Astroparticle Physics最新文献

{"title":"Measurement of background radiations and spectra of X-ray sources using low-cost stratospheric balloon missions","authors":"Rupnath Sikdar,&nbsp;Sandip K. Chakrabarti,&nbsp;Debashis Bhowmick","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In small balloon missions, some in situ radiation is added to the targeted strong persistent astronomical sources (such as, the Sun, Crab, Cygnus X-1, etc.) or transient sources, such as solar flares, gamma-ray bursts, etc., during their detection, i.e., the background radiation. For measurement and modeling of background radiation, we use the data of the low-cost, small, stratospheric, high-altitude balloon-borne missions conducted by Indian Centre for Space Physics. In this paper, we show several models to estimate the background counts where the strong X-ray sources are detected at the altitude range of <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>35</mn><mtext>–</mtext><mn>42</mn></mrow></math></span> km even in the absence of onboard pointing system and severe atmospheric absorption. For all data analysis purposes, the photons detected in the detector are in the energy range of <span><math><mrow><mn>10</mn><mtext>–</mtext><mn>80</mn></mrow></math></span> keV. Moreover, we found that the observed data is within <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>1</mn><mi>σ</mi></mrow></math></span> of the calculated background model. Finally, using these background models, we estimate the spectra and luminosity of the Crab nebula and the black hole candidate Cygnus X-1, which agree with the previously published results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55439,"journal":{"name":"Astroparticle Physics","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 103003"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141482603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability analysis of wormhole solutions in f(Q) gravity utilizing Karmarkar condition with radial dependent redshift function","authors":"Sourav Chaudhary ,&nbsp;S.K. Maurya ,&nbsp;Jitendra Kumar ,&nbsp;Saibal Ray","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, we examine the properties of wormhole (WH) solutions in the context of modified <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>Q</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> gravity. The shape function (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>) and redshift function (<span><math><mrow><mi>ζ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>) are crucial in wormhole modeling since they determine the metric of a wormhole and define its attributes. The investigation provides the interaction between <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>Q</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> gravity features and gravitational effects, guaranteeing insights into potential wormhole configurations. Subsequently, we have looked at the behavior of energy conditions and the fundamental properties of WHs. Additionally, the volume integral quantifier (<span><math><mi>V IQ</mi></math></span>) is addressed, providing insight into the quantity of exotic matter needed in the vicinity of the wormhole throat. Furthermore, the stability of the WH solutions in both cases is examined using the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (TOV) equation where it is evident that both WH solutions meet the equilibrium requirements. Both cases ensures the real-world acceptability of WH solutions due to the rising nature of active gravitational mass (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>). Our findings contribute to the current discussion about alternative gravity theories and exotic spacetime geometries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55439,"journal":{"name":"Astroparticle Physics","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 103002"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141482604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of topological photon spheres in constraining the parameters of black holes","authors":"Jafar Sadeghi,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali S. Afshar","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we investigate the topological photon sphere from two distinct perspectives. In the first view, we examine the existence and characteristics of topological photon (anti-photon) spheres for black holes with different structures, such as Einstein–Young–Mills non-minimal, AdS black holes surrounded by Chaplygin-like dark fluid, and Bardeen-like black holes in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity. Furthermore, we delve into the deeper perspective of the necessity of photon spheres for super-compact gravitational structures such as black holes. By leveraging this necessity, we propose a classification of the parameter space of black hole models based on the existence and positioning of photon spheres. This approach enables the determination of parameter ranges that delineate whether a solution represents a black hole or a naked singularity. In essence, the paper illustrates the utility of the photon sphere as a notable test for establishing the permissible and non-permissible parameter ranges within specific theories of black hole solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55439,"journal":{"name":"Astroparticle Physics","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 102994"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141325696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-examining the Lithium abundance problem in Big-Bang nucleosynthesis","authors":"Vinay Singh,&nbsp;Debasis Bhowmick,&nbsp;D.N. Basu","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One of the three testaments in favor of the big bang theory is the prediction of the primordial elemental abundances in the big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). The Standard BBN is a parameter-free theory due to the precise knowledge of the baryon-to-photon ratio of the Universe obtained from studies of the anisotropies of cosmic microwave background radiation. Although the computed abundances of light elements during primordial nucleosynthesis and those determined from observations are in good agreement throughout a range of nine orders of magnitude, there is still a disparity of <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>Li abundance overestimated by a factor of <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></math></span> when calculated theoretically. The number of light neutrino flavors, the neutron lifetime and the baryon-to-photon ratio in addition to the astrophysical nuclear reaction rates determine the primordial abundances. We previously looked into the impact of updating baryon-to-photon ratio and neutron lifetime and changing quite a few reaction rates on the yields of light element abundances in BBN. In this work, calculations are performed using new reaction rates for <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>H(p, <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>)<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>He, <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>Li(p, <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>)<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>Be, <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>Be(p, <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>)<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>B, ¹³N(p, <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>)¹⁴O, <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>Li(n, <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>)<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>Li and ¹¹B(n, <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>)¹²B along with the latest measured value of neutron lifetime. We observe from theoretical calculations that these changes result in improvement by causing further reduction in the abundance of <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>Li than calculated earlier.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55439,"journal":{"name":"Astroparticle Physics","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 102995"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141313979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurements of low-energy, re-entrant albedo protons by the HEPD-01 space-borne detector","authors":"M. Martucci ,&nbsp;A. Oliva ,&nbsp;R. Battiston ,&nbsp;S. Beolé ,&nbsp;P. Cipollone ,&nbsp;A. Contin ,&nbsp;M. Cristoforetti ,&nbsp;C. De Donato ,&nbsp;C. De Santis ,&nbsp;A. Di Luca ,&nbsp;F.M. Follega ,&nbsp;G. Gebbia ,&nbsp;R. Iuppa ,&nbsp;A. Lega ,&nbsp;M. Lolli ,&nbsp;G. Masciantonio ,&nbsp;M. Mese ,&nbsp;C. Neubuser ,&nbsp;R. Nicolaidis ,&nbsp;F. Nozzoli ,&nbsp;P. Zuccon","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cosmic rays’ interactions with the residual atmosphere surrounding the Earth produce a variety of particles, like electrons, positrons, protons, anti-protons, and Helium nuclei that can be observed below the local geomagnetic cutoff. In this work, we present new measurements of downward-going, albedo proton fluxes with kinetic energy in the range <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>40–<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>250 MeV, performed by the High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-01) on board of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite - CSES-01 - at an altitude of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>500 km. Employing a dedicated trajectory-tracing simulation routine, the protons collected by HEPD-01 are classified into quasi-trapped (QT), long lifetime (<span><math><mo>≳</mo></math></span>10 s) particles concentrating in the equatorial region of the Earth, and un-trapped (UT), distributed at all latitudes; the latter includes both precipitating short lifetime particles (UT<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and pseudo-trapped long lifetime (UT<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) populations, abundant in the so-called penumbra regions. The temporal trend of re-entrant protons between 2018 and 2022 is also reported, assessing the stability of such population during the data-taking period of HEPD-01; this highlights their independence from the long-term modulating effect of the solar activity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55439,"journal":{"name":"Astroparticle Physics","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 102993"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927650524000707/pdfft?md5=512520925984998c3fc22b5efa40e593&pid=1-s2.0-S0927650524000707-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141264180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cosmic-ray physics at the South Pole","authors":"D. Soldin ,&nbsp;P.A. Evenson ,&nbsp;H. Kolanoski ,&nbsp;A.A. Watson","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The geographic South Pole provides unique opportunities to study cosmic particles in the Southern Hemisphere. It represents an optimal location to deploy large-scale neutrino telescopes in the deep Antarctic ice, such as AMANDA or IceCube. In both cases, the presence of an array, constructed to observe extensive air showers, enables hybrid measurements of cosmic rays. While additional neutron monitors can provide information on solar cosmic rays, large detector arrays, like SPASE or IceTop, allow for precise measurements of cosmic rays with energies above several <span><math><mrow><mn>100</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>TeV</mi></mrow></math></span>. In coincidence with the signals recorded in the deep ice, which are mostly due to the high-energy muons produced in air showers, this hybrid detector setup provides important information about the nature of cosmic rays.</p><p>In this review, we will discuss the historical motivation and developments towards measurements of cosmic rays at the geographic South Pole and highlight recent results reported by the IceCube Collaboration. We will emphasize the important contributions by Thomas K. Gaisser and his colleagues that ultimately led to the rich Antarctic research program which today provides crucial insights into cosmic-ray physics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55439,"journal":{"name":"Astroparticle Physics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 102992"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Background study of the AMoRE-pilot experiment","authors":"A. Agrawal,&nbsp;V.V. Alenkov,&nbsp;P. Aryal,&nbsp;J. Beyer,&nbsp;B. Bhandari,&nbsp;R.S. Boiko,&nbsp;K. Boonin,&nbsp;O. Buzanov,&nbsp;C.R. Byeon,&nbsp;N. Chanthima,&nbsp;M.K. Cheoun,&nbsp;J.S. Choe,&nbsp;Seonho Choi,&nbsp;S. Choudhury,&nbsp;J.S. Chung,&nbsp;F.A. Danevich,&nbsp;M. Djamal,&nbsp;D. Drung,&nbsp;C. Enss,&nbsp;A. Fleischmann,&nbsp;Q. Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report a study on the background of the Advanced Molybdenum-Based Rare process Experiment (AMoRE), a search for neutrinoless double beta decay (<span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>ν</mi><mi>β</mi><mi>β</mi></mrow></math></span>) of ¹⁰⁰Mo. The pilot stage of the experiment was conducted using <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>1.9 kg of <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>48</mn><mi>depl</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>Ca<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>100</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>MoO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> crystals at the Yangyang Underground Laboratory, South Korea, from 2015 to 2018. We compared the measured <span><math><mrow><mi>β</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math></span> energy spectra in three experimental configurations with the results of Monte Carlo simulations and identified the background sources in each configuration. We replaced several detector components and enhanced the neutron shielding to lower the background level between configurations. A limit on the half-life of <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>ν</mi><mi>β</mi><mi>β</mi></mrow></math></span> decay of ¹⁰⁰Mo was found at <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>ν</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>≥</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>23</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> years at 90% confidence level, based on the measured background and its modeling. Further reduction of the background rate in the AMoRE-I and AMoRE-II are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55439,"journal":{"name":"Astroparticle Physics","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 102991"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141290320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Sensitivity of the KM3NeT/ARCA detector to a diffuse neutrino flux and to point-like source emission: Exploring the case of the Starburst Galaxies","authors":"S. Aiello ,&nbsp;A. Albert ,&nbsp;M. Alshamsi ,&nbsp;S. Alves Garre ,&nbsp;Z. Aly ,&nbsp;A. Ambrosone ,&nbsp;F. Ameli ,&nbsp;M. Andre ,&nbsp;E. Androutsou ,&nbsp;M. Anguita ,&nbsp;L. Aphecetche ,&nbsp;M. Ardid ,&nbsp;S. Ardid ,&nbsp;H. Atmani ,&nbsp;J. Aublin ,&nbsp;F. Badaracco ,&nbsp;L. Bailly-Salins ,&nbsp;Z. Bardačová ,&nbsp;B. Baret ,&nbsp;A. Bariego-Quintana ,&nbsp;N. Zywucka","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>KM3NeT/ARCA is a Cherenkov neutrino telescope under construction in the Mediterranean sea, optimised for the detection of astrophysical neutrinos with energies above <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>1 TeV. In this work, using Monte Carlo simulations including all-flavour neutrinos, the integrated and differential sensitivities for KM3NeT/ARCA are presented considering the case of a diffuse neutrino flux as well as extended and point-like neutrino sources. This analysis is applied to Starburst Galaxies demonstrating that the detector has the capability of tracing TeV neutrinos from these sources. Remarkably, after eight years, a hard power-law spectrum from the nearby Small Magellanic Cloud can be constrained. The sensitivity and discovery potential for NGC 1068 is also evaluated showing that KM3NeT/ARCA will discriminate between different astrophysical components of the measured neutrino flux after 3 years of data taking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55439,"journal":{"name":"Astroparticle Physics","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 102990"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927650524000677/pdfft?md5=2f59c6bfde7fbc3aa2e3711ee9f85123&pid=1-s2.0-S0927650524000677-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by a cavity and phase transition in the non-commutative gauge theory of gravity","authors":"Abdellah Touati,&nbsp;Slimane Zaim","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, we investigate the phase transition of the Schwarzschild black hole (SBH) inside an isothermal spherical cavity in the context of the non-commutative (NC) gauge theory of gravity, by using the Seiberg–Witten (SW) map and the star product. Firstly, we compute the NC correction to the Hawking temperature and derive the logarithmic correction to the entropy, then we derive the local temperature and local energy of NC SBH in isothermal cavity. Our results show that the non-commutativity removes the commutative divergence behavior of temperature, and prevents the SBH from the complete evaporation, which leads to a remnant black hole, and this geometry has predicted a minimal length in the order of Planck scale <span><math><mrow><mi>Θ</mi><mo>∼</mo><msub><mrow><mi>l</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>. Therefore, the thermodynamic stability and phase transition is studied by analyzing the behavior of the local heat capacity and the Helmholtz free energy in the NC spacetime, where the results show that, the NC SBH has a two second-order phase transition and one first-order phase transition, with two Hawking–Page phase transition in the NC gauge theory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55439,"journal":{"name":"Astroparticle Physics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 102988"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric muons and their variations with temperature","authors":"S. Verpoest ,&nbsp;D. Soldin ,&nbsp;P. Desiati","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seasonal variations of atmospheric muons are traditionally interpreted in terms of an effective temperature that relates the atmospheric temperature profile at a given time to the dependence of muon production on atmospheric depth. This paper aims to review and generalize the treatment of muon production and effective temperature that has been used to interpret seasonal variations of atmospheric muons by many experiments. The formalism is developed both in integral form – for application to compact detectors at a fixed depth that record all muons with <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;</mo><msubsup><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>min</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span> – and in differential form — for application to extended detectors like IceCube, KM3NeT, and Baikal-GVD, where the rates are proportional to energy-dependent effective areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55439,"journal":{"name":"Astroparticle Physics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 102985"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140948741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}