Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy最新文献

{"title":"WHERE DID IRELAND'S TREES COME FROM?","authors":"F. Mitchell","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2006.106.3.251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2006.106.3.251","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Review of literature on glacial history indicates that all trees had to migrate into Ireland during the current interglacial (since 10,000 years ago). More diverse tree floras existed in Ireland in previous interglacials. The collation of palynological data from 32 sites indicates that the early tree invaders migrated from the south. Other data suggest that the Irish Sea was a barrier to later tree migrants. The evidence for land bridges and timing of isolation of Ireland is unclear, but early tree migration across the Celtic Sea may have been facilitated by a forebulge land-bridge model. Tree migration rates have been calculated, and these indicate that vectors must also have assisted in the migrations. Data on the genetic diversity of oak across Europe also support the proposed migration route into Ireland.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"4 1","pages":"251 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78052343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Biology, Ecology and Future Conservation of Twaite Shad (Alosa fallax Lacépède), Allis Shad (Alosa alosa L.) and Killarney Shad (Alosa fallax killarnensis Tate Regan) in Ireland","authors":"D. Doherty, N. O'maoileidigh, T. McCarthy","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2004.104.3.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2004.104.3.93","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Anadromous twaite shad (Alosa fallax Lacépède) and allis shad (Alosa alosa L.) occur in Irish coastal waters, although only twaite shad has been confirmed to reproduce in Ireland. A landlocked subspecies of the twaite shad, known as the Killarney shad (Alosa fallax killarnensis), occurs in Lough Leane in south-western Ireland. Relatively little scientific research has been undertaken on the marine phases of these species in Ireland except for occasional reports of coastal bycatch. The growth, diet and parasite assemblages of twaite and allis shad sampled from Waterford Estuary and the upper tidal reaches of the River Barrow have been investigated since 1995. Similarly, aspects of the Killarney shad have been investigated since 1986. The number of gill rakers or general body size easily separates these subspecies of shad. The perceived threats to the twaite, Killarney and allis shad in Ireland, where they have been categorised as 'vulnerable' to extinction (twaite shad) and 'endangered' (Killarney and allis shad), are listed and discussed.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":"102 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91253577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ENZYME CATALYSIS AND DECOLOURISATION OF BRILLIANT REACTIVE RED X-3B BY AZOREDUCTASE FROM A NEWLY ISOLATED PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA WLY","authors":"Z. Cai, Lei Huang, Yucai He, S. Shi, Xiyue Zhao, Liqun Wang, Li Wang","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2012.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2012.23","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Azoreductase from Pseudomonas putida WLY, which is a kind of induced and extracellular enzyme, was purified by Chromatographie methods. The purified azoreductase, with a molecular weight of 28,000Da, gave a single band on SDS—PAGE. The maximal azoreductase activity was observed at pH 7.0 and 35°C. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 8.22 x 10⁴U mg⁻¹. The K m value for X-3B was 39μM and the maximal velocity (V max ) was 12μmol of X-3B min⁻¹ mg⁻¹. The purified azoreductase catalyses the reductive cleavage of the azo bond of X-3B in the presence of NADH as electron donor and yields aniline. The purified azoreductase is inhibited by several metal ions, including Fe²⁺ and Ca²⁺, and is activated by Mg²⁺. The result of eliminating the plasmid of P. putida WLY showed that the azoreductase coding gene locates in the plasmid DNA.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"18 1","pages":"293 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84442604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management strategies for the protection of high status water bodies under the Water Framework Directive","authors":"Bernadette White (née Ní Chatháin), E. Moorkens, K. Irvine, Grace Glasgow, Emer Ní Chuanigh","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2014.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2014.25","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:ABSTRACTThe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has highlighted as a key concern the decline in high ecological quality river sites. Such waters are indicators of largely undisturbed conditions and reflect natural background status or only minor distortion by anthropogenic influences. These sites tend to be located in the upper portions of larger river catchments, and constitute lower order streams in the main. Small water bodies therefore form the greatest proportion of high status waters. High status water bodies are protected under several tiers of European and National legislation. The key piece of legislation for the protection of all waters is the Water Framework Directive or WFD (2000/60/ EC).","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"14 1","pages":"129 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87592745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating Biodiversity Considerations in Policy","authors":"Shirley Clerkin","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2002.102.3.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2002.102.3.177","url":null,"abstract":"We all participate in natural processes, which are facilitated by biodiversity. Changes in lifestyles, farming practices, infrastructure and the way we work and live over the last half-century or so have resulted in dramatic changes in the state of Ireland's biodiversity. The need for policy to incorporate biodiversity considerations is now more urgent than ever before because our ability to cause change is much greater. The 1998 European Community Biodiversity Strategy stated, 'Given the projected growth in economic activity, the rate of loss of biodiversity is far more likely to increase than stabilise' (Commission of the European Communities 1998). The excellent and informative Ireland's environment: a millennium report, published by the Environmental Protection Agency, also demonstrates the links between the growth of GDP and environmental pressures, rating the need to protect our natural resources as an urgent priority (Stapleton et al. 2000). The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has produced an important evaluation in a global context of Ireland's performance in biodiversity protection. Ireland is listed by the IUCN and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD 1996) as the worst achiever in the OECD, protecting the smallest amount of national territory for biodiversity of all 28 developed nations. In fact, Ireland protects only about 1% of the national territory to strict intemational standards (that is, with national parks, nature reserves and other such stricdly protected areas) (OECD, updated to the year 2000), whereas the average in the developed world is 12% of the national territory (OECD 1996). Special areas of conservation (SACs) and natural heritage areas (NHAs) are not included in these figures because they are not accorded strict protection. Because of the small percentage of national parks and nature reserves in Ireland, NHAs and SACs are at the forefront of the measures that will be put in place to ensure nature conservation and must be carefully managed to maximise their contribution to biodiversity. Support is required, however, from a wide range of other policies, so that protected areas do not become 'islands' in a bio-monoculture. Despite the lack of coverage of national parks and nature reserves, the Minister for Arts, He itage, Gaeltacht and the Islands recently","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"12 1","pages":"177 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87573385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NUTRIENT LIMITATION AND PHOSPHATE REGENERATION IN ARTIFICIAL CUTAWAY PEATLAND LAKES","authors":"T. Higgins, E. Colleran","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2007.107.3.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2007.107.3.147","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Increasingly large areas of Ireland's emerging cutaway peatlands are being flooded to create a linked network of lakes and wetlands designed for conservation and amenity purposes. The current study examined water quality in four artificial cutaway peatland lakes over three years (2001-2004), with particular focus on nutrient dynamics and the potential for phosphate to be regenerated from the organic phosphorus pool via biotic and abiotic processes. The cutaway lakes contrasted strongly in both their physico-chemical characteristics, trophic statuses and limiting nutrient states. Two of the alkaline mesotrophic study lakes were annually N-limited in summer, while the acidic eutrophichypertrophic study lake underwent a transition to more sustained N-limitation. Laboratory experiments indicated a considerable potential for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) to be regenerated from the dissolved organic phosphorus pool by phosphatase enzyme hydrolysis (mean 2.6µg 1⁻¹). UV-induced SRP regeneration was found to play a lesser role (mean 0.9µg 1⁻¹), particularly in the dystrophic study lake, while combined UV and enzymatic hydrolysis produced an intermediate response (mean 2.3µg 1⁻¹). With all three mechanisms, the quantity of SRP regenerated appeared to be independent of lake trophic status. The current data provide some evidence that the regeneration of SRP from the large organic phosphorus pool in cutaway peatland lakes can help maintain a constant supply of bioavailable phosphorus, potentially contributing to the prevalence of N-limiting conditions in these systems.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"43 1","pages":"147 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79715025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Praeger Review: Changing climate and the Irish landscape","authors":"F. Woodward, T. Quaife, M. Lomas","doi":"10.1353/bae.2010.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2010.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The impacts of current and future changes in climate have been investigated for Irish vegetation. Warming has been observed over the last two decades, with impacts that are also strongly influenced by natural oscillations of the surrounding ocean, seen as fluctuations in the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Satellite observations show that vegetation greenness increases in warmer years, a feature mirrored by increases in net ecosystem production observed for a grassland and a plantation forest. An ensemble of general circulation model simulations of future climates indicate temperature rises over the twenty-first century ranging from 1°C to 7°C, depending on future scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions. Net primary production is simulated to increase under all scenarios, due to the positive impacts of rising temperature, a modest rise of precipitation and rising carbon dioxide concentrations. In an optimistic scenario of reducing future emissions, CO₂ concentration is simulated to flatten from about 2070, although temperatures continue to increase. Under this scenario Ireland could become a source of carbon, whereas under all other emission scenarios Ireland is a sink for carbon that may increase by up to three-fold over the twenty-first century. A likely and unavoidable impact of changing climate is the arrival of alien plant species, which may disrupt ecosystems and exert negative impacts on native biodiversity. Alien species arrive continually, with about 250 dated arrivals in the twentieth century. A simulation model indicates that this rate of alien arrival may increase by anything between two and ten times, dependent on the future climatic scenario, by 2050. Which alien species may become severely disruptive is, however, not known.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"64 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80005178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF POLLEN-MEDIATED GENE FLOW FROM GM HERBICIDE TOLERANT BRASSICA NAPUS INTO COMMON WILD RELATIVES IN IRELAND","authors":"Marcus Collier, E. Mullins","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2012.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2012.12","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Although now we have had many years of research completed on assessing the potential environmental impact of GM crops, concern remains over their potential impact on biodiversity in the rural landscape. In particular, issues have arisen in regards to the modification of crops with traits that could introgress into sexually compatible wild relatives. In contrast to wheat, barley, potato and maize, Brassica napus (oilseed rape) is the only commercial crop grown in Ireland at present with the potential to successfully transfer its DNA, via pollen-mediated gene flow, into inter-related weed species. This review details the species in question and by examining the relevant literature that relates to Irish agronomic conditions, demonstrates that gene flow is likely to occur, especially to an earlier used cultivar, Brassica rapa. However, the critical factor remains not that GM traits will flow from the commercial source but what might the consequences of said gene flow events be. This review indicates that the conferred trait in question (in this case, herbicide tolerance) can only impact on weed diversity in the presence of selecting herbicide action. In the absence of the herbicide, the GM traits will be lost from the wild species over time and will not confer any selective advantage that could facilitate population growth.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"50 1","pages":"257 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80334155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INTRODUCTORY REMARKS II","authors":"J. Faulkner","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2005.105.3.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2005.105.3.127","url":null,"abstract":"Ireland is one biogeographical entity. The main responsibility for conservation in Northern Ireland lies with the Environment and Heritage Service (EHS). This is an executive agency functioning within a government depart ment, the Department of the Environment. The EHS is a broadly based body and its functions are very varied. As well as conserving nature, its functions range from protecting the physical environment against pollution, to conserving ancient monuments and historic buildings, to the building of awareness of environmental issues in the community at large. We are also responsible for various aspects of access to the countryside and of conserving landscapes. Much of our activity in biological conservation is now determined by the Northern Ireland Biodiversity Strategy, published in 2002. The strategy is included under the umbrella of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, but it is explicitly and closely tailored to the requirements of biodiversity in Northern Ireland over the next fifteen years. The Strategy as a whole includes broad measures to address conservation in such policy fields as agriculture, forestry, fishing, tourism, construction and education. Another important aspect of the Strategy is the specific measures to address the needs of habitats and species under threat. Our priorities for action in this area recognise our position as part of Europe. Indeed the demands of the Birds and Habitats directives originating from Brussels would not let us do otherwise.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"35 1","pages":"127 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78814675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting impacts of conifer forests on brown trout and Atlantic salmon in headwater streams in Ireland","authors":"Harrison, Hutton, Baars, Cruikshanks, Johnson, Juhel, Kirakowski, Matson, O’halloran, Phelan, Kelly-Quinn","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2014.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2014.20","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:ABSTRACTSalmonid populations were sampled in 64 first- and second-order headwater streams throughout the Republic of Ireland in 2008. Streams were selected from neighbouring sub-catchments dominated either by moorland or conifer plantations, across two soil types—peat soil and mineral soil. A range of chemical variables were measured on three occasions over the year. Brown trout and Atlantic salmon populations were quantified on a single occasion for density and biomass in each stream. Data were analysed to test the null hypothesis that neither land use nor soil type had a significant impact on fish or chemical metrics in the streams. Streams draining afforested catchments had a significantly lower pH, ΔpH and elevated TDOC, total phosphorus, total monomeric aluminium, ammonia and colour. Streams draining peat soil sub-catchments had significantly lower minimum pH and TON, and higher suspended solids, TDOC, ammonia, aluminium and colour. While density and biomass of brown trout were somewhat lower in afforested catchments, the difference was not significant. Densities and biomass of juvenile Atlantic salmon, however, were significantly lower in streams draining afforested catchments. Atlantic salmon also had a much lower threshold tolerance to deleterious forestry-mediated water chemistry than trout. Forestry-mediated acidification of streams apparently remains a severe threat to Atlantic salmon populations, despite the reduction of airborne sulphate pollutants, posing challenges to forest and fisheries managers.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"53 1","pages":"219 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79433128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}