening of the mutual energy and induction with increasing separation, together with energy dissipation associated with their wave-like oscillatory motions, appears to inhibit the coherent alignment required for reconnection and subsequent merging. This experimental study improves our understanding of twin pulsed jets and vortex ring interactions with implications that span from cardiovascular flows to underwater jet propulsion systems, and highlights the need for further theoretical investigation based on energy considerations to better understand the underlying mechanism.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"67 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial structure and energy content of wakes behind single and arrayed undulated cylinders","authors":"Taiga Drucker-Boisvert,&nbsp;Ondřej Ferčák,&nbsp;Jérémie Auzoux,&nbsp;Sarah E. Smith,&nbsp;Zein Sadek,&nbsp;Rowan Moore,&nbsp;Trevor Dunt,&nbsp;Christin T. Murphy,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Franck,&nbsp;Raúl Bayoán Cal","doi":"10.1007/s00348-026-04276-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-026-04276-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biologically inspired undulated cylinder geometries significantly influence wake structure and vortex-induced vibrations in turbulent flows, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. It is further unknown how these influences extend to multi-cylinder arrays, where interacting wakes accumulate and mix. This study examines the wake characteristics of an undulated cylinder and a smooth elliptic cylinder in single- and multi-cylinder array configurations, using particle image velocimetry and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). Relative to the smooth elliptic cylinder, the undulated geometry induces pronounced spanwise-axial variability, characterized by enhanced near-wake mean momentum and weak far-wake signatures, consistent with reduced turbulent kinetic energy. While mean momentum signatures are more comparable across array configurations, POD modal energy reveals a less coherent, more homogeneous distribution for the array of undulated cylinders, indicating increased three-dimensionality and flow complexity. Despite this complexity, a low-order description of the Reynolds shear stress is achieved to within 15% RMS reconstruction error using only 5% of the total POD modes, highlighting distinctions not apparent from mean-flow quantities alone. These characteristics offer broad potential for low-order modeling, flow control, and sensing applications.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"67 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-spatial resolution analyses of compressible turbulent boundary layers at Ma (=) 4.2","authors":"Junbo Yang,&nbsp;Yupiao Chen,&nbsp;Shucheng Pan,&nbsp;Hengdong Xi,&nbsp;Wenfeng Li","doi":"10.1007/s00348-026-04252-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-026-04252-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-spatial resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) analyses were conducted to investigate the zero-pressure-gradient compressible turbulent boundary layers at Mach 4.2 with <span>(textit{Re}_{ theta } = 2323 - 3220)</span>. The PTV analysis achieves a spatial resolution of O(0.01) mm in the near-wall region to resolve the flow in the viscous sublayer and buffer layer. Several estimation methods have been used to determine the skin friction coefficient based on the streamwise velocity distribution, e.g., the linear relation in the viscous sublayer, the Spalding equation, the logarithmic law, and the wake law. The van Driest <span>(textrm{II})</span> transformed skin friction coefficients agree well with the Blasius (1913) relation with a deviation less than 5%. The mean and fluctuating streamwise velocities collapse with the law of the wall and the DNS results, when scaled according to van Driest and Morkovin-scaling respectively. Owing to the high-spatial resolution PTV technique, the peaks of the streamwise velocity fluctuations are found at <span>(textit{y}^{mathrm {+}} = 13)</span> and <span>(textit{y}^{mathrm {*}} = 18)</span> in inner and semi-local scalings. Furthermore, the convergence of the two-point spatial correlation is improved using an ensemble-averaged method. The inclination angles of the <span>(textit{R}_{uu})</span> contours are approximately 8<span>(^{circ })</span> in the logarithmic region and 13<span>(^{circ })</span> in the wake region, which are different from those observed in incompressible turbulent boundary layers (TBLs). When the wall-normal integral scale is normalized by the characteristic structural length defined by Pirozzoli and Bernardini (2011), a plateau is observed. This indicates that self-similarity of the wall-normal length scale exists for the near-wall structures in CTBLs. Moreover, the uniform velocity zones (UVZs) in CTBLs are also examined. The mean number of UVZs ranges from approximately 1.5to 2 in the friction Reynolds number range of <span>(textit{Re}_{tau }approx 180 - 230)</span>, in line with the logarithmic increase reported by de Silva et al. (2016). From a statistical perspective, the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) appears to primarily modulate the thicknesses of the UVZs, rather than their numbers.</p>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"67 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiments on normal shock-induced vortex breakdown from Mach 1.3 to Mach 1.5","authors":"Kshitij Sabnis,&nbsp;Conor Hocking,&nbsp;Matthew Forster,&nbsp;Clyde Warsop,&nbsp;Holger Babinsky","doi":"10.1007/s00348-026-04265-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-026-04265-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interactions between vortices and normal shock waves, which are often encountered in transonic and supersonic flows, can cause the vortices to break down or burst. Experiments aimed at establishing the characteristics of these interactions are performed in the range Mach 1.3 to Mach 1.5, where little experimental data is available despite the industrial relevance of this regime. A strong compressibility effect was observed, with the non-dimensional circulation required to cause vortex breakdown reducing by about 25% from Mach 1.3 to Mach 1.5. For interactions featuring vortex breakdown, high-speed schlieren visualisation demonstrates a direct link between the bursting of the vortex and local perturbations in the wave pattern. In addition, the time-resolved analysis indicates that the Mach 1.3 interaction is characterised by intermittent breakdown events which are likely caused by feedback between vortex breakdown and adverse pressure gradient.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"67 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00348-026-04265-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization of droplet splashing and droplet trajectory and theoretical prediction of a droplet motion on the geothermal turbine bucket","authors":"Ippei Oshima,&nbsp;Mikito Furuichi,&nbsp;Yuya Nakashima,&nbsp;Masahiro Sato","doi":"10.1007/s00348-026-04273-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-026-04273-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding liquid behavior on the surface of rapidly rotating turbine blades is essential for clarifying drain formation in wet-steam turbines. However, direct experimental visualization of droplet impact and subsequent liquid transport under the combined conditions of ultra-high peripheral velocity and low ambient pressure has not been reported. In this study, we present high-speed visualization of droplet impact and liquid transport on an actual turbine bucket at peripheral velocities of 30–430 m/s under ambient pressures of 1–5 kPa. The results show that prompt splashing occurs even in this low-pressure regime, contrary to splash-suppression trends reported for lower-impact velocity and non-rotating conditions. Impinging droplets form thin films, ligaments, and droplet trains on the surface; despite their different morphologies, these liquid phases exhibit similar transport characteristics governed by the balance between centrifugal and Coriolis forces. At the bucket tip, accumulated liquid is stretched by centrifugal force and undergoes Rayleigh breakup, with the resulting droplet diameter decreasing systematically with increasing rotational speed. A minimal numerical model incorporating centrifugal, Coriolis, and effective interfacial resistance qualitatively reproduces the observed liquid transport trajectories on the actual bucket geometry. These combined experimental visualizations and numerical modeling provide a consistent physical description on rapidly rotating surfaces under low-pressure, ultra-high-speed conditions, and offer a basis for understanding drain-related loss mechanisms in wet-steam turbines.</p>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"67 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00348-026-04273-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148750868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The calibration of five-hole probes for use in low-Reynolds number flows","authors":"Jonas Stürznickel,&nbsp;Romuald Skoda,&nbsp;Maximilian Passmann","doi":"10.1007/s00348-026-04275-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-026-04275-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Five-hole probes are a well-established measurement technique for flow surveys in fluid mechanics and fluid machinery, where the probe calibration is known to become sensitive to Reynolds number below a probe-geometry-specific critical Reynolds number. Nevertheless, probes are typically calibrated at a single Reynolds number—particularly for use in incompressible flow-resulting in significant measurement errors in typical technical flows with strong velocity and Reynolds number variations. To address this limitation, this paper presents a Reynolds number-dependent calibration method based on repeated probe calibration over Reynolds numbers ranging from 2000 to 20000. A novel Reynolds number coefficient is introduced, extending conventional two-dimensional calibration maps into a three-dimensional calibration space. Two data-reduction strategies are investigated: three-dimensional interpolation and artificial neural networks. The proposed method is evaluated using the open-access Oxford Probe and compared against conventional probe calibrations at constant Reynolds number. Compared with conventional constant-Reynolds number calibrations, the proposed Reynolds number-dependent approach reduced the errors by up to <span>({50,mathrm{%}})</span> in flow angles, <span>({70,mathrm{%}})</span> in total pressure, and <span>({60,mathrm{%}})</span> in dynamic pressure. Artificial neural network-based regression provides a further reduction of approximately <span>({30,mathrm{%}})</span> relative to the interpolation-based calibration in all flow quantities. A parametric study demonstrates the effects of network architecture and size on the calibration errors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"67 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00348-026-04275-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}