{"title":"An Adaptive SDN-Based Load Balancing Method for Edge/Fog-Based Real-Time Healthcare Systems","authors":"Ahmed M. Jasim;Hamed Al-Raweshidy","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3402156","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3402156","url":null,"abstract":"Edge/fog computing has gained significant popularity as a computing paradigm that facilitates real-time applications, especially in healthcare systems. However, deploying these systems in real-world healthcare scenarios presents technical challenges, among which load balancing is a key concern. Load balancing aims to distribute workloads evenly across multiple nodes in a network to optimize processing and communication efficiency. This article proposes an adaptive load-balancing method that combines the strengths of static and software-defined networking (SDN)-based load balancing algorithms for edge/fog-based healthcare systems. A new algorithm called load balancing of optimal edge-server placement (LB-OESP) is proposed to balance the workload statically in the systems, followed by the presentation of an SDN-based greedy heuristic (SDN-GH) algorithm to manage the data flow dynamically within the network. The LB-OESP algorithm effectively balances workloads while minimizing the number of edge servers required, thereby improving system performance and saving costs. The SDN-GH algorithm leverages the benefits of SDN to dynamically balance the load and provide a more efficient system. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method provides an adaptive load-balancing solution that takes into consideration changing network conditions and ensures improved system performance and reliability. Furthermore, the proposed method offers a 12% reduction in system latency and up to 28% lower deployment costs compared to the previous studies. The proposed method is a promising solution for edge/fog-based healthcare systems, providing an efficient and cost-effective approach to managing workloads.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1139-1150"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10543196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"preDQN-Based TAS Traffic Scheduling in Intelligence Endogenous Networks","authors":"Baogang Li;Lu Chen;Zhi Yang;Hongyin Xiang","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3402664","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3402664","url":null,"abstract":"The time-sensitive networking (TSN) working group standardizes time-aware shapes (TAS) to reduce network latency, but the traditional TAS standard lacks adaptability and cannot perform well in dynamically changing environments. The continuously developing artificial intelligence techniques can be combined with TSN to better adapt the dynamically changing environments. Therefore, we utilize deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms to dynamically configure the network to improve its adaptability. Meanwhile, we propose the queuing transmission method in TAS by incorporating transmission windows for different types of traffic, to make resource allocation simpler and more efficient. However, DRL algorithms usually take a lot of time to train, which is contrary to the delay sensitivity of TAS. Hence, we propose an improved DRL algorithm, called preDQN, where the network prediction is used to help the agent explore the environment more efficiently. Experimental validation is carried out in a simulation environment, and the experimental results show that the scheme can significantly improve the resource utilization, reduce the end-to-end delay and packet loss rate.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"997-1008"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonlinear Multicarrier Transmitter System With Signal Clipping: Measurement, Analysis, and Optimization","authors":"Yuyang Du;Liang Hao;Yiming Lei;Qun Yang;Shiqi Xu","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3401148","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3401148","url":null,"abstract":"Signal clipping is a well-established method employed in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems to mitigate peak-to-average power ratio. The utilization of this technique is widespread in electronic devices with limited power or resource capabilities due to its high efficiency and low complexity. While clipping effectively diminishes nonlinear distortion stemming from power amplifiers (PAs), it introduces additional distortion known as clipping distortion. The optimization of system performance, considering both clipping distortions and the nonlinearity of PAs, remains an unresolved challenge due to the intricate modeling of PAs. In this article, we undertake an analysis of PA nonlinearity utilizing the Bessel–Fourier PA model and simplify its power expression through intermodulation product analysis. We mathematically derive expressions for the receiver signal-to-noise ratio and system symbol error rate (SER) for nonlinear clipped OFDM systems. Using these derivations, we explore the optimal system configuration required to achieve the lower bound of SER in practical OFDM systems, taking into account both PA nonlinearity and clipping distortion. The results and methodologies presented in this article contribute to an improved comprehension of system-level optimization in nonlinear OFDM systems employing clipping technology.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1426-1435"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Asynchronous Event-Triggered Passive Consensus of Semi-Markov Jump Multiagent Systems With Two-Time-Scale Feature Under DoS Attacks","authors":"Guanzheng Zhang;Ya-Nan Wang;Feng Li;Jing Wang;Hao Shen","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3400963","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3400963","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the asynchronous event-triggered passive consensus issue for two-time-scale semi-Markov jump multiagent systems in continuous-time domain against denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. The multiagent systems are modeled with two-time-scale structures and the parameter changes are assumed to follow semi-Markov jump processes. For multiagent systems with two-time-scale structures, singular perturbed approaches are introduced to separate the coupled slow and fast dynamics of each agent. Then, double-rate sampling mechanisms are adopted for slow and fast dynamics with different evolution rates, and a novel asynchronous event-triggered scheme (AETS) with two independent triggering conditions is proposed. The asynchronous event-triggered scheme based on double-rate sampled-data reduces the transmission of unnecessary data and saves limited bandwidth resources by triggering independently on two time-scales. In addition, a consensus strategy is proposed to assure the multiagent system of achieving consensus with a specified passive performance level. Finally, the simulation example verifies that the asynchronous event-triggered scheme saves about 50% of network resources than the synchronous scheme under the premise of the same control effect.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1277-1287"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Practical Implementation of RIS-Aided Spectrum Sensing: A Deep-Learning-Based Solution","authors":"Sefa Kayraklik;Ibrahim Yildirim;Ertugrul Basar;Ibrahim Hokelek;Ali Gorcin","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3376986","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3376986","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided deep learning (DL)-based spectrum sensing for next-generation cognitive radios (CRs). To that end, the secondary user (SU) monitors the primary transmitter (PT) signal, where the RIS plays a pivotal role in increasing the strength of the PT signal at the SU. The spectrograms of the synthesized dataset, including the fourth-generation long-term evolution and fifth-generation new radio signals, are mapped to images utilized for training the state-of-the-art object detection approaches, namely, Detectron2 and YOLOv7. By conducting extensive experiments using a real RIS prototype, we demonstrate that the RIS can consistently and significantly improve the performance of the DL detectors to identify the PT signal type along with its time and frequency utilization. This study also paves the way for optimizing spectrum utilization through RIS-assisted CR application in next-generation wireless communication systems.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1481-1488"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140315228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decentralized Energy Management of Multiagent Distribution Systems Considering the Grid Reliability and Agent Misbehavior","authors":"Farshid Aghamohammadi;Ali Abbaspour;Hossein Saber;Sajjad Fattaheian-Dehkordi;Matti Lehtonen","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3369871","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3369871","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the high expansion of independent energy sources and development of multiagent structures have resulted in new challenges in the efficient power management of distribution networks. In this regard, decentralized management along considering operational concerns of the system will be a key factor in running the future multiagent systems. Therefore, this article proposes a decentralized framework based on the alternating direction method of multipliers for managing the peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading in a multiagent distribution system while considering the technical constraints and reliability of the network. This strategy facilitates considering the effects of the network reliability while running the agents’ optimization in a decentralized manner. Respectively, each agent would tend to exchange energy with more reliable agents, which would result in the resilient operation of the network. Moreover, the uncertainty of renewable energy sources is addressed using distributionally robust optimization. Additionally, with the aim of increasing the security of the P2P energy market against communication errors and agents’ misbehavior, an algorithm is developed to identify the existence of a problem in the market convergence as well as how it could be mitigated. Finally, this scheme is investigated on 37 and 69 bus test systems to study its capability in running sustainable energy systems.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"905-916"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10478176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140198348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Event-Triggered Observation-Based Control of Nonlinear Mixed-Order Multiagent Systems Under Input Saturation","authors":"Yiguang Wang;Peng Shi;Xiaojie Li","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3399761","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3399761","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the event-triggered observation-based tracking control issue of nonlinear mixed-order multiagent systems (MASs) under the actuator saturation is investigated. The studied mixed-order MASs include heterogeneous agents which have nonidentical orders of dynamics and different quantities and types of states to be synchronized. To relieve the communication load and decrease the tear and wear due to the frequent regulation of actuators, a distributed cooperative tracking control strategy utilizing the event-triggered mechanism is proposed to realize the final synchronization for all nonlinear mixed-order followers. In addition, the distributed disturbance observer is developed for the heterogeneous followers to lower the impact of unknown dynamics and external disturbances. And, the actuator saturation problem is considered to ensure the wider applicability of the presented control strategy in actual applications. The stability of the controlled mixed-order MASs is proved by Lyapunov theory for ensuring the synchronization of all states under the proposed event-triggered observation-based cooperative control strategy. Finally, the example of unmanned aerial vehicle is utilized to verify the effectiveness of the consensus cooperative control strategy.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1392-1401"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141153931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Framing Effect in Vertex Cover of Networks Under Prospect Theory","authors":"Jie Chen;Changlei Zhan;Ke Xu;Rongpei Zhou","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3374761","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3374761","url":null,"abstract":"Vertex cover (VC) problem is an important combinatorial optimization problem that has a wide range of applications. In this article, we investigate the existing works on solving the VC problem from game theoretic perspective; these works treated each vertex of a network as a completely rational player. In contrast, we consider the impact of player's subjective behavior, that is, each player is not necessarily completely rational. First, we establish a game model under the expected utility theory (EUT) and the framing effect (FE) of the prospect theory. Second, we analyze the relationship between VC and game model under the EUT and the FE. Third, we propose a relaxed greedy behavioral algorithm, and prove that our proposed algorithm can guarantee that the strategies of all vertices converge to a strict Nash equilibrium under the EUT and the FE. Finally, the simulation results not only evaluate the influence of FE on the overall cover level of networks but also demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our proposed algorithm compared with the existing bounded rationality algorithm on representative networks and standard benchmark.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1092-1103"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140205620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Network Slicing Resource Allocation Optimization Based on Multiactor-Attention-Critic Joint With Bidding in Heterogeneous Integrated Network","authors":"Geng Chen;Xu Zhang;Shuhu Qi;Qingtian Zeng;Yu-Dong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3397829","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3397829","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for various types of services is growing rapidly with the development of beyond 5G/6G networks, network slicing (NS) is considered as an effective technology to cope with the multiple services and large traffic demand. In this article, a NS resource allocation optimization algorithm based on multiactor-attention-critic (MAAC) joint with bidding is proposed to guarantee the service satisfaction rate (SSR) while increasing the profit of mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) in heterogeneous integrated networks. First, a pricing and bidding strategies are designed for users with different service requirements and service indexes, and the resource allocation is modeled to maximize the sum of utility of all MVNO subjected to MVNO's pricing and bandwidth constraints accordingly. Second, the optimization problem is analyzed based on the augment Lagrange method, relaxed and has been proved as a convex optimization, and then, the alternating direction multiplier method is adopted to obtain the theoretical upper bound with 32.047 of the network utility. Meanwhile, the gradient descent method with different learning rates is used to accelerate the convergence rate. Third, the MAAC-based algorithm is proposed and the resource allocation procedures are transformed into a partially observable Markov decision process, in which the interactions with multiagent environment are performed accurately. Finally, the simulation results indicate that the network utility of the proposed algorithm can be improved by 25.074% while ensuring the users' SSR. Compared with multiagent deep determination strategy gradient and dueling deep Q network, the network utility by the proposed algorithm can be improved by 6.265% and 39.791%, respectively, up to 27.664, which can be closest to the theoretical upper bound at the greatest extent.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1186-1197"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jin-Yuan Wang;Pan Feng;Li-Hua Hong;Hao-Nan Yang;Na Liu
{"title":"Performance Evaluation and Optimization of UAV-Based Hybrid Dual-Hop FSO/UOWC Systems","authors":"Jin-Yuan Wang;Pan Feng;Li-Hua Hong;Hao-Nan Yang;Na Liu","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3399002","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSYST.2024.3399002","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers an unmanned aerial vehicle-based hybrid dual-hop free-space optical (FSO)/underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system with a decode-and-forward relay, where the FSO channel is influenced by atmospheric loss, turbulence, pointing error, and angle-of-arrival fluctuation, and the UOWC channel is affected by oceanic path loss, turbulence, and pointing error. Using direct detection and heterodyne detection, we obtain tractable analytical expressions of the outage probability (OP) and bit error rate (BER), respectively. We then derive asymptotic bounds of the OP and BER to reveal more insights into the effects of various parameters. As an extension, we also analyze the system performance over a more general channel model. After that, we consider a serial multirelay-based hybrid FSO/UOWC system, and jointly optimize the relay number and the relay distance vector to obtain a tradeoff between system cost and OP performance. Numerical results are provided to validate the accuracy of the derivations and the superiority of the proposed optimization scheme. We also discuss the influences of various parameters on system performance.","PeriodicalId":55017,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Systems Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1020-1031"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}