Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy最新文献

{"title":"IRELAND'S VELVET CRAB (NECORA PUBER (L.)) POT FISHERY","authors":"E. Fahy, J. Carroll, Aisling Smith, S. Murphy, S. Clarke","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2008.108.3.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2008.108.3.157","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Velvet crabs (Necora puber (L.)) are taken mainly as a by-catch in the pot fishery for large crustaceans. N. puber is negatively associated with spider crabs (Maja brachydactyla Balss) and positively associated with brown crabs (Cancer pagunus L.). In the Irish Sea, which yields small quantities of brown crabs, velvets have greater commercial significance, and they are targeted. Individuals from 28 samples of velvet crabs were described to characterise landings of the species. The female:male ratio was low, as was fecundity, which was typical of the northern European subgrouping of the species. Carapacewidth frequencies of males and females were disaggregated by a Bhattacharya plot into six groups of males and four groups of females. Females have been described as having a lower life expectancy than males in this species. An age of eight to ten years is proposed as the required age to achieve maximum size in the male. Average male and female size and weight within samples correlated highly significantly, and males were used as indicators of population structure as more information was obtained on males. Age at full recruitment of males correlated inversely with landings over a period of ten years; the mortality coefficient (Z) correlated positively with landed weights. There are no conservation measures currently in force in Ireland for this species, but it is difficult to hold in captivity, and most of the trade is live export. Hence this species is landed at 20-34% of potential landing places, only where suitable buyers are available, although the species is believed to occur in all coastal waters. Spatially discontinuous exploitation fabours a sustainable velvet fishery.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"24 1","pages":"157 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88226724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SHORT COMMUNICATION: MID-TERM IMPACTS OF EXCLUDING LARGE GRAZING ANIMALS ON A BURREN GRASS/SCRUBLAND PATCH","authors":"Aislinn Deenihan, J. Donlan, J. Breen, R. Moles","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2009.109.2.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2009.109.2.107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":"107 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91119064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"POPULATION GENETICS AND CONSERVATION OF THE SMALL WHITE ORCHID, PSEUDORCHIS ALBIDA, IN IRELAND","authors":"K. J. Duffy, M. Fay, Rhian J. Smith, J C Stout","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2011.111.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2011.111.06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Genetic diversity can play a key role in the survival of endangered species. Both the number and size of populations of a species can affect genetic diversity and may be reduced by fragmentation of natural habitats. Here we examine the effects of a low number of populations and small population sizes on the population genetics of the nationally endangered and red-listed orchid Pseudorchis albida. To determine genetic variability within and among populations of P. albida, we employed AFLP and four plastid microsatellite (SSR) markers. In addition, we compared the SSR data from Irish P. albida to the closely related P. straminea. AFLP markers showed that P. albida has a high level of polymorphism and that significant differentiation occurred both within and among populations, with increasing population genetic isolation through distance. However, SSR markers revealed no variation, but did show that all Irish individuals had the same alleles as P. straminea rather than P. albida. Further work is required to assess the taxonomic status of P. albida/straminea in Western Europe. Irish populations of P. albida s.l. require immediate conservation attention due to their decreasing number and low numbers of individuals within populations.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"26 1","pages":"73 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91213564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in dry matter content between forage varieties of Lolium perenne L.","authors":"Meehan, Gilliland","doi":"10.3318/bioe.2019.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/bioe.2019.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study mined an existing database comprising 14 years (2002-15) of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., PRG) variety trials under a 9-cut simulated grazing management. The dry matter content (DM%) values of a total of 246 different varieties in 617 variety x year combinations were compared between ploidies (diploid and tetraploid), maturity groups (early, intermediate and late) and between individual varieties of the same ploidy and maturity group. Average annual DM content was 19.3%. Diploids had a higher (P < 0.001) DM% than tetraploids (19.9 % diploids, 18.6 % tetraploids). Average DM% of the late maturity group (diploids and tetraploids) was higher (P < 0.001) than the intermediate maturity group which was in turn higher (P < 0.001) than the early maturity group. Significant differences in DM% were determined between each of the six ploidy x maturity groups: early tetraploids 17.9%; intermediate tetraploids 18.4%; late tetraploids 19.1%; early diploids 19.4%; intermediate diploids 19.8%; late diploids 20.3%. Significant (P < 0.001) differences were also observed between varieties of the same ploidy and maturity type. The potential of high or low relative dry matter content (rDM%) as a new character for variety evaluation that would be amenable to breeding improvement was discussed.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"202 1","pages":"123 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73578001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FOREWORD TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE 'EUROPEAN VEGETATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY'","authors":"J. Cross","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2006.106.3.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2006.106.3.163","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"48 1","pages":"163 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77638908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Webb's an Irish Flora, 8th edition by John Parnell, Tom Curtis, Elaine Cullen (review)","authors":"M. Jebb","doi":"10.1353/bae.2012.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2012.0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"41 1","pages":"241 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76178014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gunnera manicata: Nostoc Symbiosis: Is the Red Stipulate Tissue Symbiogenetic?","authors":"J. Benson, L. Margulis","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2002.102.1.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2002.102.1.45","url":null,"abstract":"All species of the angiosperm genus Gunnera form an intracellular symbiosis with hormogonium-pro ducing strains of Nostoc cyanobacteria. Gunnera is the only angiosperm genus known to enter symbi otic associations with cyanobacteria capable of fixing nitrogen. Unlike most symbioses, the Gun nera cyanobacterial associations are intracellular (Bergman et al. 1992). Of the 45 species of Gun nera, the smaller species are typically aquatic, whereas the larger species tend to occupy high-al titude cliff faces and stream banks (Osborne et al. 1991). Free-living Nostoc cyanobacteria live in the moist soils of the Gunnera habitats. They form long photosynthetic filaments that bear nitrogen-fixing heterocysts interspersed among the cells. The port of entry for Nostoc into Gunnera is via the unique glands present at the base of each leaf petiole in all Gunnera species (Bergman et al. 1992). Aseriate photoautotrophic Nostoc filaments that bear heterocysts are induced to differentiate into motile, heterocyst-free hormogonia filaments by various compounds present in the mucus secreted by the Gunnera gland tissue. The Nostoc hormogonia respond to a chemical signal and glide down the extracellular channels of the Gunnera gland, against the direction of both gland mucilage production and their usual positive phototaxis, to enter the Gunnera cortical cells. In the dark, Nostoc cells become heterotrophic, intracellular sym bionts. They rely on Gunnera for photosynthates, and the fixed nitrogen from their now re-differen tiated heterocysts is assimilated by the plant tissue. 'Whereas all Gunnera species, small and large, bear Nostoc-infecting glands, only the larger Gunnera species possess clusters of large red stipules that abundantly surround glands at the base of each leaf petiole (P1. IA-C). They are more distinc tively distributed, pigmented, mucous-laden and conspicuous than other plant stipules. We concur that the term 'stipule' (rather than bract or leaf bud) is the most accurate one for these structures. The focus of Gunnera-Nostoc symbiosis research is on the process by which Nostoc infects the Gunnera gland, not on the presence of Nostoc on the plant tissue surrounding the gland. Such an emphasis causes the stipulate tissue on the larger Gunnera species to be ignored in the literature, as it is often removed from the plant by researchers who have studied the gland tissue buried beneath.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"630 2","pages":"45 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72418670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gunnera: Nostoc Symbiosis","authors":"B. Bergman, B. Osborne","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2002.102.1.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2002.102.1.35","url":null,"abstract":"Among angiosperms, a restricted number of plants are capable of forming symbioses with nitrogen fixing organisms. The best-studied examples of symbiosis are those between legumninous plants and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Although cyanobacteria are the most potent nitrogen-fixing microsymbionts in terms of variations in the taxonomy of the hosts, ranging from fungi to higher plants, extant cyanobacterial symbioses encompass only one an giosperm family. This monogeneric family, the Gunneraceae, has an unclear taxonomic affiliation. It comprises about 50 species, which show great variation in size. The larger, rhubarb-like, stand forming species (up to 6m high) are typical of areas ranging from Hawaii to Central America and South America, whereas smaHer, more slender species are found in New Zealand, South-East Asia and the southernmost parts of South America. The eleven endemic species of New Zealand are all small, often < 10cm high, and form stolons, whereas the larger species are rhizomatous. The natural distribution of Gunnera is restricted to the southern hemisphere, but naturalised Gunnera (G. tinctoria) is now known from some European sites, for instance the west coast of Ireland, south-western England, northern France and the Azores. A characteristic of all Gunnera species is their preference for wet and humid areas. Ever since cyanobacteria were discovered in side cells of Gunnera at the end of the nineteenth century, they have been classified as belonging to the genus Nostoc. This is a widespread and globally common filamentous genus capable of advanced cell differentiation. Under nitrogen limitation, het erocysts (sites for the nitrogen-fixing enzyme intro genase) are formed, constituting 5-10% of the total cell population, whereas other adverse conditions may give rise to motile hormogonia or resting spores (akinetes). The differentiation of hormogo nia (the de facto infection units in symbioses) and heterocysts is crucial to the formation of the Gunnera symbioses. Although possibly restricted to the genus Nostoc, several species and strains are capable of forming symbioses with Gunnera, including those compatible with plants such as liverworts and cycads. These aspects of cyano bacterial specificity in symbioses are fairther discussed by Rasmussen and Johansson (this volume).","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":"35 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85561309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TWENTY-TWO ORIGINAL DARWIN LETTERS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY","authors":"M. DeArce, P. Schnabel, D. Porter, D. M. Porter","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2010.110.1.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2010.110.1.61","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:We report the finding of twenty-two original Darwin letters among the papers of Alexander Goodman More kept in the library of the Royal Irish Academy, Dawson Street, in Dublin. The existence of the letters and their contents were known as handwritten copies, or as transcripts published more than a hundred years ago, but the precise location of the originals was unknown. The letters were found in their envelopes with stamps and postmarks. They deal with orchids, mostly Ophrys apifera and Epipactis palustris. Additional background information is provided.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"22 1","pages":"61 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81878620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WHAT IS THE FUTURE FOR MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN IRISH WATERS?","authors":"Mark P. Johnson, M. Jessopp, O. Mulholland, C. E. McInerney, R. McAllen, A. Allcock, T. Crowe","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2008.108.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2008.108.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The UK and Ireland, in common with most other European states, are in the middle of a period of rapid expansion in the number of marine protected areas (MPAs). Most of these areas are being designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) under the EU Habitats Directive. This level of activity will dominate the future of MPAs in Irish waters, presenting opportunities for marine conservation and potentially bringing wider benefits to society. The success of SACs is likely to depend heavily on the attitudes and engagement of people that use protected sites (stakeholders). This article reports on a stakeholder workshop where the potential benefits of, achievement of the potential of, and improvements in MPAs were discussed. A lack of baseline data and inefficient communication of existing information appear to restrict the perceived success of some existing reserves. Improvements seem possible in legislative coherence, public engagement and the science base. Resources for monitoring and managing protected areas are always likely to be stretched. Ways have to be found to make use of whatever data are available, potentially leading to public access websites for each SAC, where stakeholders can upload information. There appeared to be a broad consensus on many points in the day's discussions. In keeping with the workshop format, individual participants were invited to emphasise areas of omission, disagreement or consensus in comments that follow the main body of this article.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"50 1","pages":"15 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82083970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}