Experiments in Fluids最新文献

{"title":"Impact of a core–shell compound droplet on a solid surface","authors":"I. Alkomy,&nbsp;M. Marengo,&nbsp;A. Amirfazli","doi":"10.1007/s00348-025-04022-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-025-04022-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Droplet impact on solid surfaces is fundamental to many natural and industrial processes, from water distribution in agriculture to precision technologies like inkjet printing and fuel injection. Recent studies have increasingly focused on the complex dynamics of multi-component, core–shell droplets, driven by their widespread presence in fields such as targeted drug delivery, biofuels, and 3D printing. Understanding the outcome of the impact of compound droplets and their maximum spreading on a solid surface is needed. This research investigates the influence of the controlling parameters, namely a broad range of core size, the core and shell viscosities, and Weber number on the impact outcome and the maximum spreading. Experiments of water-in-oil compound drops impacting on glass surface were conducted up to the range of impact parameters below splashing threshold. An equivalent Weber number (<span>(overline{text{We} })</span>) was introduced to account for the core–shell interfacial energy. Results reveal that the size of the core and the viscosity of the shell play critical roles in determining impact behavior. Larger cores tend to enhance prompt splashing and rebound, while thicker shells dampen the rebound of the vertical jet formed by the core. Viscous cores significantly damped the rebound while had no influence on splashing. The maximum spreading factor is vastly affected by the shell layer viscosity rather than the core’s. The size of the core influences the maximum spreading in two different ways, varying the compound drop viscosity and increasing the core–shell interface. A quantitative framework for compound droplets impact on solid surfaces is established, focusing on impact outcome and maximum spreading. Distinct outcome regime boundaries and transitions are mapped within the parameter space of controlling parameters, while their influence and controllability on maximum spreading are systematically evaluated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"66 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthetic jet vortex rings impinging onto porous walls: a more comprehensive similarity parameter","authors":"Yang Xu,&nbsp;Haocheng Wang,&nbsp;Congyi Xu,&nbsp;Zhiyu Li,&nbsp;Jinjun Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00348-025-04023-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-025-04023-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>By combining the effects of synthetic jet Reynolds number (<i>Re</i>_<i>sj</i>), porous wall porosity (<i>ϕ</i>) and porous wall hole diameter (d_<i>h</i>*), Li et al. (AIAA J 58:722–732, 2020) and Xu et al. (Phys Fluids 33:035140, 2021) presented a dimensionless similarity parameter [(<i>Re</i>_<i>sj</i>²<i>d* </i>_<i>h</i>³)^<i>ϕ</i>] to characterize the interaction between synthetic jet vortex rings and a porous wall. To futher incorporate the jet-exit-to-wall distance (<i>H</i>^*) into this similarity parameter, an experimental study was conducted to inverstigate the effect of the jet-exit-to-wall distance (<i>H</i>^* = 2, 4, 6, and 8) on the impingement of synthetic jet vortex rings onto a porous wall under three Reynolds numbers (<i>Re</i>_<i>sj</i> = 300, 600, and 900). By establishing the relationship between the loss of jet momentum flux and the jet-exit-to-wall distance (<i>H</i>^*) at different <i>Re</i>_<i>sj</i>, a more comprehensive similarity parameter [(<i>Re</i>_<i>sj</i>²<i>d</i>_<i>h</i>^<i>*</i>3<i>H</i>^*−0.64)^<i>ϕ</i>] was derived to characterize this vortex rings-porous wall interaction. Given the substantial impact of <i>H</i>^* on the vortex ring strength upon the impingement, an effective interaction velocity (<i>V</i>_<i>j,eff</i> = <i>V</i>_<i>j</i>/<i>H</i>^*0.32±0.045, <i>V</i>_<i>j</i> is the characteristic velocity of the synthetic jet) was introduced, so that [(<i>Re</i>_<i>sj</i>²<i>d</i>_<i>h</i>^<i>*</i>3<i>H</i>^*−0.64)^<i>ϕ</i>] was transformed as [(<i>Re</i>_<i>eff</i>²<i>d</i>_<i>h</i>^<i>*</i>)^<i>ϕ</i>], where <i>Re</i>_<i>eff</i> was the Reynolds number based on <i>V</i>_<i>j,eff</i>. This new similarity parameter effectively characterized both the losses of the momentum flux and kinetic energy transport due to impinging onto a porous wall in over 50 cases from current and previous experiments, thus verifying its validity at least in the range of [(<i>Re</i>_<i>eff</i>²<i>d</i>_<i>h</i>^<i>*</i>)^<i>ϕ</i>] ≤ 1000.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"66 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous measurements of velocity, oxygen concentration, and deformed interface position in an air–water channel using PIV and LIF","authors":"Adharsh Shankaran,&nbsp;R. Jason Hearst","doi":"10.1007/s00348-025-04017-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-025-04017-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oxygen transfer across a deforming air–water interface is studied using a synergy of particle image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Such approaches have previously been limited to flat interfaces. We develop simultaneous measurements of velocity fields, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration fields, and interface positions for spatial and temporal tracking. The imaging process begins after the DO in the water has been chemically depleted and continues until the water is saturated with DO. The oxygen LIF intensity field is calibrated using measurements from an optical oxygen probe to ensure accurate conversion into physical unit (mg/L). A canonical air turbulent channel flow, with a centerline velocity of 6.6 m/s (Reynolds number based on channel height of 21,700), develops for more than 100 heights before the bottom boundary condition is changed from a solid wall to a water surface. This induces transient and wavy structures on the air–water interface and generates velocity fluctuations and vorticity on the water side, which drives DO transport. The spatial evolution of DO concentration reveals steep gradients near the interface that diminish with depth, while the temporal evolution shows a reduction in concentration differences between the bulk and interface from about 35% to less than 5% as the water saturates. Concentration fluctuations are lower near the interface compared to the bulk and diminish in time as the system approaches saturation. Turbulent scalar transport analysis shows high vertical flux near the interface, and this too changes as the bulk DO concentration evolves, emphasizing that the observed phenomena are transient and should be treated as such.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"66 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00348-025-04017-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data assimilation: new impetus in experimental fluid dynamics","authors":"Chuangxin He,&nbsp;Sen Li,&nbsp;Yingzheng Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00348-025-04020-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-025-04020-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Data assimilation (DA), the science of fusing different observation sources to predict possible statistics of a dynamical system, originated from the field of numerical weather prediction and later was applied for applications in geoscience, geomechanics, and engineering. In the past decade, DA has received extensive attention in experimental fluid dynamics, with typical applications spanning from data analysis and error reduction to measurement data augmentation. The predictive (physical) model used in DA is critically important, differing from the data-driven approaches in machine learning. This review provides a basic understanding of the DA methodology, the mathematics involved at the grassroots level, and the various applications in the fluid measurement community.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"66 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on aerodynamic characteristics of high-speed vehicles on bridges under crosswinds: a pseudo-moving method","authors":"Huoyue Xiang,&nbsp;Xuli Chen,&nbsp;Yishao Wang,&nbsp;Yongle Li","doi":"10.1007/s00348-025-04019-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-025-04019-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel pseudo-moving method is proposed to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of high-speed vehicles on bridges subjected to crosswinds, aimed at overcoming the challenges associated with high force measurement noise and limited test duration typical of moving vehicle experiments. This pseudo-moving method employs a conventional wind tunnel for generating crosswinds, a longitudinal wind tunnel to simulate vehicle motion, and the relative motion system on bridge decks designed to eliminate ground effects. The validity of the test results obtained through the pseudo-moving method is confirmed by wind field characteristics and aerodynamic characteristics of vehicles. The results indicate that within the core region section, the longitudinal wind field exhibits a uniform wind speed distribution and low turbulence intensity. With the pseudo-moving method, larger crosswind induces longitudinal airflow deviation, reducing the core region length of the longitudinal airflow and resulting in a more restricted range of suitable wind yaw angles (<i>β</i>) for longer vehicles. The aerodynamic coefficients measured for the bus demonstrate trends consistent with those from the moving vehicle test. For <i>β</i> between 0° and 5°, the six-component coefficients of the CRH3 train show minimal variation; for <i>β</i> between 5° and 30°, the side force and moment coefficients increase steadily, while the drag and lift coefficients exhibit a trend inflection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"66 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00348-025-04019-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Error propagation of direct pressure gradient integration and a Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition-based pressure field reconstruction method for image velocimetry","authors":"Lanyu Li,&nbsp;Jeffrey McClure,&nbsp;Grady B. Wright,&nbsp;Jared P. Whitehead,&nbsp;Jin Wang,&nbsp;Zhao Pan","doi":"10.1007/s00348-025-03991-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-025-03991-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recovering pressure fields from image velocimetry measurements has two general strategies: (i) directly integrating the pressure gradients from the momentum equation and (ii) solving or enforcing the pressure Poisson equation (divergence of the pressure gradients). In this work, we analyze the error propagation of the former strategy and provide some practical insights. For example, we establish the error scaling laws for the pressure gradient integration (PGI) and the pressure Poisson equation. We explain why applying the Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition (HHD) could significantly reduce the error propagation for the PGI. We also propose to use a novel HHD-based pressure field reconstruction strategy that offers the following advantages or features: (i) effective processing of noisy scattered or structured image velocimetry data on a complex domain; (ii) using radial basis functions (RBFs) with divergence/curl-free kernels to provide divergence-free correction to the velocity fields for incompressible flows and curl-free correction for pressure gradients; and (iii) enforcing divergence/curl-free constraints without using Lagrangian multipliers. Complete elimination of divergence-free bias in measured pressure gradient and curl-free bias in the measured velocity field results in superior accuracy. Synthetic velocimetry data based on exact solutions and high-fidelity simulations are used to validate the analysis as well as demonstrate the flexibility and effectiveness of the RBF-HHD solver.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"66 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Schlieren visualization and drag measurement on compressible flow over a circular cylinder at Reynolds number of (mathcal {O}(10^2))","authors":"Takayuki Nagata,&nbsp;Tsuyoshi Shigeta,&nbsp;Miku Kasai,&nbsp;Taku Nonomura","doi":"10.1007/s00348-025-04010-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-025-04010-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present study, flow over a circular cylinder under compressible low-Reynolds-number conditions was investigated using the low-density wind tunnel. The Reynolds number (Re) based on cylinder diameter was set in the range of <span>(100; le ;{text{Re}}; le ;1000)</span>, and the Mach number (<i>M</i>) was set in the range of <span>(0.1; le ;M; le ;0.7)</span>. The Schlieren visualization and force measurement were conducted under pressure below 10 kPa (0.81 kPa for the lowest case) with the circular cylinder with 1.2, 3.0, and 5.0 mm in diameter. Although the signal-to-noise ratio of the Schlieren image is very low because of the low-pressure condition, the fluctuation components originating from the flow phenomena were successfully extracted using the denoising technique based on the modal decomposition. As a result, the Mach number effects on the length of the recirculation region and the Strouhal number of the vortex shedding were revealed. The drag coefficient obtained at <span>(M=0.1)</span> and 0.2 for <span>(100; le ;{text{Re}}; le ;1000)</span> was in good agreement with that under the incompressible conditions, and the drag coefficient increases as the Mach number increases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"66 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Super-temporal global reconstruction of convective disturbances from images of two-dimensional flows","authors":"Cole Sousa,&nbsp;Stuart Laurence","doi":"10.1007/s00348-025-04015-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-025-04015-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A method for converting spatial data from high-speed schlieren visualizations into upsampled temporal data, previously limited to applications involving fluid flows with uniform-velocity disturbances, is extended to flows with variable-velocity disturbances. Schlieren-based velocimetry is first employed to derive disturbance propagation speeds and directions throughout the schlieren field of view. The velocity field is then integrated to determine disturbance streamlines through discrete pixel locations, permitting reconstructions of the temporal signal at times between schlieren images. The resulting temporal signals have an effective sampling rate governed by the spatial resolution of the images, rather than the camera frame rate, with the local propagation speeds providing the necessary conversion to temporal units. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated by applying it to a schlieren dataset capturing Mach 6 flow over a cone–flare model with a frame rate of 824 kHz. The frame rate is sufficient to resolve the relevant second-mode disturbances from the raw pixel times series, allowing for quantitative comparisons between the raw and reconstructed signals. The reconstruction process enhances the information extractable from the temporal signals by eliminating aliased content previously constrained by the camera’s Nyquist frequency and enabling the analysis of additional high-frequency content. The accuracy and robustness of the reconstruction are validated by introducing known errors into the signals. Increased camera frame rates correlate with improved robustness, with errors in propagation speed of up to <span>(pm 10%)</span> having minimal impact on the spectral characteristics of the signal for frame rates as low as approximately half the primary disturbance frequency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"66 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00348-025-04015-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Free surface topography of capillary flows using spatiotemporal phase shifting profilometry","authors":"Hélie de Miramon,&nbsp;Wladimir Sarlin,&nbsp;Axel Huerre,&nbsp;Pablo Cobelli,&nbsp;Thomas Séon,&nbsp;Christophe Josserand","doi":"10.1007/s00348-025-04006-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-025-04006-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a novel experimental technique for characterizing the free surface of capillary flows using the spatiotemporal phase shifting profilometry (ST-PSP) method. This study specifically addresses various regimes of capillary flows over inclined surfaces, including drops, rivulets, meanders, and braided films. The technique is explained step by step with a detailed discussion of the calibration process, which is carried out on a solid wedge to determine the optical distances required for the phase-to-height relationship. In addition, the minimal dye concentration for accurately reconstructing the free surface of a dyed water flow is investigated. The ST-PSP method is then applied to profile different liquid flows, achieving large signal-to-noise ratios in all experiments. Notably, the analysis of a sessile droplet shows excellent agreement between the ST-PSP results and side-view visualizations, as demonstrated by the precise recovery of its apparent contact angle. Moreover, free surface reconstructions of rivulet flows align well with previous theoretical predictions. These findings suggest that the ST-PSP method is highly effective for obtaining precise height maps of capillary flows, offering a valuable tool for future validation of theoretical models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"66 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of backward-facing steps on laminar-turbulent transition in two-dimensional boundary layers at subsonic Mach numbers","authors":"Steffen Risius,&nbsp;Marco Costantini","doi":"10.1007/s00348-025-03994-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00348-025-03994-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Backward-facing steps (BFS) can have a detrimental impact on laminar flow lengths because of their strong effect on boundary layer transition. BFS with normalized step heights in the range of <span>(h/delta _1 approx)</span> 0.1 to 0.6 (corresponding to height-based Reynolds numbers of <span>(hbox{Re}_h = (U_infty h / nu ) approx)</span> 230 to 2430) were installed in a two-dimensional wind tunnel model and tested in the Cryogenic Ludwieg-Tube Göttingen, a blow-down wind tunnel with good flow quality. The influence of BFS on the location of laminar-turbulent transition was investigated over a wide range of unit Reynolds numbers from <span>(hbox{Re}_1 = {17.5times 10^{6},{text {m}^{-1}}})</span> to <span>(80times 10^{6},hbox{m}^{-1})</span>, three Mach numbers, <span>(M= 0.35)</span>, 0.50 and 0.65, and various streamwise pressure gradients. The measurement of the transition locations was accomplished non-intrusively by means of temperature-sensitive paint. Transition Reynolds numbers, calculated with the flow length up to the location of laminar-turbulent transition <span>(x_{T})</span>, ranged from <span>(hbox{Re}_{rm tr}approx)</span> 1 × 10⁶ to 11 × 10⁶, and were measured as a function of step height, pressure gradient, Reynolds and Mach numbers. Incompressible linear stability analysis was used to calculate amplification rates of Tollmien–Schlichting waves; transition <i>N</i>-factors were determined by correlation with the measured transition locations. In parallel to earlier investigations with a similar setup, this systematic approach was used to identify functional relations between non-dimensional step parameters (<span>(h/delta _1)</span> and <span>(hbox{Re}_h)</span>) and the relative change of the transition location. Furthermore, the change of the transition <i>N</i>-factor <span>(Delta N)</span> due to the installation of the steps was investigated. It was found that the installation of backward-facing steps with <span>(h/delta _1 lesssim 0.15)</span> and <span>(hbox{Re}_h lesssim 300)</span> does not lead to a reduction of <span>(hbox{Re}_{rm tr})</span> and to <span>(Delta N &gt; 0)</span>. However, increasing the step size results in a decreasing laminar flow length and thus an increasing <span>(Delta N)</span>. The reported results are in general agreement with earlier investigations at significantly lower Mach and Reynolds numbers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":"66 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00348-025-03994-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}