Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery最新文献_第6页

Appropriate use of biologics in management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. 适当使用生物制剂治疗慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉病。

IF 2 4区医学

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000001099

Jakob L Fischer, Jivianne T Lee

{"title":"Appropriate use of biologics in management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis.","authors":"Jakob L Fischer, Jivianne T Lee","doi":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MOO.0000000000001099","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a common yet complex and heterogeneous inflammatory condition that can be refractory to standard medical and surgical treatment. Patients with refractory disease may be candidates for biologics, medications that specifically target the biomarkers associated with sinonasal inflammation. The purpose of this review is to review the current literature regarding the appropriate use of biologics in the management of CRSwNP.Recent findings: There are three currently approved biologics in the management of CRSwNP, dupilumab, omalizumab, and mepolizumab. Each biologic has demonstrated clinical efficacy in the management of CRSwNP. Current guidelines from multiple professional institutions recommend considering biologics in patients with refractory CRSwNP who have either undergone or are unable to undergo sinus surgery. Patients should be monitored closely for biologic-related adverse events and treatment response 6 months after therapy should be assessed. In poor responders to biologic therapy, alternative biologics or revision surgery can be considered.Summary: Biologic therapy has demonstrated efficacy in the management of CRSwNP that is refractory to standard medical and surgical therapy and may be a good treatment option in this patient population.","PeriodicalId":55195,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"34 1","pages":"47-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145828718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What can we learn about chronic rhinosinusitis through mucus? 通过黏液我们能了解到慢性鼻窦炎的哪些信息？

IF 2 4区医学

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000001089

Carl Atkinson, Jennifer K Mulligan

{"title":"What can we learn about chronic rhinosinusitis through mucus?","authors":"Carl Atkinson, Jennifer K Mulligan","doi":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001089","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001089","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Sinonasal mucus biomarkers have emerged as a powerful, noninvasive tool to better understand the immunopathology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This review highlights the evolving role of mucus biomarkers as they move from discovery-phase research toward potential clinical implementation and identifies critical gaps that must be addressed before their integration into routine decision-making.Recent findings: Mucus biomarkers provide valuable insights into CRS endotypes, disease severity, olfactory dysfunction, and potentially biologic choice. Recent studies have shown associations between mucus cytokine and protein profiles with postoperative olfactory recovery, polyp recurrence, and responsiveness to biologic therapy. Advances in collection devices hold potential to standardize sampling methods, while machine learning approaches are increasingly being applied to high-dimensional biomarker datasets, improving the ability to predict outcomes and guide therapy selection. Despite these advances, unresolved challenges include optimal sampling site, assay standardization, and prospective validation in clinical trials.Summary: Mucus biomarkers are transforming our understanding of CRS by linking local immune dysfunction with clinical manifestations, such as quality-of-life impairment, olfactory loss, and disease recurrence. With continued refinement, integration of mucus biomarker profiling with machine learning and clinical datasets may enable precision diagnostics and personalized treatment strategies for CRS.","PeriodicalId":55195,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12866059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Current perspectives on rhinitis, postnasal drip, and cough. 目前对鼻炎、鼻后滴涕和咳嗽的看法。

IF 2 4区医学

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000001095

Kawita Atipas, Triphoom Suwanwech, Dichapong Kanjanawasee, Navarat Kasemsuk, Pongsakorn Tantilipikorn

{"title":"Current perspectives on rhinitis, postnasal drip, and cough.","authors":"Kawita Atipas, Triphoom Suwanwech, Dichapong Kanjanawasee, Navarat Kasemsuk, Pongsakorn Tantilipikorn","doi":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001095","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001095","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: This review explores the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cough caused by rhinitis and related conditions, emphasizing new advancements.Recent findings: Upper airway cough involves multiple inflammatory and neurogenic mechanisms, including postnasal drip stimulation of cough receptors, inflammatory mediator release, and sensory neural hypersensitivity. Diagnosis requires comprehensive clinical evaluation, with increasing emphasis on identifying specific disease endotypes. Management has expanded from conventional therapies to include biologics and targeted procedures, while emerging treatments provide additional options for refractory cases.Summary: Chronic cough frequently results from upper airway conditions, including allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and postviral cough. Diagnosis and treatment depend on symptom assessment, endoscopy, imaging, and biomarkers. Management targets the underlying etiology through pharmacotherapy, immunotherapy, and procedural interventions; however, further research remains essential to optimize understanding and treatment of affected patients.","PeriodicalId":55195,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145310042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Defining and managing acute exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis. 定义和管理慢性鼻窦炎急性加重。

IF 2 4区医学

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000001096

Keeler Kime, Ahmad R Sedaghat, Katie M Phillips

{"title":"Defining and managing acute exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis.","authors":"Keeler Kime, Ahmad R Sedaghat, Katie M Phillips","doi":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001096","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001096","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Currently, no universally accepted definition or management strategy for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and its acute exacerbations (AECRS) exists. This review aims to provide an overview of the current research in this field and to present recent advances in diagnosis and management.Recent findings: A variant in the CDHR3 gene has been identified as a risk factor for AECRS, associated with increased viral replication, type-2 cytokine upregulation, and downregulation of Toll-like receptor mediated responses. Microbiome studies show that patients with AECRS are more likely to harbor rare microbial taxa, and most strains isolated during exacerbations form biofilms. Biologic therapies targeting type-2 inflammation have reduced exacerbation rates and decreased the need for antibiotics and systemic corticosteroids. Culture-directed antibiotics may improve longer-term endoscopic outcomes, though short-term symptom and quality-of-life benefits remain unclear. Cost-effectiveness modeling suggests observation is usually the most efficient initial strategy, unless the probability of bacterial etiology exceeds ~49%. In addition, a new patient-informed definition of AECRS has been proposed, although further validation is needed.Summary: Advances in genetics, microbiome analysis, and biologic therapy offer promising avenues, yet definitions and outcome measures remain inconsistent. Robust, long-term studies are still needed to harmonize definitions and standardize management.","PeriodicalId":55195,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"28-32"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145294459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Epigenetics in chronic rhinosinusitis. 慢性鼻窦炎的表观遗传学。

IF 2 4区医学

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000001101

Nitish Kumar, Tripti Brar, Devyani Lal

{"title":"Epigenetics in chronic rhinosinusitis.","authors":"Nitish Kumar, Tripti Brar, Devyani Lal","doi":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001101","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001101","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic regulation plays a central role in chronic rhinosinusitis pathogenesis, heterogeneity, and treatment response. This review summarizes current knowledge of epigenetics in CRS pathogenesis, their role in endotype differentiation, and potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.Recent findings: Distinct epigenetic signatures have been identified across CRS subtypes. Hypermethylation of TSLP and differential regulation of FZD5, IL8, and EMT-related genes distinguish eosinophilic CRSwNP from other phenotypes. Specific microRNAs (miR-941, miR-21, miR-125b, miR-155) correlate with disease severity, tissue eosinophilia, and corticosteroid responsiveness, highlighting their utility as noninvasive biomarkers. Experimental data suggest that targeting DNMTs or HDACs may reverse pathogenic remodeling. Emerging therapeutic approaches - such as biologics modulating epigenetically controlled cytokines (e.g. tezepelumab) and engineered extracellular vesicle-based miRNA delivery - illustrate translational promise.Summary: Epigenetic mechanisms critically influence CRS pathogenesis and clinical variability. Their modulation offers novel opportunities for biomarker discovery, disease stratification, and personalized therapy. Future research should focus on standardizing epigenetic profiling methodologies, validating candidate biomarkers in diverse populations, and integrating multiomics and single-cell approaches to uncover cell-specific regulatory networks. These advances may enable precision medicine in CRS, bridging the gap between molecular mechanisms and targeted clinical management.","PeriodicalId":55195,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"34 1","pages":"58-65"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145828740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Changes in the sinus microbiome in health and chronic rhinosinusitis. 健康和慢性鼻窦炎患者鼻窦微生物组的变化。

IF 2 4区医学

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000001087

Isabella Amy Burdon, Alkis James Psaltis

{"title":"Changes in the sinus microbiome in health and chronic rhinosinusitis.","authors":"Isabella Amy Burdon, Alkis James Psaltis","doi":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001087","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001087","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: This article synthesises the recent sinus microbiome literature, identifying common themes in research findings as well as surveying the varied methodological approaches used across these studies.Recent findings: While there remains no clear consensus as to which microbes define dysbiosis in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), certain trends are emerging. Increasingly, the evidence points towards a pathogenic role in the overabundance of Moraxella , Haemophilus and Pseudomonas species, whilst the genera Cutibacterium, Anaerococcus and Dolosigranulum tend towards commensalism. However, the roles of the most common genera in the sinus microbiome, Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium, remain uncertain. Given the diversity and abundance of species within these genera, species and function-level analyses are needed to clarify their contributions to the aetiopathogenesis of CRS. Comprehensive study of the sinus microbiome in healthy individuals further shows that community composition shifts with age, suggesting that dysbiosis may manifest differently across the lifespan. Beyond bacteria, growing evidence highlights the importance of fungi and viruses, underscoring the need to incorporate these microbionts into future analyses.Summary: Progress towards a clinically meaningful consensus will require standardised approaches to sequencing, species-level resolution in these analyses, and consideration of the heterogeneous clinical and immunological subgroups of CRS.","PeriodicalId":55195,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"8-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145281794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The contemporary role of sinus surgery in managing cystic fibrosis. 当代鼻窦手术在治疗囊性纤维化中的作用。

IF 2 4区医学

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000001103

Rory J Lubner, Daniel M Beswick

{"title":"The contemporary role of sinus surgery in managing cystic fibrosis.","authors":"Rory J Lubner, Daniel M Beswick","doi":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001103","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001103","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: In this review, we summarize the current state of medical treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and how cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy has revolutionalized the landscape of CF management, including from a sinonasal perspective. We describe the indications for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), perioperative decisions otolaryngologists must consider, and the most effective surgical treatment approaches.Recent findings: Effective CFTR modulator therapy reduces SNOT-22 scores as well as endoscopic and radiographic scores. In this era, surgical indications for people with CF and chronic rhinosinsusitis (CRS) includes persistent, recalcitrant symptoms despite medical interventions, including CFTR therapy. The decision to pursue surgery should incorporate sinus symptoms, as ESS solely for pulmonary function improvement remains controversial. When ESS is performed, extended approaches to the sinuses may be beneficial, although evidence in this area is limited.Summary: Despite prominent advances in disease modifying therapies, ESS remains a treatment option to manage refractory sinonasal symptoms and CRS in people with CF who do not respond to medical therapy. The decision to pursue ESS remains individualized and should involve a multidisciplinary discussion between clinicians to optimize patient selection, surgical goals, and perioperative medical management.","PeriodicalId":55195,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"33-38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145776616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Botulinum toxin injections for laryngeal disorders. 注射肉毒杆菌毒素治疗喉部疾病。

IF 2 4区医学

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000001090

James Johnston, Daniel Novakovic

{"title":"Botulinum toxin injections for laryngeal disorders.","authors":"James Johnston, Daniel Novakovic","doi":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MOO.0000000000001090","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: This review summarizes recent advances in the use of botulinum toxin (BoNT) for laryngeal disorders. It highlights the growing therapeutic relevance of BoNT across both motor and sensory conditions, focusing on novel indications, evolving mechanisms of action, and innovations in injection techniques.Recent findings: BoNT remains the primary treatment for laryngeal dystonia, with increasing personalization in dosing, target selection, and outcome assessment. New evidence supports its application in functional dysphonia, vocal process granuloma, chronic cough, inducible laryngeal obstruction, and abnormal throat sensation. Studies suggest both peripheral and central neuromodulatory effects, including modulation of afferent input and neuroplastic changes. Guidance techniques such as electromyography, ultrasound, and flexible endoscopy are improving injection accuracy. Adjunctive therapies, including pharmacological agents and sensory retraining approaches, show promise for partial or nonresponders.Summary: BoNT is an increasingly versatile and well tolerated treatment across a broadening spectrum of laryngeal disorders. As knowledge of laryngeal neurobiology expands, BoNT is being redefined as both a focal therapeutic and a neuromodulator with broad implications for voice and airway management.","PeriodicalId":55195,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145355746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The EXIT procedure: when, who, and how. 退出程序：何时、何人以及如何退出。

IF 2 4区医学

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000001091

Carol Li, Anisha Rhea Noble

{"title":"The EXIT procedure: when, who, and how.","authors":"Carol Li, Anisha Rhea Noble","doi":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MOO.0000000000001091","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Management of fetal airway obstruction requires a multidisciplinary approach to optimize the safety of the pregnant patient and fetus. For severe cases of fetal airway obstruction, ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) is recommended. This review highlights indications and rationale for EXIT and presents an approach to fetal airway management from an otolaryngologic perspective.Recent findings: Approach to the fetus with airway obstruction differs in the literature. Recent studies have sought to identify prenatal risk factors that portend the need for surgical intervention at delivery, with identification of three fetal anomalies that justify delivery modification: micrognathia, congenital high airway obstruction, and head and neck masses. There remains heterogeneity within this cohort, contributing to the varied approach to fetal airway obstruction. What remains consistent is the need for early identification of at-risk fetuses and multidisciplinary input throughout pregnancy to ensure that the appropriate teams are present at delivery.Summary: EXIT is a mainstay in the management of fetal airway obstruction, as it enables airway intervention while preserving uteroplacental circulation. Further research is needed to define indications for EXIT and develop management algorithms starting from identification of airway obstruction on prenatal imaging. Multidisciplinary collaboration is tantamount to a successful procedure.","PeriodicalId":55195,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145281810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Middle ear myoclonus: pathophysiology and management. 中耳肌阵挛：病理生理及治疗。

IF 2 4区医学

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000001073

Amber Zhang-Kraczkowska, Wai Keat Wong

{"title":"Middle ear myoclonus: pathophysiology and management.","authors":"Amber Zhang-Kraczkowska, Wai Keat Wong","doi":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001073","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MOO.0000000000001073","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the pathophysiology and treatment of middle ear myoclonus (MEM), a rare and under-recognized cause of objective and subjective tinnitus.Recent findings: MEM is increasingly recognized as a distinct subset in tinnitus patients, with symptoms arising from involuntary contractions of the stapedius and/or tensor tympani muscles. Pharmacological management currently centres around agents such as clonazepam, carbamazepine, and piracetam. Surgical resection of middle ear tendons has yielded highly encouraging results, albeit with risks such as hyperacusis and symptom recurrence due to tendon reattachment. Endoscopic surgical techniques offer improved visualization and reduced invasiveness. Emerging data support the potential role of botulinum toxin as a less invasive and reversible therapeutic option, particularly with intratympanic delivery methods demonstrating early safety and efficacy in recent studies.Summary: MEM is a complex otologic condition with limited high-quality data guiding its diagnosis and management. Due to its variable presentations and response to treatment, a multidisciplinary and individualized approach remains essential. While pharmacological treatments and surgical outcomes are generally favourable, interest in botulinum toxin continues to grow. Further large-scale, controlled studies are needed to clarify pathophysiological mechanisms, optimize diagnostic accuracy, and standardize treatment protocols.","PeriodicalId":55195,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"281-285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0