Invertebrate Biology最新文献

{"title":"Transcriptome analysis of the Mizuhopecten yessoensis gills under high temperature fluctuations","authors":"Danyang Li,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Ying Tian,&nbsp;Junxia Mao,&nbsp;Xubo Wang,&nbsp;Yaqing Chang,&nbsp;Zhenlin Hao","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12391","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12391","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Temperature is one of the environmental factors affecting the physiological activities of aquatic animals. This study explored the gene expression and regulation mechanism in the gill tissues of the scallop <i>Mizuhopecten yessoensis</i> under the stress of high temperature fluctuations. We designed a high temperature fluctuation experiment, in which the water temperature was raised from 20°C to 23°C and 26°C and then decreased from 26°C to 23°C and 20°C, with a rate of heating and cooling of 0.5°C/h. The experiment consisted of four cycles and lasted for 7.5 days. When the target temperature was reached and the next temperature increase or decrease began, the gills of scallops were collected to measure immune enzyme activities and for transcriptome analysis. Immunological results showed significant differences in enzyme activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and lysozyme in scallop gills at 20°C on the first day and 26°C on the fifth day. Therefore, we analyzed gene expression from gill samples from these two time points using transcriptomics. We referred to samples from these time points as the normal temperature group (NT) and high temperature group (HT). Transcriptome results indicated that 347 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in HT versus NT. Through gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, we found that these DEGs were mainly involved in metabolic pathways and protein synthesis pathways and had significant effects on oxidative stress, apoptosis, body metabolism, and protein folding in <i>M. yessoensis</i>. We selected 62 DEGs related to heat shock, immunity, and metabolism, including 47 upregulated and 15 downregulated DEGs. In a subset of these genes, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed similar expression (<i>R</i>² = 0.81), thus validating the transcriptome data. Our results provide a theoretical basis for further analysis of the response mechanism in <i>M. yessoensis</i> to high temperature stress and for the development of molecular breeding technology for high temperature tolerance.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44250101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on foraging mechanism of leeches with different feeding habits based on chemoreception and foraging behavior","authors":"Yixiu Miao,&nbsp;Qiaosheng Guo,&nbsp;Hongzhuan Shi,&nbsp;Jia Wang,&nbsp;Liyuan Guo","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12390","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12390","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The leeches <i>Whitmania pigra</i> and <i>Hirudo nipponia</i> live in similar environments but have different feeding habits. At present, there are few studies of the foraging mechanism of leeches with different feeding habits. In this study, we first used maze tests to show that these two species of leeches could locate and distinguish their prey through chemosensory activity without mechanical stimulation. However, the two leech species have different foraging behaviors: Individuals of <i>W. pigra</i> move slowly and repeatedly adjust direction through probing and crawling to detect the location of prey (snails), whereas individuals of <i>H. nipponia</i> move quickly, and after determining the location of food (porcine blood), they quickly swim or crawl to the vicinity of their prey. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that there are two types of sensory cilia and pore structures related to mucus secretion in the heads of both leeches. There are two differently sized types of chemoreceptors on the dorsal lip in <i>W. pigra</i>, which may have different functions during foraging, whereas in <i>H. nipponia</i> there is only one type of chemoreceptor, which is small. We detected the chemical components in the natural food of these two leech species by UHPLC–MS. There were 934 metabolites in the body fluid of snails and 751 metabolites in porcine serum; five metabolites unique to the body fluid of snails and to porcine serum were screened as candidate feeding attractants. Of these metabolites, betaine and arginine effectively attracted individuals of <i>W. pigra</i> and <i>H. nipponia</i>, respectively. In summary, leeches with different feeding habits use chemoreceptors to sense external chemical signals when foraging, and there are significant differences between species in foraging behavior, chemoreceptors, and attractants.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43834522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogenetic development of the crinoid Poliometra prolixa in the Arctic deep sea","authors":"Kirstin Meyer-Kaiser,&nbsp;Amelia Smith,&nbsp;Thomas Soltwedel","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12331","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Poliometra prolixa</i> is a common species of comatulid crinoid in the Arctic deep sea. In this study, we characterize the ontogenetic development through the cystidean and pentacrinoid stages, using specimens from the LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) observatory HAUSGARTEN in the Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean. While embryos and early larval stages (e.g., the doliolaria) were not observed, both post-settlement stages and adults of <i>P. prolixa</i> were observed on the same moored experimental platform at 2,500 m water depth, suggesting that larvae of <i>P. prolixa</i> do not disperse far from their mothers. This indicates that doliolariae may have an abbreviated pelagic duration period or may be brooded in this species. The cystidean has a short, translucent stalk with a star-shaped attachment disc and a diamond-shaped translucent head. Metamorphosis from the cystidean to the pentacrinoid is characterized by the formation of brachial ossicles from oral ossicles and by fusion of the basal and radial ossicles to form the calyx. The pentacrinoid stalk is opaque and first develops synarthrial joints at the distal end. Late pentacrinoids have a xenomorphic stalk, bifurcated arms with pinnules, and cirri. We discuss the reproductive and ecological niche of <i>P. prolixa</i> and also consider the question of whether cystidean and pentacrinoid stages undergo metamorphosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44784760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The life history fitness of F1 hybrids of the microcrustaceans Daphnia pulex and Daphnia pulicaria (Crustacea, Anomopoda)","authors":"Irene Moy,&nbsp;Makayla Green,&nbsp;Thinh Phu Pham,&nbsp;Dustin Huy-Khang Luu,&nbsp;Sen Xu","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12333","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12333","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Negative interaction between alleles that arise independently in diverging populations (i.e., Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities) can cause reduction of fitness in their hybrids. However, heterosis in hybrids can emerge if hybridization breaks down detrimental epistatic interaction within parental lineages. In this study, we examined the life history fitness of the interspecific F₁s of two recently diverged microcrustacean species, <i>Daphnia pulex</i> and <i>D. pulicaria</i>, as well as intraspecific crosses of <i>D. pulex</i>. We identified heterosis in two of five life history traits in the interspecific F₁s. According to theories that heterosis can transiently emerge in early speciation, the observation of heterosis in these life history traits suggests that there are no major genetic incompatibilities between these two species affecting these traits and that <i>D. pulex</i> and <i>D. pulicaria</i> are at an early stage of speciation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39290713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproduction, recruitment, and growth of the Arctic deep-sea hydroid Bouillonia cornucopia","authors":"Kirstin S. Meyer-Kaiser,&nbsp;Caitlin Q. Plowman,&nbsp;Thomas Soltwedel","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12332","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12332","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Invertebrates in polar and deep-sea environments that have complex life histories are exposed to unique environmental conditions that may favor non-pelagic development and <i>K</i>-strategist reproduction. Although many polar species follow this strategy, the numerically most abundant species tend to have more <i>r</i>-strategist life-history characteristics. We deployed artificial substrata over 3 years in the Arctic deep sea and collected hundreds of specimens of the athecate hydroid <i>Bouillonia cornucopia</i>. While this species has previously been described as rare, we report dense, patchy recruitment on artificial substrata, suggesting that <i>B. cornucopia</i> is highly opportunistic. This species has rapid growth compared to other sessile invertebrates in the study area, high fecundity, and continuous reproduction—all characteristics of an <i>r</i>-selected life history. The species’ gonophores are simple, lacking an obvious spadix or radial canals. We observed nurse cells in histological sections of female gonophores, but no male gonophores were observed. Gonophores break away from the blastostyles in mature specimens and appear to have fertilization envelopes, suggesting that each gonophore is composed of a single oocyte and that embryological development occurs in the water column. Hydroids are typically the first invertebrates to recruit to substrata in the Arctic but are easily overgrown. The opportunistic life histories of <i>B. cornucopia</i> and other hydroids may be adaptive for maintaining populations in the face of high mortality. Our study demonstrates the utility of artificial substrata for collections of otherwise rare opportunistic species.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46283568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digestion and nutrition in freshwater bryozoans (Phylactolaemata)","authors":"Timothy S. Wood","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12314","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12314","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As suspension feeders, freshwater bryozoans (Phylactolaemata) ingest a wide variety of particles. After this material is processed in the gut, the remaining wastes are ejected in a pellet. Curiously, fecal pellet contents appear perfectly intact, often still alive, and apparently unharmed. This raises questions about the true sources of bryozoan nutrition and the entire digestive process itself. This article summarizes the results of controlled feeding experiments as well as findings from gut examination by scanning electron microscopy. Extensive feeding tests with bryozoan species in three families show that colonies ingesting protozoans and small rotifers grow much faster than those on any other diet. There is no evidence for digestion of green algae or bacteria, including cyanobacteria. Close observations reveal muscular contractions of the stomach crushing and abrading fragile prey organisms, with possible assistance from indigestible algal particles. A dense carpet of microvilli lines the walls of the stomach and intestine. In most instances, these are organized in a three-dimensional matrix that offers an extensive surface area. Because all food is handled in sequential batches, there is limited time for many particles to be digested.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42765890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual reproduction in the soft coral Lobophytum schoedei in Bolinao-Anda Reef Complex, Pangasinan, northwestern Philippines","authors":"Christine C. Baran,&nbsp;Maria Vanessa Baria-Rodriguez","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12316","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12316","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The characterization of early life-history strategies of soft corals is important in understanding population maintenance, replenishment, and recovery in disturbed coral reefs. This study examined the sexual reproduction of the soft coral <i>Lobophytum schoedei</i> in the Bolinao-Anda Reef Complex (BARC), a degraded reef in northwestern Philippines. Reproductive strategies such as sexuality, sex ratio, fecundity, and reproductive timing were examined. Random colonies of <i>L. schoedei</i> were sampled a few weeks before the predicted time of spawning to assess fecundity (<i>n</i> = 73 colonies), and sexuality and sex ratio (<i>n</i> = 221 colonies). Monthly sampling of tagged colonies of <i>L. schoedei</i> (<i>n</i> = 20) was done over 13 months to determine the reproductive timing through polyp dissection. Peak of annual spawning was inferred based on the presence of large gametes and their absence in the next sampling period. Results showed that <i>L</i>. <i>schoedei</i> is a gonochoric broadcast spawner with 1:1.1 sex ratio. Although oogenesis and spermatogenesis exhibited overlapping cycles, both gametes matured and spawned in April, coinciding with increasing sea surface temperature. Prior to spawning, oocytes and spermaries ranged 300–633 µm and 150–337 µm in diameter, respectively. Mean female fecundity was 6.7 ± 3.9 oocytes per polyp and male fecundity was 39.2 ± 22.5 (±<i>SD</i>) spermaries per polyp. Some of these results, including the low number of oocytes produced by female polyps, may be caused by sexual reproduction in a degraded reef environment. Understanding these reproductive traits may be useful for predicting the resiliency of populations of <i>L. schoedei</i> in response to ongoing and future environmental change.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48023432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Student-led field studies of herbivory: Hands-on experiences for remote (or in-person) learning","authors":"Sarah K. Berke,&nbsp;Rebecca M. Clark","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12320","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12320","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Challenging students to independently design and implement experiments is a powerful way to teach the scientific method while engaging with STEM-related course material. For ecology and organismal biology, such experiences often take the form of field work. The COVID-19 pandemic presented formidable challenges for instructors of such courses: How can students conduct <i>any</i> experiments, much less ones of their own design, when they might not even have access to campus? Here we describe a student-led field project exploring invertebrate herbivory in terrestrial plant systems. Designed to flexibly accommodate student groups working either in-person, remotely, or both, the project would be suitable for invertebrate biology, plant biology, or general ecology courses at the college or high school level. We describe our implementation in two sections of a sophomore-level course, provide specific advice based on our experiences, make suggestions for future improvements or adaptations, and provide all the written materials that instructors would need to implement this in their own teaching.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47676726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating microscopy, art, and humanities to power STEAM learning in biology","authors":"Sara M. Lindsay","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12327","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12327","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Close observation is central to both art and science as practitioners in both disciplines describe, compare, and seek to understand or interpret the natural world. Indeed, as the artist and writer Guy Davenport noted, “The vision by which we discover the hidden in nature is sometimes called science, sometimes called art.” In the last decade, the movement to integrate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics with arts and humanities (i.e., STEAM learning) has gained traction in K–12 education. A recent National Academies report (2018) examines the case for integrating humanities and the arts in undergraduate STEM education. Microscopy provides an excellent vehicle for engaging all kinds of students in integrative (STEAM) learning about biology and for encouraging them to observe the world closely. In this essay adapted from my keynote address to the American Microscopical Society in 2020, I highlight activities and approaches that use microscopy to engage learners of all kinds, examine how using microscopes changes students’ attitudes about science and biology, and explore the intersection of microscopy and visual art.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41735469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"So you have to teach invertebrate biology…","authors":"A. Richard Palmer","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12330","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12330","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ivb.12330","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48132265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}