Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy最新文献

{"title":"Control of Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat under Irish Growing Conditions: Current Situation and Future Prospects","authors":"J. Dardis, E. Walsh","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2002.102.2.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2002.102.2.93","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat has become one of the most important crop diseases in small-grain cereal production The FHB pathogen lowers grain yield and quality, and under favourable conditions it can also produce mycotoxins that pose a serious risk to animal and human health. Because environmental factors play a significant role in the spread of FHB, it is essential to evaluate control strategies under Irish growing conditions. This paper reviews the findings of the first major field research project to investigate control of Fusarium head blight in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Ireland We examined two approaches to controlling the disease a short-term approach based on the use of fungicides and a longer-term approach based on the development of resistant cultivars by conventional plant-breeding techniques The results show that a satisfactory level of control can be achieved with fungicides We succeeded in identifying a number of lines with high levels of resistance to FHB under Irish field conditions. It is hoped that these resistant genes can be introgressed into a more adapted background with the ultimate objective of developing a resistant variety for Irish wheat-growers.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"207 1","pages":"103 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83574112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Pilot Scale Long-Term Experimental Study on the Effects of Grazing and Gap Creation on Burren Grassland Dynamics: Implications for Conservation","authors":"R. Moles, J. Breen, B. O'Regan","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2005.105.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2005.105.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Burren grassland is an important habitat for biodiversity conservation, but studies to date have not provided sufficient scientific understanding of vegetation dynamics to inform selection of appropriate management prescriptions. This paper reports on a pilot scale study on a small grassland patch on limestone pavement near Mullach More in the Burren National Park. Through experimental manipulation, it examines the effects of grazing and bare soil gap creation on vegetation dynamics and reproductive success over six years, with a focus on temporal changes in cover, species richness, flowering rates, turnover and mobility. Cessation of grazing resulted in very marked frequency reductions for most species, but increases for some grasses and increased flowering frequency in some forb species. Gap creation resulted in vegetation change that persisted for at least two years under ungrazed treatment, but for six years in grazed sward. Soil depth decreased under grazing but increased under ungrazed treatment. The grassland patch had attributes suggestive of both equilibrium and non-equilibrium vegetation dynamics. As the small study area selected may not be fully representative of the markedly heterogeneous Burren landscape, this paper does not arrive at conclusions in relation to all Burren grasslands and their conservation, but rather identifies some attributes important in informing prescription selection that require further testing at larger scale.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"29 1","pages":"15 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89854846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Length-weight relationships for common freshwater fish species in Irish lakes and rivers","authors":"L. Connor, Ronan Matson, F. Kelly","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2017.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2017.07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The objective of this study was to provide fisheries researchers with a cost-effective solution to estimate the weight of a particular fish species from the hypothesis that length and weight are strongly correlated. The aim was to estimate the weight from a given length through a length–weight relationship/regression equation. Length–weight (L–W) regression equations were derived for ten of the most common fish species and two cyprinid hybrids encountered in Irish lakes and rivers (brown trout, salmon, roach, perch, eel, Arctic char, bream, pike, rudd, tench, roach x bream hybrids and roach x rudd hybrids) from an extensive dataset of approximately 228,000 individual fish over a ten-year period between 2005 and 2014. The data was collected during routine Inland Fisheries Ireland monitoring programmes from lakes and rivers across Ireland. The dataset of the three most abundant species on lakes and rivers was categorised into three alkalinity groups for further accuracy. Significant relationships were found between length and weight for all ten fish species and two cyprinid hybrids in all water body types, showing that length is a significant predictor of weight and the findings are reflective of other studies, making this a strong tool for estimating weight.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"43 1","pages":"65 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90114400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RESPONSES OF IRISH VEGETATION TO FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE","authors":"MICHAEL B. Jones, A. Donnelly, F. Albanito","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2006.106.3.323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2006.106.3.323","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:It is widely accepted that anthropogenically driven climate change is having a significant impact on the natural environment of Ireland and this will accelerate in the future. The changes have been attributed to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, of which carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the main contributor. There is now increasing evidence that elevated CO₂ will directly alter the structure of plant communities although this will depend on the availability of major nutrients, particularly nitrogen. Changes in plant phenology will also occur as a result of warming, resulting in changed patterns of development of vegetation and in particular longer growing seasons for plants. Climate plays a pivotal role in determining the geographic distribution of plant species and climate 'envelopes' describe the potential range of climatic conditions over which species and ecosystems occur. As the climate changes these climate envelopes will move and, based on available evidence, the predicted change in climate is expected to have significant effects on the distribution of species and ecosystems. Modelling of climate envelope movements show that some of the key Irish habitats, particularly peatlands, are likely to be vulnerable and may be eliminated by climatic change predicted during the rest of this century.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"4 1","pages":"323 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86738884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative Influences of Catchment Geology, Land Use and In-Stream Habitat on Brown Trout Populations in South-Western Ireland","authors":"B. Lehane, P. Giller, J. O’Halloran, P. Walsh","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2004.104.1.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2004.104.1.43","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Salmonid populations were sampled in 36 streams, at altitudes between 100m and 200m, in counties Cork and Kerry, south-western Ireland. The catchment land use ranged from open moorland and rough pasture/improved grassland to afforested sites with varying levels of catchment afforestation, mostly coniferous but with some patches of mixed coniferous and deciduous trees. The main geology types within the region were slate, Old Red Sandstone and limestone. Study sites were electrofished, and the density, biomass, age structure and condition of salmonid populations were assessed. A range of in-stream riparian and catchment environmental variables were measured, and the data were analysed using stepwise multiple regression to identify the most influential environmental factors affecting trout metrics following principle component analysis. The majority of salmonids were trout (86%), and mean trout density ranged from 0.662 fish m⁻² to 0.984 fish m⁻² for all sites, irrespective of catchment geology. Trout condition did not differ significantly with level of catchment afforestation or geology, with the exception of limestone with high catchment afforestation. At sites with underlying limestone, trout condition decreased with increased catchment afforestation. River habitat structure was identified as the most important variable influencing trout density and biomass, irrespective of geology and water chemistry.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"22 1","pages":"43 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88916651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slipping past the barricades: the illegal trade of pet crayfish in Ireland","authors":"Z. Faulkes","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2017.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2017.02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The island of Ireland is the largest region in western Europe with no populations of non-indigenous crayfish species, and the native white-clawed crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes, is widespread. But non-indigenous crayfish are available through the pet trade in Ireland, and the release of pet crayfish is a major route for introducing crayfish into natural ecosystems. Monitoring online classified-advertising websites provided evidence for three non-indigenous crayfish species owned and traded in the Republic of Ireland—Procambarus clarkii, Cherax quadricarinatus and Cambarellus patzcuarensis—in addition to Procambarus fallax f. virginalis, previously determined to be available in the pet trade in the Republic of Ireland. The risks associated with introductions of C. quadricarinatus and C. patzcuarensis in Ireland have not yet been assessed. The invasive potential for both may be limited by low cold tolerance, but C. patzcuarensis is a potential vector for crayfish plague, and C. quadricarinatus may outcompete native A. pallipes in aggressive interactions. The number of species available in Ireland is smaller than in most other European countries, but the number of advertisements per capita and species available in the Republic of Ireland was higher than in England, where one species is legal. This suggests legislation may limit initial imports, but individual pet owners or small businesses continue to sell and trade crayfish that have been transported to Ireland.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"69 1","pages":"15 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89408348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VENICE: ALL CHANGE","authors":"M. DeArce, T. Logan-Phelan","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2007.107.2.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2007.107.2.111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"56 1","pages":"111 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82684398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VARIATION IN THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICIAL CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN UPLAND AND LOWLAND (ATLANTIC) BLANKET BOG LAKES IN WESTERN IRELAND","authors":"T. Drinan, J. O’Halloran, S. Harrison","doi":"10.1353/bae.2013.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2013.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Small shallow lakes are a characteristic feature of blanket bog habitats. The biotic assemblages of these lakes can be particularly species rich, especially in terms of the aquatic invertebrate fauna. Despite their potential conservation value, relatively little is known about their physico-chemical or biological characteristics in northern Europe in comparison to other freshwater habitats, and their undisturbed reference conditions are still unknown in Ireland. We surveyed upland and lowland blanket bog lakes, across both sedimentary (sandstone) and igneous (granite) geologies, to compare baseline physico-chemical and biological conditions for blanket bog lakes in western Ireland. A comprehensive data set of water chemistry, Chydoridae, littoral macroinvertebrates and aquatic macrophyte taxa were collected from all lakes over a twelve-month period beginning in March 2009. The main difference in lake hydrochemistry was that the lowland lakes, situated at lower altitude and in closer proximity to the coast than the upland lakes, had significantly higher conductivity and major ion (sodium [Na], chloride [Cl], magnesium [Mg], potassium [K] and sulphate [SO₄]) concentrations because of the greater influence of atmospheric (sea spray) deposition. The upland lakes were also significantly cooler and had higher concentrations of total phosphorus (TP). Differences were also evident between the upland and lowland lakes in the chydorid, littoral macroinvertebrate and macrophyte communities, primarily caused by marinedriven hydrochemical variation and differences in benthic substrate. The chemical effect of marine deposition appeared to have a much greater impact on lake hydrochemistry and biology than either underlying geology or altitude. This is the first study of its kind to be carried out on blanket bog lakes in Ireland. More information is needed on the biology of such lakes, together with research on anthropogenic drivers of biotic communities, if significant loss of biodiversity associated with agriculture, peat extraction, burning, wind farm developments and conifer afforestation is to be prevented.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"28 1","pages":"67 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88140460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IRELAND'S VELVET CRAB (NECORA PUBER (L.)) POT FISHERY","authors":"E. Fahy, J. Carroll, Aisling Smith, S. Murphy, S. Clarke","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2008.108.3.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2008.108.3.157","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Velvet crabs (Necora puber (L.)) are taken mainly as a by-catch in the pot fishery for large crustaceans. N. puber is negatively associated with spider crabs (Maja brachydactyla Balss) and positively associated with brown crabs (Cancer pagunus L.). In the Irish Sea, which yields small quantities of brown crabs, velvets have greater commercial significance, and they are targeted. Individuals from 28 samples of velvet crabs were described to characterise landings of the species. The female:male ratio was low, as was fecundity, which was typical of the northern European subgrouping of the species. Carapacewidth frequencies of males and females were disaggregated by a Bhattacharya plot into six groups of males and four groups of females. Females have been described as having a lower life expectancy than males in this species. An age of eight to ten years is proposed as the required age to achieve maximum size in the male. Average male and female size and weight within samples correlated highly significantly, and males were used as indicators of population structure as more information was obtained on males. Age at full recruitment of males correlated inversely with landings over a period of ten years; the mortality coefficient (Z) correlated positively with landed weights. There are no conservation measures currently in force in Ireland for this species, but it is difficult to hold in captivity, and most of the trade is live export. Hence this species is landed at 20-34% of potential landing places, only where suitable buyers are available, although the species is believed to occur in all coastal waters. Spatially discontinuous exploitation fabours a sustainable velvet fishery.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"24 1","pages":"157 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88226724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SHORT COMMUNICATION: MID-TERM IMPACTS OF EXCLUDING LARGE GRAZING ANIMALS ON A BURREN GRASS/SCRUBLAND PATCH","authors":"Aislinn Deenihan, J. Donlan, J. Breen, R. Moles","doi":"10.3318/BIOE.2009.109.2.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2009.109.2.107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":"107 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91119064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}