Invertebrate Biology最新文献

{"title":"Transcriptome analysis of the Mizuhopecten yessoensis gills under high temperature fluctuations","authors":"Danyang Li,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Ying Tian,&nbsp;Junxia Mao,&nbsp;Xubo Wang,&nbsp;Yaqing Chang,&nbsp;Zhenlin Hao","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12391","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12391","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Temperature is one of the environmental factors affecting the physiological activities of aquatic animals. This study explored the gene expression and regulation mechanism in the gill tissues of the scallop <i>Mizuhopecten yessoensis</i> under the stress of high temperature fluctuations. We designed a high temperature fluctuation experiment, in which the water temperature was raised from 20°C to 23°C and 26°C and then decreased from 26°C to 23°C and 20°C, with a rate of heating and cooling of 0.5°C/h. The experiment consisted of four cycles and lasted for 7.5 days. When the target temperature was reached and the next temperature increase or decrease began, the gills of scallops were collected to measure immune enzyme activities and for transcriptome analysis. Immunological results showed significant differences in enzyme activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and lysozyme in scallop gills at 20°C on the first day and 26°C on the fifth day. Therefore, we analyzed gene expression from gill samples from these two time points using transcriptomics. We referred to samples from these time points as the normal temperature group (NT) and high temperature group (HT). Transcriptome results indicated that 347 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in HT versus NT. Through gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, we found that these DEGs were mainly involved in metabolic pathways and protein synthesis pathways and had significant effects on oxidative stress, apoptosis, body metabolism, and protein folding in <i>M. yessoensis</i>. We selected 62 DEGs related to heat shock, immunity, and metabolism, including 47 upregulated and 15 downregulated DEGs. In a subset of these genes, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed similar expression (<i>R</i>² = 0.81), thus validating the transcriptome data. Our results provide a theoretical basis for further analysis of the response mechanism in <i>M. yessoensis</i> to high temperature stress and for the development of molecular breeding technology for high temperature tolerance.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44250101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogenetic development of the crinoid Poliometra prolixa in the Arctic deep sea","authors":"Kirstin Meyer-Kaiser,&nbsp;Amelia Smith,&nbsp;Thomas Soltwedel","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12331","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Poliometra prolixa</i> is a common species of comatulid crinoid in the Arctic deep sea. In this study, we characterize the ontogenetic development through the cystidean and pentacrinoid stages, using specimens from the LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) observatory HAUSGARTEN in the Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean. While embryos and early larval stages (e.g., the doliolaria) were not observed, both post-settlement stages and adults of <i>P. prolixa</i> were observed on the same moored experimental platform at 2,500 m water depth, suggesting that larvae of <i>P. prolixa</i> do not disperse far from their mothers. This indicates that doliolariae may have an abbreviated pelagic duration period or may be brooded in this species. The cystidean has a short, translucent stalk with a star-shaped attachment disc and a diamond-shaped translucent head. Metamorphosis from the cystidean to the pentacrinoid is characterized by the formation of brachial ossicles from oral ossicles and by fusion of the basal and radial ossicles to form the calyx. The pentacrinoid stalk is opaque and first develops synarthrial joints at the distal end. Late pentacrinoids have a xenomorphic stalk, bifurcated arms with pinnules, and cirri. We discuss the reproductive and ecological niche of <i>P. prolixa</i> and also consider the question of whether cystidean and pentacrinoid stages undergo metamorphosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44784760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The life history fitness of F1 hybrids of the microcrustaceans Daphnia pulex and Daphnia pulicaria (Crustacea, Anomopoda)","authors":"Irene Moy,&nbsp;Makayla Green,&nbsp;Thinh Phu Pham,&nbsp;Dustin Huy-Khang Luu,&nbsp;Sen Xu","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12333","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12333","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Negative interaction between alleles that arise independently in diverging populations (i.e., Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities) can cause reduction of fitness in their hybrids. However, heterosis in hybrids can emerge if hybridization breaks down detrimental epistatic interaction within parental lineages. In this study, we examined the life history fitness of the interspecific F₁s of two recently diverged microcrustacean species, <i>Daphnia pulex</i> and <i>D. pulicaria</i>, as well as intraspecific crosses of <i>D. pulex</i>. We identified heterosis in two of five life history traits in the interspecific F₁s. According to theories that heterosis can transiently emerge in early speciation, the observation of heterosis in these life history traits suggests that there are no major genetic incompatibilities between these two species affecting these traits and that <i>D. pulex</i> and <i>D. pulicaria</i> are at an early stage of speciation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39290713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual reproduction in the soft coral Lobophytum schoedei in Bolinao-Anda Reef Complex, Pangasinan, northwestern Philippines","authors":"Christine C. Baran,&nbsp;Maria Vanessa Baria-Rodriguez","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12316","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12316","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The characterization of early life-history strategies of soft corals is important in understanding population maintenance, replenishment, and recovery in disturbed coral reefs. This study examined the sexual reproduction of the soft coral <i>Lobophytum schoedei</i> in the Bolinao-Anda Reef Complex (BARC), a degraded reef in northwestern Philippines. Reproductive strategies such as sexuality, sex ratio, fecundity, and reproductive timing were examined. Random colonies of <i>L. schoedei</i> were sampled a few weeks before the predicted time of spawning to assess fecundity (<i>n</i> = 73 colonies), and sexuality and sex ratio (<i>n</i> = 221 colonies). Monthly sampling of tagged colonies of <i>L. schoedei</i> (<i>n</i> = 20) was done over 13 months to determine the reproductive timing through polyp dissection. Peak of annual spawning was inferred based on the presence of large gametes and their absence in the next sampling period. Results showed that <i>L</i>. <i>schoedei</i> is a gonochoric broadcast spawner with 1:1.1 sex ratio. Although oogenesis and spermatogenesis exhibited overlapping cycles, both gametes matured and spawned in April, coinciding with increasing sea surface temperature. Prior to spawning, oocytes and spermaries ranged 300–633 µm and 150–337 µm in diameter, respectively. Mean female fecundity was 6.7 ± 3.9 oocytes per polyp and male fecundity was 39.2 ± 22.5 (±<i>SD</i>) spermaries per polyp. Some of these results, including the low number of oocytes produced by female polyps, may be caused by sexual reproduction in a degraded reef environment. Understanding these reproductive traits may be useful for predicting the resiliency of populations of <i>L. schoedei</i> in response to ongoing and future environmental change.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48023432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Student-led field studies of herbivory: Hands-on experiences for remote (or in-person) learning","authors":"Sarah K. Berke,&nbsp;Rebecca M. Clark","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12320","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12320","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Challenging students to independently design and implement experiments is a powerful way to teach the scientific method while engaging with STEM-related course material. For ecology and organismal biology, such experiences often take the form of field work. The COVID-19 pandemic presented formidable challenges for instructors of such courses: How can students conduct <i>any</i> experiments, much less ones of their own design, when they might not even have access to campus? Here we describe a student-led field project exploring invertebrate herbivory in terrestrial plant systems. Designed to flexibly accommodate student groups working either in-person, remotely, or both, the project would be suitable for invertebrate biology, plant biology, or general ecology courses at the college or high school level. We describe our implementation in two sections of a sophomore-level course, provide specific advice based on our experiences, make suggestions for future improvements or adaptations, and provide all the written materials that instructors would need to implement this in their own teaching.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47676726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating microscopy, art, and humanities to power STEAM learning in biology","authors":"Sara M. Lindsay","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12327","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12327","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Close observation is central to both art and science as practitioners in both disciplines describe, compare, and seek to understand or interpret the natural world. Indeed, as the artist and writer Guy Davenport noted, “The vision by which we discover the hidden in nature is sometimes called science, sometimes called art.” In the last decade, the movement to integrate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics with arts and humanities (i.e., STEAM learning) has gained traction in K–12 education. A recent National Academies report (2018) examines the case for integrating humanities and the arts in undergraduate STEM education. Microscopy provides an excellent vehicle for engaging all kinds of students in integrative (STEAM) learning about biology and for encouraging them to observe the world closely. In this essay adapted from my keynote address to the American Microscopical Society in 2020, I highlight activities and approaches that use microscopy to engage learners of all kinds, examine how using microscopes changes students’ attitudes about science and biology, and explore the intersection of microscopy and visual art.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41735469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovation in teaching and learning invertebrate zoology in remote and online classrooms","authors":"Elizabeth C. Davis-Berg,&nbsp;Kevin M. Kocot","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12329","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12329","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The COVID-19 global pandemic caused instructors to pivot to remote and online teaching, an especially challenging task in hands-on classes such as invertebrate biology. In this special 25th anniversary issue of <i>Invertebrate Biology</i>, the authors present a variety of clever and effective ways to help invertebrate biology instructors adapt to teaching in an online environment. Student-centered research and learning are essential in all biology classes, and we explore scientific writing, field trips, do-it-yourself laboratories, and more. These techniques will be useful for classes of varying sizes and types, from non-major undergraduates to graduate students, even after the pandemic is over. Innovation for teaching invertebrate biology online may help facilitate more inclusive courses that serve diverse students more equitably. Ideas for how to best move traditionally hands-on laboratories into online or remote formats are currently also being informally discussed in a collaborative online space for instructors.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48773450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproduction in the tropical frilly sea anemone Phymanthus pinnulatus (Cnidaria, Actiniaria)","authors":"Clara Lei Xin Yong,&nbsp;Nicholas Wei Liang Yap,&nbsp;Koh Siang Tan,&nbsp;Danwei Huang","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12313","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12313","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Our understanding of how sea anemones reproduce in the equatorial Central Indo-Pacific region remains poor compared to other marine regions. Here we report the gametogenic cycles of <i>Phymanthus pinnulatus</i>, a zooxanthellate sea anemone found throughout the Indo-Pacific tropics. Observations were based on 41 individuals collected in Singapore. We found <i>P. pinnulatus</i> to be gonochoric, with an equal sex ratio of 1:1. Phases of oogenesis and spermatogenesis were detailed for the first time in <i>P. pinnulatus,</i> and were consistent with phases in other actiniarians. Females with pedal disc diameters &lt;10 mm were found to asynchronously produce oocytes. We also found that trophonemata were associated with both oocytes and spermaries during gametogenesis. In Singapore, the periods during which gametes matured in each sex of <i>P. pinnulatus</i> appeared to overlap. We were unable distinguish whether spawning was annual or continuous in <i>P. pinnulatus</i>. Our observations on the occurrence of maturing and matured gametes in <i>P. pinnulatus</i> were similar to those reported for other species within the Central Indo-Pacific. It also coincided with the multispecies spawning of scleractinian corals in Singapore. This study contributes to the growing body of work focused on the biology of tropical actiniarians in the Central Indo-Pacific region.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47325137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The lab In A box: A take-out practical experience for an online invertebrate biology course","authors":"Marta Novo,&nbsp;Nuria Sánchez,&nbsp;Mónica Gutiérrez López,&nbsp;Rosario G. Cánovas,&nbsp;Fernando Pardos,&nbsp;Dolores Trigo,&nbsp;Darío Díaz Cosín","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12324","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12324","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hands-on experience is critical to teaching invertebrate zoology, as students are unfamiliar with many animals and theoretical concepts are sometimes difficult to assimilate. As part of a fully online course, we decided to give students a box of take-home materials so that they could do hands-on work in their homes under the guidance of the teacher or at their own pace following the lecture scripts and presentations. The box contained whole specimens fixed in ethanol for observation and dissection, dried material such as skeletons and shells, and microscope slides. We also included a USB digital microscope to facilitate visualization of details and slides. The experience was very satisfying and proved to be not only a good alternative for mandatory online classes in times of pandemic, but also an interesting resource to supplement face-to-face classes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42486539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrastructure of extracorporeal secretions of four sessile species of Rotifera (Gnesiotrocha), with observations on the chemistry of the gelatinous tube","authors":"Hui Yang,&nbsp;Rick Hochberg,&nbsp;Elizabeth J. Walsh,&nbsp;Robert L. Wallace","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12318","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12318","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Secretion of an extracorporeal hydrogel is a common defensive strategy employed by many aquatic invertebrates including several species of sessile rotifers. Here, we provide a comparative study of the ultrastructure of the gelatinous secretions of four species of Superorder Gnesiotrocha (Monogononta): <i>Conochilu</i>s <i>unicornis</i>, <i>Collotheca ferox</i>, <i>Stephanoceros fimbriatus</i>, and <i>Stephanoceros millsii</i>. Additionally, we use differential staining and enzyme degradation assays to explore the chemistry of the gelatinous tube of <i>S. fimbriatus</i>. At least three types of secretions are produced by these four species: an external gelatinous tube, a thick glycocalyx, and an adhesive peduncle. These three different secretions all have a fibrous appearance, but each has different electron densities, fiber thicknesses, and glandular origins. The gel tube, which is likely secreted by pedal glands, has a highly hydrated framework of mesh-like fibers with thick internal and external laminae that differ slightly among species. Chemical staining suggests that the gel tube is composed of glycoproteins with a high content of sulfonic groups and limited or no obvious lipids or cationic proteins. This tube is resistant to chemical and enzymatic digestion. The proteinaceous glycocalyx is secreted by the syncytial integument and has various densities and thicknesses among species. The peduncle is an adhesive attachment that connects a rotifer's foot to a substratum, or, in some species, to conspecifics as part of a colony. The secretion is highly electron dense and contains membrane-bound vesicles; it appears to be derived from a different set of pedal glands than the hydrogel tube. The different chemistries and anatomical origins of the three gelatinous secretions suggest an independent evolutionary history for each.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46486113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}