{"title":"Sex and reproduction: a theoretical analysis","authors":"Zhongneng Xu","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad109","url":null,"abstract":"Sex in some organisms shows a continuous spectrum. Sometimes sexual differences in an individual’s organs are contradictory and determined by physiological, pathological and environmental factors, leading to debate over the definitions of sex in individuals. This study indicates that the essence of sex during reproduction distinguishes between reproductive subjects and that the unit of reproduction is not the individual but the reproductive cell. To properly supplement the existing definitions of sex, a definition of sex in reproduction in which only reproductive cells have sexes was herein addressed, focusing on material contributions to reproduction and the formation of zygotes by reproductive cells. Equations to describe sexes are proposed, as well as equations to make this only reproductive-cell sex definition compatible with the individual sex definition based on the quantitative proportions of different reproductive cells. The explanation of sex determination, sex differences and sex competition based on the definition of only reproductive-cell sex in reproduction is discussed.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"306 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139647320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Testing ‘bigger is better’ and maternal effects hypotheses in hatchlings of the sexually dimorphic spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera)","authors":"Eden Porter, James E Paterson, Christina M Davy","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad113","url":null,"abstract":"The ‘bigger is better’ hypothesis (BIBH) predicts that fitness increases with body size. Eastern spiny softshell turtles (Apalone spinifera) exhibit sexual size dimorphism (SSD) at maturity, and the much larger female body size is attributed to selection favouring greater reproductive output. Hatchlings exhibit sexually dimorphic markings, but hatchling SSD has not been investigated. The BIBH predicts that hatchlings will not exhibit SSD because reproductive benefits to larger, mature females drive size dimorphism at maturity, but selection on hatchlings relates only to survival. We tested this prediction with A. spinifera hatchlings (N = 2630) incubated in controlled conditions to avoid confounding environmental effects on phenotype. Hatchling mass was similar between sexes, suggesting similar nutritional allocation to male and female offspring. Hatchling size (carapace length) was also similar between sexes. Hatchling mass and body size varied among clutches and were positively related to maternal size, suggesting morphological constraints on egg size. Surprisingly, clutch size was related only weakly to maternal size. Taken together, our results suggest that hatchling size in A. spinifera is consistent with the BIBH and that offspring quality increases with maternal age, but that maternal effects drive a large proportion of the variation in clutch size and offspring quality.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139508438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marylka H Griffiths, Christopher M Wade, Daniele D’Agostino, M. Berumen, John A Burt, J. DiBattista, D. Feary
{"title":"Phylogeography of a commercially important reef fish, Lutjanus ehrenbergii, from the coastal waters of the Arabian Peninsula","authors":"Marylka H Griffiths, Christopher M Wade, Daniele D’Agostino, M. Berumen, John A Burt, J. DiBattista, D. Feary","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad170","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The coastal waters of the Arabian Peninsula include a heterogeneous marine region comprising the Persian/Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman at its northeastern boundary and the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea at its southern and western boundary. The environment within this region shifts from highly variable coral cover and extreme temperatures within the Persian/Arabian Gulf to sparse coral cover, lower summer temperatures, and nutrient-rich upwelling within the Sea of Oman. Within the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea there is high coral cover and warm, stable conditions. We tested for barriers to pelagic dispersal across this peninsula for the commercially important blackspot snapper Lutjanus ehrenbergii using mitochondrial DNA sequences. We found scant evidence for population genetic differences when comparing within northern and southern sections, but instead found strong evidence of genetic differentiation between northern and southern sections, with the Persian/Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman populations being highly differentiated from the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea populations. Low levels of haplotype sharing between the Persian/Arabian Gulf – Sea of Oman and the Gulf of Aden – Red Sea probably reflect scenarios of historical colonization into these peripheral bodies of water, or the presence of a contemporary ecological barrier preventing further genetic exchange.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"9 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Çağlar Akçay, Diane Colombelli‐Négrel, S. Kleindorfer
{"title":"Buzzes are used as signals of aggressive intent in Darwin’s finches","authors":"Çağlar Akçay, Diane Colombelli‐Négrel, S. Kleindorfer","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad152","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Signals of aggression may potentially reduce the fitness costs of conflict during agonistic interactions if they are honest. Here we examined whether the ‘buzz’ vocalization in two species of Darwin’s finches, the small tree finch, Camarhynchus parvulus, and the critically endangered medium tree finch, C. pauper, found in Floreana Island, Galápagos Archipelago, is a signal of aggression. Specifically, we assessed three criteria for aggressive signalling (context, predictive, and response criteria) in an observational study and a playback experiment. In the observational study, buzzes by the resident male were more common when an intruder was present on the territory in medium tree finches but not small tree finches (context criterion). In the playback experiment, buzzes increased during and after a simulated intrusion for both species (context criterion). Buzzes before the playback period predicted aggressive responses by males (predictive criterion) but buzzes during playback did not. Finally, both species responded more strongly to playbacks of conspecific buzzes compared to conspecific songs and heterospecific buzzes (response criterion). Together the results support the aggressive signal hypothesis for buzz vocalizations, although future studies are needed to understand the evolution and development of this interesting signal.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine M Roberts, Eric J McElroy, Lance D McBrayer
{"title":"Ectoparasite load generates habitat-specific variation in colour badge intensity and badge size in male lizards","authors":"Katherine M Roberts, Eric J McElroy, Lance D McBrayer","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad169","url":null,"abstract":"The severity of parasitic infections can mediate the differential expression of signals among populations, creating variation in signal intensity. Male signals (patch size and brightness) were quantified in Florida scrub lizards (Sceloporus woodi) from populations that vary in ectoparasite load. Males without mites were caught before breeding and exhibited different correlations among body size, patch size, and brightness. Males with ectoparasites (range = 1–368) were captured throughout the breeding season and showed a habitat-dependent pattern of how ectoparasite load, body size, and body condition were correlated with badge characteristics. In the sand pine scrub habitat, large males in good condition that were heavily parasitized had the largest badges. There was no relationship between body size or ectoparasite load and badge darkness. Lizards from longleaf pine habitat shared only one pattern, i.e. larger males had larger badges, yet there were several key differences. Body condition and ectoparasite load were unrelated to badge size, and the most heavily parasitized males had the brightest, not darkest, badges. Instead, males with moderate and low parasite loads had the darkest abdomens, and those with low parasite loads had the darkest throats. Thus, parasite load and body condition have habitat-dependent effects on badge characteristics.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139083453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Refugia within refugium of Geranium yesoense varieties: a follow-up study using chloroplast genome sequencing data of specimens from Mt. Asama, Japan","authors":"Seikan Kurata, Shota Sakaguchi, Osamu Kurashima, Risa Ogawa, Yoshihisa Suyama, Sachiko Nishida, Motomi Ito","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad121","url":null,"abstract":"Recent phylogeographical studies have revealed that refugia sometimes retain high levels of genetic heterogeneity due to multiple colonization events, a phenomenon defined as ‘refugia within refugium’. In previous research, we reported a complex genetic structure within the Geranium yesoense complex, an alpine plant found in an interglacial refugium at high elevation in Central Japan, probably resulting from multiple colonization and hybridization events. However, we were unable to evaluate instances of introgression due to limited sample size. In the present study, we performed additional chloroplast genome sequencing, along with Sanger sequencing of selected chloroplast DNA regions, to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among the refugial populations. The chloroplast genome sequence of a sample from Mt. Asama (an important refugium) was nested within the northern lineage (i.e. var. yesoense and var. pseudopratense), and haplotypes from Mt. Asama and Mt. Ibuki were also grouped with those of the northern lineage. Although our previous study suggested hybridization events between northern and southern lineages (i.e. var. nipponicum) at Mt. Asama, haplotypes from the southern lineage were not detected at range margins. This suggests that directional introgression occurred in these regions. Overall, our results further support that genetic heterogeneity within these refugia was amplified by recolonization and hybridization during past climate oscillations.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139083412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matías González-Barboza, Nadia Bou, Soledad Byrne, Juan Ignacio Túnez, José Mauricio Barbanti Duarte, Mariana Cosse
{"title":"Genetic structure of southern populations of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Rodentia: Caviidae)","authors":"Matías González-Barboza, Nadia Bou, Soledad Byrne, Juan Ignacio Túnez, José Mauricio Barbanti Duarte, Mariana Cosse","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad132","url":null,"abstract":"The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is a large semi-aquatic rodent with a broad distribution across South America. Although it is a relatively common and well-known species, there are few studies on its evolutionary history. Consequently, we decided to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of capybaras, including new populations from its southern distribution range, by using a 226 bp fragment of the mitochondrial D-loop region. We found 16 haplotypes and populations, with moderate levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity. In addition, the genetic structure analyses suggested high genetic divergence among populations, mainly among Pampean and Chacoan populations. We also found a consistent phylogeographical pattern with the distribution of main rivers. In agreement with palaeontological data, we propose two colonization pathways towards the south driven by main basins: Paraná–Paraguay and Uruguay–Atlantic.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139051641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noelia V Guzmán, Luciano M Gandini, Elio R Castillo, Florencia Fernandez Campón, Maria Marta Cigliano, Viviana A Confalonieri
{"title":"Pleistocene climatic oscillations influenced the emergence of geographically widespread and restricted genetic lineages in an Andean grasshopper species group","authors":"Noelia V Guzmán, Luciano M Gandini, Elio R Castillo, Florencia Fernandez Campón, Maria Marta Cigliano, Viviana A Confalonieri","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad166","url":null,"abstract":"The grasshopper Trimerotropis pallidipennis species complex is distributed across arid and semi-arid environments from North to South America, reaching high altitudes along the Andes Mountain range. Currently, there are four valid species of Trimerotropis in South America. However, some species were found to comprise several genetic lineages. Here, we describe the genetic structure, lineage diversification, and environmental requirements within the Trimerotropis species complex in South America based on sequences from the mitochondrial COI gene, 4048 single nucleotide polymorphisms, and ecological niche modelling. The analyses revealed the existence of at least five lineages: two with a restricted geographical distribution and three with a very wide one. The results provide evidence that glacial cycles promoted not only the presence of refuge areas but also the isolation of widely distributed lineages on the eastern and western sides of the southern Andes, potentially driving the emergence of the Trimerotropis sp. lineage, which can tolerate more temperate habitats. Our results provide evidence for the effects of Pleistocene climatic changes on the diversification history of a South American grasshopper species complex.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138684230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wax on the surface of Phragmites australis leaves provides enemy-free space for the aphid Hyalopterus pruni","authors":"Akira Yamawo, Hiromi Mukai","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad135","url":null,"abstract":"The waxy layer on leaf surfaces may restrict the range of arthropod species that can grip the leaf, thus affecting biological interactions. Here, we report that the wax on the leaf surface of Phragmites australis leaves provides enemy-free space for the aphid Hyalopterus pruni. In our experiment, aphids had higher survival rates on Ph. australis leaves than on Prunus mume leaves in the presence of ladybirds. In addition, removal of wax from the surface of Ph. australis leaves enabled ladybugs to grip the surface of Ph. australis leaves and decreased the survival rate of aphids. These results indicate that the leaf wax of Ph. australis provides enemy-free space for H. pruni by inhibiting ladybird adhesion.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138542282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph M Styga, Isobel G Brown, Margaret V McMullen
{"title":"Possible ‘silver-spoon’ effect on adult terrestrial jumping in the mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)","authors":"Joseph M Styga, Isobel G Brown, Margaret V McMullen","doi":"10.1093/biolinnean/blad162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad162","url":null,"abstract":"Survival in complex environments is dependent on whole-animal performance, a target of natural and sexual selection. Variation in whole-animal performance among mature individuals can become broadened by phenotypic plasticity driven by early life experiences. Thus, detailing the environmental factors that contribute to phenotypic plasticity, and the associated phenotypic responses governed by those environmental factors, is essential if we are to understand the evolution of whole-animal performance. Here, using isogenic lines established from the hermaphroditic mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) housed in a ‘common garden’, we investigate the link between variation in adult terrestrial jumping performance and early life experience (i.e. egg density). First, we hypothesize that individuals from different isogenic lineages should vary in jumping performance independent of egg density, suggesting a strict genetic source of variation. Second, we hypothesize that phenotypic plasticity should also introduce variation in adult jumping performance. Specifically, we expect that hatchlings incubated at higher egg densities in early development should adopt better jumping performances as adults, because higher egg density might be a cue for greater intraspecific competition upon hatching.","PeriodicalId":55373,"journal":{"name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"28 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138526328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}