Invertebrate Biology最新文献

{"title":"Reproductive characteristics and gamete development of the soft coral Sclerophytum cf. heterospiculatum in Okinawa Island, Japan","authors":"Emmeline A. Jamodiong,&nbsp;James Davis Reimer","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12404","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12404","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sexual reproduction data are important to understand how organisms can replenish their populations and proliferate on coral reefs. Despite the importance of such data, the reproductive characteristics of most soft coral species are still unknown. Here, we examined the reproductive strategies of a species from the often-dominant genus <i>Sclerophytum</i> in a coral reef on subtropical Okinawa Island, Japan. DNA barcoding and histological examinations of the tissues were conducted to confirm colony conspecificity and identify reproductive characteristics, respectively, between March 2020 and March 2021. Results indicated that the studied species, identified as <i>Sclerophytum</i> cf. <i>heterospiculatum</i>, exhibits gonochorism with longer oogenesis and shorter spermatogenesis. Female colonies produced immature oocytes throughout the year, with mature oocytes observed from late July to early September, and thus, extended spawning is likely characteristic of this species. In male colonies, spermatogenesis took place over ~5 months, with spermaries present from April through August. Mature spermaries were noted beginning in July and the inferred peak of sperm release was between late August and early September, which suggests that spermatogenesis duration was ~5 months. The largest mean oocyte and spermary sizes (628.45 ± 61.36 and 240.04 ± 49.49 μm, respectively) were both recorded in August. Gamete spawning presumably occurred during the summer season, which suggests seasonality in reproduction as influenced by changes in seawater temperature. However, the proximate cue for exact dates of spawning could be the lunar period because the inferred release of spawning materials seemed to occur between full moon and last-quarter moon phases in both the months of August and September. The results of this study represent the first detailed report of reproductive characteristics of the genus <i>Sclerophytum</i> in Japan.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49028903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence that flatheaded mayflies (Heptageniidae) serve as the likely paratenic host for Chordodes morgani (Nematomorpha) in Nebraska","authors":"John F. Shea,&nbsp;Anna Sniezek,&nbsp;James Marchant","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12406","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12406","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hairworms (Nematomorpha) have indirect life cycles that require a terrestrial arthropod definitive host and an aquatic arthropod host that serves as a paratenic host, transferring the hairworm from the aquatic to the terrestrial environment. The life cycles for most hairworms remain unknown, especially the paratenic host. The hairworm <i>Chordodes morgani</i> lays its eggs on sticks, which are susceptible to the activity of aquatic insects such as larvae of the flatheaded mayfly (Heptageniidae), which feed by scraping algae and detritus. To test the likelihood that scrapers serve as the paratenic host for <i>C. morgani</i>, we collected sticks and their accompanying invertebrates from three sites near Lincoln, NE. We noted the presence of eggs of <i>C. morgani</i> on each stick, placed them in labeled resealable bags, and examined the invertebrates microscopically for the presence of hairworm cysts. We predicted that scrapers found on sticks with eggs of <i>C. morgani</i> will harbor the highest number of cysts. To confirm that larvae of the flatheaded mayfly serve as the aquatic host, we fed field-collected specimens to three captive-reared wood roaches (<i>Parcoblatta pensylvanica</i>). Of the three exposed roaches, one yielded nine individuals of <i>C. morgani</i> 63 days after exposure. Understanding the life cycle of this horsehair worm will allow researchers to rear the species in the lab, which could become a model for parasite research.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46048239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological analysis of oogenesis and ovarian development of the pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis","authors":"Zihan Zhang,&nbsp;Qicheng Chen,&nbsp;Xiamin Jiang,&nbsp;Qingxi Han,&nbsp;Ruibing Peng,&nbsp;Hailong Pan,&nbsp;Maowang Jiang","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12405","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12405","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The pharaoh cuttlefish, <i>Sepia pharaonis</i>, has become a commercially cultured cephalopod in coastal southeast China. However, information on the reproductive histology of this species remains limited. To describe its reproductive development, this study investigated the ovarian structure and oogenesis of <i>S. pharaonis</i> from hatchlings to the postbreeding stage using anatomical methods and histological techniques. The results showed that oogenesis in the ovary was asynchronous and morphologically variable, with immature oocytes attached to the gonadal cord and encircling the ovarian stroma in sequence. After maturation, the egg was free in the ovarian cavity and was discharged through the fallopian tube to combine with the sperm. Furthermore, serial histological dissections of the ovaries demonstrated that oocyte development was asynchronous. Based on egg size and morphology, follicular cell morphology, and yolk formation, oogenesis in <i>S. pharaonis</i> was divided into five distinct stages: The oogonia stage, protoplasm growth stage, follicular penetration stage, vitellogenesis stage, and resorbing stage. Moreover, based on the appearance of follicular cells in the protoplasm growth stage and their disintegration and disappearance in the vitellogenesis stage, it can be inferred that follicular cells secrete yolk substances and participate in the formation of egg membranes. Through the dynamic observation and description of the ovary development and oogenesis, these results provide an important foundation for studies of the regulatory mechanisms of oogenesis in this species, enriching the theory of cephalopod reproductive biology and improving artificial reproduction technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48786881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology and dynamic behavior of anal pores during defecation in the ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus","authors":"Sidney L. Tamm","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12397","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12397","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Defecation in the lobate ctenophore <i>Mnemiopsis leidyi</i> was recently shown to occur periodically with an ultradian rhythm through a single transient anal pore which suddenly appeared, expelled waste, and disappeared afterward. To discover whether this novel method of defecation occurs in other kinds of ctenophores, I examined individuals of <i>Pleurobrachia pileus</i> and <i>Beroe cucumis</i>. Both ctenophores were found to have two identical and permanent anal pores as described in the scientific literature and textbooks. In <i>P. pileus</i>, both anal pores commonly participated in a defecation, but they did so asynchronously with independent and irregular opening and closing kinetics. Individuals of <i>P. pileus</i> defecated with an ultradian rhythm. Closed anal pores in <i>P. pileus</i> and <i>B. cucumis</i> consisted of a continuous ectodermal epithelium overlying a continuous endodermal epithelium with a cup-shaped group of thickened endodermal cells bearing a tuft of cilia which beats into the anal cavity. The rims of opening or closing pores were smooth and uniform without encircling muscles or fibers. This morphology and the continuity of the epithelial layers between defecations suggest that anal pores may not operate by a contractile sphincter, but by a reversible ring of tissue fusion between apposed ectodermal and endodermal epithelia to create an adjustable hole to expel waste.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46715560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epibiosis and parasitism of coquina clam Donax spp.: Location, location, location!","authors":"Eric J. McElroy,&nbsp;Kristina M. Hill-Spanik,&nbsp;Vincent A. Connors,&nbsp;Isaure de Buron","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12399","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12399","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cryptic species of coquina clams <i>Donax fossor</i> and <i>D. variabilis</i> carry the hydroid epibiont <i>Lovenella gracilis</i> and are infected with metacercariae of the monorchiid parasites <i>Lasiotocus trachinoti</i> and <i>L. choanura</i>. The associations among this host–epibiont–parasite system were investigated. Fifty clams were collected at low tide over 3 days in June 2020 in South Carolina from each of three groups: clams with no hydroid from the upper intertidal zone and clams with and without hydroids from the swash zone. Clams were measured, identified using a newly developed PCR-RFLP, and examined for infection by metacercariae. Parasites were identified based on cercarial morphology and on metacercariae habitat in the clams. <i>D. fossor</i> was most often found in the swash zone and <i>D. variabilis</i> in the upper intertidal zone. The hydroid was most often associated with <i>D. fossor</i>, which was more infected by both digeneans than <i>D. variabilis</i>. Mean abundance of metacercariae of <i>L. choanura</i> was higher than that of <i>L. trachinoti</i> in both clams and increased over time for both parasites, because higher infection was correlated with larger clams. Greater time spent in the water by individuals of <i>D. fossor</i> appears to best explain these results, with the presence of the hydroids also being associated with higher infection by metacercariae in this coquina. Integration of <i>D. variabilis</i> in both digenean life cycles appears to lead to a positive outcome for the parasites as prevalence and abundance of infection were high; however, because <i>D. variabilis</i> is most frequent in the upper intertidal, more emersed, zone, it is likely deleterious to the epibiont to establish on this clam.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ivb.12399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43379684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report on the life history of the marine amphipod Ceradocus mizani and its implication for aquaculture","authors":"Sharif Shahin,&nbsp;Victor Tosin Okomoda,&nbsp;Sairatul Dahlianis Ishak,&nbsp;Khor Waiho,&nbsp;Hanafiah Fazhan,&nbsp;Mohamad Nor Azra,&nbsp;B. Abdul Rahim Azman,&nbsp;Koraon Wongkamhaeng,&nbsp;Muyassar H. Abualreesh,&nbsp;Nadiah W. Rasdi,&nbsp;Hongyu Ma,&nbsp;Mhd Ikhwanuddin","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12398","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12398","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The search for alternative live feed for aquaculture stocks has inspired research into marine amphipods. In this study, the life history of <i>Ceradocus mizani</i> was evaluated to better understand how this amphipod might be used in aquaculture as an alternative feed. The amphipods did not display copulatory behavior during the study period. The females were multivoltine and attained sexual maturity on average in 23.6 days at a mean length of 4.64 mm. The incubation period lasted 8.8 days, and the mean number of juveniles produced per brood during that incubation period was relatively low (7.58). Females produced a mean of 5.2 consecutive broods and 39.4 total juveniles over the life span. (i.e., 0.33 juveniles/day). Sex ratio was female skewed (1.55:1). Female size and the number of juveniles produced per brood were positively correlated (<i>R</i>² = 0.63). The mean life span for females and males was 119.4 and 91.2 days, respectively. Mean maximum length was 9.26 mm for males and 8.18 mm for females. This is the first account of the life history of <i>C. mizani</i> and forms the basis for future studies of this marine amphipod.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49654712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and genetic connectivity of heteropod (Pterotracheoidea) gastropods in the Tropical Eastern Pacific","authors":"Rachel Collin,&nbsp;Maycol Madrid,&nbsp;Dagoberto E. Venera-Pontón,&nbsp;Kenneth S. Macdonald,&nbsp;Alexandra De León,&nbsp;Dubravka Vrdoljak,&nbsp;Michael J. Boyle,&nbsp;Peter Bryant,&nbsp;Tim Arehart,&nbsp;Amy C. Driskell","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12395","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12395","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous research focusing on pelagic gastropods in the open ocean has demonstrated that many morphospecies comprise multiple distinct clades or cryptic species that can be distinguished with DNA sequence data. To date, the genetic diversity of the pelagic gastropod fauna of the tropical East Pacific, especially in shallow coastal waters, remains largely unexplored. To document the diversity of pterotracheoids (formerly heteropods) from the coastal waters of the Bay of Panama, we collected, photographed and sequenced fragments of mitochondrial <i>cytochrome c oxidase subunit I</i> (<i>COI</i>) and <i>16S</i> ribosomal DNA for 60 atlantids, 3 carinariids and 6 pterotracheids. In addition to the <i>COI</i> barcode, our results include the first published <i>16S</i> sequences for these groups. We found 11 operational taxonomic units (OTUs): 9 in the genus <i>Atlanta</i>, 1 <i>Carinaria</i> and 1 <i>Firoloida</i>. We report the presence of <i>Atlanta oligogyra</i> (Clades A and B), <i>Atlanta turriculata</i>, <i>Atlanta lesueurii</i>, <i>Atlanta helicinoidea</i> (Clade B), <i>Atlanta plana</i>, <i>Atlanta echinogyra</i>, <i>Atlanta inflata</i> and <i>Atlanta frontieri</i> through comparisons of our sequences with previously published sequences. We did not find <i>Atlanta gaudichaudi</i>, <i>Atlanta inclinata</i>, <i>Atlanta tokiokai</i>, <i>Atlanta gibbosa</i>, <i>Atlanta peronii</i>, or <i>Oxygyrus inflatus</i>, which have previously been reported from the region. Haplotype networks and estimates of Φ_ST illustrate how some species show population differentiation across the tropical Indo-Pacific region, whereas others show little apparent population structure. For example, the most common haplotypes of <i>A</i>. <i>inflata</i> and of <i>A</i>. <i>turriculata</i> occur in the Indian Ocean, the Central and West Pacific and the tropical East Pacific, whereas individuals of <i>A</i>. <i>frontieri</i> from the Indian Ocean do not share haplotypes with individuals of <i>A</i>. <i>frontieri</i> from the Pacific Ocean. Analyses were limited by sample sizes, but these data suggest that population genetics approaches may be useful for reconstructing population histories of these important, but overlooked, components of the plankton.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42957956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine structure of the retrocerebral organ in the rotifer Trichocerca similis (Monogononta)","authors":"Rick Hochberg,&nbsp;Thiago Q. Araújo,&nbsp;Elizabeth J. Walsh,&nbsp;Jonathon E. Mohl,&nbsp;Robert L. Wallace","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12396","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12396","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The retrocerebral organ (RCO) is a complex glandular system that is widely distributed across species of phylum Rotifera (sensu stricto). This system is hypothesized to secrete mucus that aids in benthic locomotion, adhesion, and/or reproduction. Unfortunately, the ultrastructure of the RCO is mostly unknown, having only been partially examined in one species. We used transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy to describe the RCO in the planktonic freshwater rotifer <i>Trichocerca similis</i>. Results reveal the RCO to be a singular syncytial organ composed of a posterior glandular region, an expansive reservoir, and an anterior duct. The glandular portion has an active synthetic cytoplasm with paired nuclei, abundant rER, ribosomes, Golgi, and mitochondria. Electron-dense secretion granules accumulate at the anterior end of the gland and undergo homotypic fusion to create larger, more electron-lucent granules with numerous mesh-like contents that gradually fuse into tubular secretions that accumulate in the reservoir. Ultrastructure of these secretions suggests they may be hydrated glycoproteins. Cross-striated longitudinal muscles form a partial sleeve around the reservoir and may function to squeeze the secretions through the single cytoplasmic duct that penetrates the cerebral ganglion. A review of the RCOs from other rotifers suggests that further ultrastructural analyses are required before attempting to discern their functions and homologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ivb.12396","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44607674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molluscs, morphology, and metaphor in Pablo Neruda's STEAMiest poem","authors":"Marjorie Wonham,&nbsp;Curtis Wasson","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12393","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12393","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing enthusiasm for STEAM (STEM + Arts) initiatives reflects the rich potential for inquiry and integration between arts and sciences. Biologically informed poetry is an active interdisciplinary area of creation and analysis that requires biologically attuned illustration and translation to retain its STEAM effectiveness across linguistic barriers. Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet and Nobel laureate, was a keen observer and informed scholar who wove his scientific knowledge into his poetry. He was particularly obsessed with the sea and featured marine invertebrates in many of his works. The molluscs in his poem “Mollusca Gongorina” are unusual in being specified by their Latin genera. In this zoopoetic analysis, we first ask whether the 11 specimens can be identified to species and find that eight have ready identifications based on morphology in the poem's text, and three have likely identifications based on the poem's themes. We then examine illustrations and translations of the poem, identify where they are consonant or dissonant with the biology of the original, and propose alternative translations informed by the species' identities. Our zoopoetic approach to what could today be considered a STEAMy poem surfaces the beauty of its imagery and narrative, reflects the biological sophistication of the poet, enhances the coherence of its translations making it accessible to a wider audience, and allows it to enhance the biological literacy of the reader.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46133247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of hemocytes from the marine amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis (Dana 1853): Setting the basis for immunotoxicological studies","authors":"Amanda dos Santos,&nbsp;Marina Tenório Botelho,&nbsp;Willian Reina Joviano,&nbsp;Vicente Gomes,&nbsp;José Roberto Machado Cunha da Silva,&nbsp;Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12394","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12394","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hemocytes are circulating blood cells that play a crucial function in amphipods and other crustacean immune systems. The hemocytes of the marine tropical amphipod <i>Parhyale hawaiensis</i> have been used for the evaluation of DNA damage and micronuclei, but they have not been characterized in the scientific literature. The aim of this study was to describe the hemolymph cells of <i>P. hawaiensis</i> and study their phagocytotic activity. Basic dyes were used to differentiate the cell types and the presence of lipids. The total hemocyte counts (THCs) and the proportion and sizes of the hemocyte types were determined. Hemolymph was exposed to <i>Escherichia coli</i> for verification of the presence of phagocytosis. Three cell types, all containing lipids, were identified in <i>P. hawaiensis</i>: granulocytes (oval shape, 13.4 × 7.6 μm), semi-granulocytes (oval shape, 14.1 × 7.2 μm), and hyalinocytes (round shape, 9.6 × 7.2 μm). Those three cell types were found in different percentages in males (64.8%, 31.1%, and 4.2%) and females (70.1%, 28.2%, and 1.7%). THCs for males were 9007 ± 3800 cells per individual and 4695 ± 1892 cells per individual for females. The cells of <i>E. coli</i> were phagocytized by the hemocytes. Our findings increased the knowledge of hemocytes in <i>P. hawaiensis</i> and is a step forward in using hemocyte-based immune responses as an endpoint in ecotoxicology.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41955308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}