Bacteriological Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Extracellular enzyme synthesis in the genus Bacillus.","authors":"F. Priest","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.41.3.711-753.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.41.3.711-753.1977","url":null,"abstract":"As the decade progresses this prediction is rapidly being realized, and microbial enzymes are becoming increasingly important in such diverse fields as medicine, brewing, and timber preservation. The genus Bacillus has played a major role in this development as evidenced by the distribution of the papers read at the Fifth International Fermentation Symposium, 1976 (64). Of 23 papers in the session devoted to \"Microbial Enzymes of Industrial Interest\" no less than ten were concerned with enzymes from bacilli. Reasons for the predominance of these bacteria in this area of study are several. First, they comprise a group of chemoorganotrophs that can be easily maintained and cultivated and yet are markedly heterogeneous in character. Psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles, in addition to alkalophilic, neutrophilic, and acidophilic species are well represented. Furthermore, virtually all 48 species of the genus listed in Bergey's Manual ofDeterminative Bacteriology (92) secrete a variety of soluble extracellular enzymes, which reflects the diversity of the parental habitats. Amylases that can liquefy starch under pressure at 11000 (194) and proteases that are stable and active at pH 12.0 (6) are extreme examples of enzyme adaption. This article will attempt to review the recent literature concerned with the characterization and properties of the exoenzymes synthesized by the bacilli and the control and mechanisms of their synthesis. It is restricted to this genus because the commercial importance of extracellular enzymes and academic interest in the process of sporulation have prompted a considerable amount of research into this general area. Nevertheless, in the final section I have attempted to equate our present knowledge of exoenzyme synthesis in procaryotes other than","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 3 1","pages":"711-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63729272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measles virus and its associated diseases.","authors":"E M Morgan, F Rapp","doi":"10.1128/br.41.3.636-666.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.41.3.636-666.1977","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 3","pages":"636-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC414019/pdf/bactrev00057-0102.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11546699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The peptide antibiotics of Bacillus: chemistry, biogenesis, and possible functions.","authors":"E Katz, A L Demain","doi":"10.1128/br.41.2.449-474.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.41.2.449-474.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION............ 449 PROPERTIES OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS 449 FORMATION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN RELATION TO GROWTH ...... ............ 450 CELL-FREE SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS ...... .................. 451 ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF GRAMICIDIN S ........ ......................... 451 ENZYMATIC FORMATION OF TYROCIDINE ........ ......................... 453 LINEAR GRAMICIDINS ...................... ................................. 456 BACITRACINS ................................................................ 457 EDEINE...................................................................... 458 MYCOBACILLIN ................. ............................................ 459 POLYMYXIN AND COLISTIN ............... .................................. 460 SPECIFICITY OF INCORPORATION ........... ............................... 461 RACEMIZATION AND THE SYNTHESIS OF D-AMINO ACIDS.................. 463 MUTANT STUDIES .......................................................... 464 POSSIBLE FUNCTIONS OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS IN THE PRODUCING ORGANISM .............................................................. 465 CONCLUDING REMARKS ................... .................................. 468 ADDENDUM IN PROOF .................... .................................. 469 LITERATURE CITED......................................................... 469","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 2","pages":"449-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC414008/pdf/bactrev00056-0091.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11291584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"beta-Lysin of platelet origin.","authors":"D. M. Donaldson, J. Tew","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.41.2.501-513.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.41.2.501-513.1977","url":null,"abstract":"(3-Lysin is the name that Pettersson proposed to distinguish this thermostabile bactericidal component of serum from Buchner's alexin or a-lysin (51). He defined (8-lysin as the bactericidal substance found in normal serum that resisted inactivation when heated to 56°C for 30 min. According to this definition, there are at least three different ,3-lysins found in normal serum; these consist of lysozyme, ,B-lysin from platelets, and (8-lysin of nonplatelet origin. The first of these, lysozyme, is a single entity which is well defined in regard to its chemical and biological properties. The other two types of (3lysins are not readily distinguished from each other, and each could be composed of several distinct molecules. The ,B-lysin of platelet origin may be similar or identical to plakin (23). The (8-lysin of nonplatelet origin may include the bactericidal cationic proteins isolated from leukocyte lysosomes (64-66). In this review, attention will be focused on the (3-lysin of platelet origin, which will be referred to as \"platelet (3lysin.\"","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 2 1","pages":"501-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63729124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatty acids of the genus Bacillus: an example of branched-chain preference.","authors":"T. Kaneda","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.41.2.391-418.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.41.2.391-418.1977","url":null,"abstract":"Unsaturated Fatty Acids ..................................................... 401 Stereospecific Synthesis of Anteiso Fatty Acids ...... .......................... 401 Branched, Short-Chain Fatty Acids ......... .................................. 401 FACTORS AFFECTING FATTY ACID PATTERN AND CONTENT .... ......... 402 Pattern of Saturated Fatty Acids .......... ................................... 402 Relative activity of chain initiators ........ ................................. 402 Factors related to chain initiators ........ .................................. 403 Factors related to chain extender ......... .................................. 405","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 2 1","pages":"391-418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63729341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial surfaces in relation to pathogenicity.","authors":"H. Smith","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.41.2.475-500.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.41.2.475-500.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION.............................4.......................... .. . 476 FACETS OF PATHOGENICITY THAT CAN BE INFLUENCED BY MICROBIAL SURFACES ............................................................. 476 INFLUENCE ON MICROBIAL SURFACES OF GROWTH CONDITIONS IN VIVO 477 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ENTRY TO THE HOST: MUCOUS MEMBRANE INTERACTIONS ............ 479 Bacteria .................................................................... 479 Adherence .................................................................. 479 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 480 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 481 Penetration............................................................... 481 Viruses ..................................................................... 481 Adherence ................................................................. 481 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 482 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 482 Penetration............................................................... 482 Fungi....................................................................... 482 Protozoa.................................................................... 482 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO MULTIPLICATION IN VIVO ........... ................................. 482 Bacteria .................................................................... 482 Viruses ..................................................................... 483 Fungi....................................................................... 484 Protozoa.................................................................... 484 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO INTERFERENCE WITH HOST DEFENSES ....... ......................... 484 Bacteria .................................................................... 484 Interference with humoral defenses ......... ................................ 484 Interference with mobilization of phagocytes ....... ......................... 485 Prevention of contact with phagocytes ......... ............................. 485 Interference with ingestion by phagocytes ................................... 485 Prevention of intracellular digestion by phagocytes ...... .................... 486 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 487 Viruses ..................................................................... 487 Interference with humoral defenses .......... ............................... 487 Interference with cellular defenses.......................................... 487 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 488 Fungi....................................................................... 488 Protozoa.......................................................","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 2 1","pages":"475-500"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63729071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fusobacterium necrophorum: its characteristics and role as an animal pathogen.","authors":"B. .. Langworth","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.41.2.373-390.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.41.2.373-390.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 373 CLASSIFICATION ......... 374 DESCRIPTION OF F. NECROPHORUM. 376 Cellular Morphology ................................... 376 Lipopolysaccharide ................................... 376 Toxins ................................... 377 Biochemical Properties ........ ........................... 378 Serological Properties .................................... 378 Antibiotic Sensitivities ........ ............................ 381 Isolation and Cultivation .................................... 381 ANIMAL DISEASES AND CHEMOTHERAPY .................................. 382 Natural Infections .................................... 382 Calf diphtheria .................................... 382 Liver abscesses .................................... 383 Foot rot .......................................... 383 Other diseases .................................... 384 Experimental Infections ......... ........................... 385 IMMUNITY................................................................... 386 CONCLUDING REMARKS.................................... 387 LITERATURE CITED.................................... 387","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 2 1","pages":"373-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63729307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial surfaces in relation to pathogenicity.","authors":"H Smith","doi":"10.1128/br.41.2.475-500.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.41.2.475-500.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION.............................4.......................... .. . 476 FACETS OF PATHOGENICITY THAT CAN BE INFLUENCED BY MICROBIAL SURFACES ............................................................. 476 INFLUENCE ON MICROBIAL SURFACES OF GROWTH CONDITIONS IN VIVO 477 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ENTRY TO THE HOST: MUCOUS MEMBRANE INTERACTIONS ............ 479 Bacteria .................................................................... 479 Adherence .................................................................. 479 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 480 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 481 Penetration............................................................... 481 Viruses ..................................................................... 481 Adherence ................................................................. 481 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 482 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 482 Penetration............................................................... 482 Fungi....................................................................... 482 Protozoa.................................................................... 482 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO MULTIPLICATION IN VIVO ........... ................................. 482 Bacteria .................................................................... 482 Viruses ..................................................................... 483 Fungi....................................................................... 484 Protozoa.................................................................... 484 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO INTERFERENCE WITH HOST DEFENSES ....... ......................... 484 Bacteria .................................................................... 484 Interference with humoral defenses ......... ................................ 484 Interference with mobilization of phagocytes ....... ......................... 485 Prevention of contact with phagocytes ......... ............................. 485 Interference with ingestion by phagocytes ................................... 485 Prevention of intracellular digestion by phagocytes ...... .................... 486 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 487 Viruses ..................................................................... 487 Interference with humoral defenses .......... ............................... 487 Interference with cellular defenses.......................................... 487 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 488 Fungi....................................................................... 488 Protozoa.......................................................","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 2","pages":"475-500"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC414009/pdf/bactrev00056-0117.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11614821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specialist phototrophs, lithotrophs, and methylotrophs: a unity among a diversity of procaryotes?","authors":"A J Smith, D S Hoare","doi":"10.1128/br.41.2.419-448.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.41.2.419-448.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 419 Semantic Problems ............................................. 419 Occurrence of Versatile and Specialist Phototrophs, Lithotrophs, and Methylotrophs ...................................................... 421 CHARACTERISTIC ENERGY AND CARBON METABOLISM ....... ............ 423 Energy Metabolism ...................................................... 423 Carbon Metabolism ...................................................... 423 METABOLISM OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY SPECIALIST PHOTOTROPHS, LITHOTROPHS, AND METHYLOTROPHS ................................. 424 Influence of Organic Compounds on Growth ........... ....................... 424 Assimilation of Organic Compounds ................. ......................... 425 Requirements for the Assimilation of Organic Compounds ....... .............. 427 Fate of Organic Carbon Assimilated by Specialist Strains ....... ............... 427 Substrate Transport and the Specialist Condition............................... 432 OTHER POSSIBLE CAUSES OF SPECIALIST CHARACTERISTICS ...... ...... 433 Regulation of Enzyme Synthesis and Activity .......... ....................... 433 Energy Conservation in Specialist Strains ............. ........................ 434 Specialized Nutritional Requirements ................ ......................... 437 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................... 437 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................... 440","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 2","pages":"419-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC414007/pdf/bactrev00056-0061.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11541696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fusobacterium necrophorum: its characteristics and role as an animal pathogen.","authors":"B F Langworth","doi":"10.1128/br.41.2.373-390.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.41.2.373-390.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 373 CLASSIFICATION ......... 374 DESCRIPTION OF F. NECROPHORUM. 376 Cellular Morphology ................................... 376 Lipopolysaccharide ................................... 376 Toxins ................................... 377 Biochemical Properties ........ ........................... 378 Serological Properties .................................... 378 Antibiotic Sensitivities ........ ............................ 381 Isolation and Cultivation .................................... 381 ANIMAL DISEASES AND CHEMOTHERAPY .................................. 382 Natural Infections .................................... 382 Calf diphtheria .................................... 382 Liver abscesses .................................... 383 Foot rot .......................................... 383 Other diseases .................................... 384 Experimental Infections ......... ........................... 385 IMMUNITY................................................................... 386 CONCLUDING REMARKS.................................... 387 LITERATURE CITED.................................... 387","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 2","pages":"373-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC414005/pdf/bactrev00056-0015.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11541692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}