{"title":"An O(N) modular algorithm for the dynamic simulation of robots constrained by a single contact","authors":"C. S. Bonaventura, K. Jablokow","doi":"10.1109/TSMCC.2002.806746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2002.806746","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an efficient modular algorithm for the dynamic simulation of robots constrained through a single contact. Such configurations include single robots with closed-loop topologies, as well as, multiple robots with simple series, parallel, and bracing topologies. The modular nature of the algorithm enables the incorporation of existing open-chain models for the individual robots without significant reprogramming, while a general contact model extends the range of possible contact conditions to include both holonomic and nonholonomic constraints. The algorithm is validated through the simulation of two robots cooperating in parallel. This paper establishes an accurate framework for simulating simple robot systems with single contacts, which can be extended to multi-robot, multi-contact systems performing general tasks.","PeriodicalId":55005,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C-Applications and Re","volume":"32 1","pages":"406-415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87635817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evolution of digital images","authors":"M. Jones, A. Agah","doi":"10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804449","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to create art is a uniquely human endeavor. Throughout history, humans have used paintings, drawings, songs, stories, and other art forms to communicate important ideas or events and to entertain. The advent of computers gave rise to a new medium for art. Computer generated art work has become popular in the entertainment and education industries. The paper uses genetic algorithms (GAs) to automatically evolve a set of unique digital images according to a predetermined set of criteria. By monitoring and automatically evaluating geometric features in images, the work reported in the paper intends to evolve interesting images with a variety of geometric features without the need for human intervention.","PeriodicalId":55005,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C-Applications and Re","volume":"15 1","pages":"261-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91113266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling gait transitions of quadrupeds and their generalization with CMAC neural networks","authors":"J. Lin, Shin-Min Song","doi":"10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804446","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, two gait transition models of a quadruped are derived based on gait kinematics. The learning and generalization capability of the cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) neural network in learning gait transitions is then studied. The two gait transition models are the transition between two general periodic gaits and the transition between a periodic gait and a continuous follow-the-leader (FTL) gait, while maintaining FTL mode during the transition. These models are nonlinear and require either heuristic rules or simultaneous solution of several nonlinear equations. Many transition gaits are then generated by these kinematic gait transition models under various gait conditions and evaluated in terms of stability and smoothness of leg movements. The CMAC neural network is then applied to learn the good transition gaits in four transition conditions: (1) from wave gait to wave gait; (2) from wave gait to FTL gait; (3) from walk to trot; and (4) from trot to transverse gallop. The learning and generalization capability of the trained CMAC neural network is evaluated and found to be satisfactory. This study has demonstrated the potential of applying neural networks to learn walking machine gaits and gait transitions.","PeriodicalId":55005,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C-Applications and Re","volume":"7 1","pages":"177-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73147066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characteristics of engineering systems thinking - a 3D approach for curriculum content","authors":"M. Frank","doi":"10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804450","url":null,"abstract":"The main idea underlying a study of high-tech enterprises was to identify cognitive, personal, and professional characteristics of engineers who have a high capacity for \"engineering systems thinking.\" It was assumed that a curriculum developed to increase an engineer's capacity for \"engineering systems thinking\" might be developed on the basis of those characteristics. The principal questions that the study asked were: what qualifications (knowledge and skills) should a proficient systems engineers possess, and further, how is \"engineering systems thinking\" capability acquired? Raw data was gathered from 28 interviews, 14 lectures, and two observation sites. Eighty-three distinct categories of responses emerged. The study's findings were then applied toward the construction of a three-dimensional (3-D) model that would aid in the development of a curriculum designed to increase the capacity for \"engineering systems thinking.\".","PeriodicalId":55005,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C-Applications and Re","volume":"1 1","pages":"203-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91049119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the development of a cooperative tutoring environment on computer networks","authors":"Gwo-jen Hwang","doi":"10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804451","url":null,"abstract":"In developing a tutoring system, one of the most difficult tasks is to collect tutoring knowledge from multiple educators, especially courses in which the contents change frequently, due to the advent of new technologies. We propose a Web-based intelligent tutoring strategy construction system, which is able to elicit, analyze, and integrate tutoring knowledge from multiple educators systematically. Experiments on two courses have been performed to evaluate the time, completeness, and accuracy improvement in constructing tutoring knowledge bases with our approach. According to the experimental results, it can be inferred that for most cases, our approach achieves desirable performance.","PeriodicalId":55005,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C-Applications and Re","volume":"48 1","pages":"272-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89818105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reliability, validity, and imprecision in fuzzy multicriteria decision-making","authors":"T. Boucher, Ozerk Gogus","doi":"10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804447","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a great deal of interest in the application of fuzzy sets for representing uncertainty in management decision models. One of the important steps in the decision process is the elicitation of fuzzy judgments from the decision-makers. There are two elicitation procedures used in the existing literature: (1) direct numerical assessment and (2) linguistic variables. We introduce a third procedure, which we term the \"fuzzy spatial instrument.\" We examine some characteristics of judgment elicitation procedures as measurement instruments. In particular, we conduct an empirical test of fuzzy measurement instruments using a set of subjects and evaluate the instruments on the criteria of reliability, validity, and imprecision. We conclude that the use of fuzzy instruments will introduce some level of imprecision into the decision-making process due to the nature of the instruments themselves.","PeriodicalId":55005,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C-Applications and Re","volume":"16 1","pages":"190-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90274432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aggregating evidence in pavement management decision-making using belief functions and qualitative Markov tree","authors":"N. Attoh-Okine","doi":"10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804443","url":null,"abstract":"This paper applies the combined use of qualitative Markov trees and belief functions (otherwise known as Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence), to pavement management decision-making. The basic concepts of the belief function approach-basic probability assignments, belief functions and plausibility functions-are discussed. This paper also discusses the construction of the qualitative Markov tree (join tree). The combined use of the two methods provides a framework for dealing with uncertainty, incomplete data, and imprecise information in the presence of multiple evidences on decision variables. The approach is very appropriate, since it presents more improved methodology and analysis than traditional probability methods applied in pavement management decision-making. Traditional probability theory as a mathematical framework for conceptualizing uncertainty, incomplete data and imprecise information has several shortcomings that have been augmented by several alternative theories. An example is presented to illustrate the construction of qualitative Markov trees, from the evidential network and the solution algorithm. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate how the evidential network and the qualitative Markov tree can be constructed, and how the propagation of m-values can be handled in the network.","PeriodicalId":55005,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C-Applications and Re","volume":"44 1","pages":"243-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90574507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A genetic algorithm-based clustering approach for database partitioning","authors":"C. Cheng, W. Lee, Kam-Fai Wong","doi":"10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804444","url":null,"abstract":"In a typical distributed/parallel database system, a request mostly accesses a subset of the entire database. It is, therefore, natural to organize commonly accessed data together and to place them on nearby, preferably the same, machine(s)/site(s). For this reason, data partitioning and data allocation are performance critical issues in distributed database application design. We are dealing with data partitioning. Data partitioning requires the use of clustering. Although many clustering algorithms have been proposed, their performance has not been extensively studied. Moreover, the special problem structure in clustering is rarely exploited. We explore the use of a genetic search-based clustering algorithm for data partitioning to achieve high database retrieval performance. By formulating the underlying problem as a traveling salesman problem (TSP), we can take advantage of this particular structure. Three new operators for GAs are also proposed and experimental results indicate that they outperform other operators in solving the TSP. The proposed GA is applied to solve the data-partitioning problem. Our computational study shows that our GA performs well for this application.","PeriodicalId":55005,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C-Applications and Re","volume":"20 6 1","pages":"215-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81308633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gaussian-based edge-detection methods - a survey","authors":"M. Basu","doi":"10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804448","url":null,"abstract":"The Gaussian filter has been used extensively in image processing and computer vision for many years. We discuss the various features of this operator that make it the filter of choice in the area of edge detection. Despite these desirable features of the Gaussian filter, edge detection algorithms which use it suffer from many problems. We review several linear and nonlinear Gaussian-based edge detection methods.","PeriodicalId":55005,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C-Applications and Re","volume":"24 13","pages":"252-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72624669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the behavior-based architectures of autonomous agency","authors":"A. Mali","doi":"10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2002.804445","url":null,"abstract":"A number of autonomous robots with varying degrees of reactive functionality have been built, based on different architectures. We review the foundations, limitations, and achievements of a number of architectures of such autonomous agents from the three categories: (1) reactive; (2) deliberative; and (3) hybrid. Most of these architectures contain behaviors. The principle of avoiding an explicit representation of goals in the purely behavior-based robots has limited their achievements to simple tasks like box pushing, pipe inspection, and navigation. This paper makes two contributions: (1) reviewing autonomous agent architectures and (2) proposing a new class of architectures where behaviors are coupled and/or markers are introduced in environment, without a planner or sequencer and without an explicit representation of goals and investigating tradeoffs in these architectures. We develop a model of behaviors, environmental modification and goals and then show how the behavior-based robots can be made goal-directed. The tradeoffs in increasing their goal directedness are examined. Defining the notion of coupling that captures dependency within the internal structure of a behavior space, it is shown that more complex goals demand higher coupling or more behaviors or a modification to the environment. These novel tradeoffs show a new spectrum of architectures for integrating goals and the behavior-based reactive functionality.","PeriodicalId":55005,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C-Applications and Re","volume":"23 1","pages":"231-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82716320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}