Invertebrate Biology最新文献

{"title":"Using museum collections to explore predator–prey relationships in snail-eating beetles (Carabidae: Cychrini)","authors":"Carl N. Keiser,&nbsp;Robert Davidson,&nbsp;Timothy A. Pearce","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12417","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12417","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The vast majority of species interactions in nature go unnoticed because they occur under circumstances unamenable to observation. This is unfortunate, as our understanding of trophic ecology is predicated on our ability to quantify the nature and magnitude of species interactions. Here, we use specimens from museums and private collections to estimate prey breadth and morphological patterns between predator and prey pairs of the malacophagous Cychrini beetles collected alongside their snail prey. We identified each pair, measured a series of morphological traits on each, and tested for relationships between the morphological characteristics of beetles and the snails they were found eating. Of 38 specimen pairs, we identified 12 species of Cychrini beetles from two genera (<i>Scaphinotus</i> and <i>Cychrus</i>) eating 22 species of snail prey from 12 genera and ranging from 1 to 9 species of snail prey per beetle species. We found 29 unique predator–prey species pairs. Irrespective of species identity, we found that female beetles were discovered eating larger snails compared to male beetles. We detected two trends in which larger beetles were found eating snails with relatively larger aperture openings, and beetles with more slender body shapes (longer, thinner mandibles, heads, and pronota) were found eating snails whose shells had relatively smaller aperture openings. This suggests that, even within the carabid tribe Cychrini, variation in the cychrine body form may influence prey availability. This study provides the most comprehensive list to date of predator–prey pairs in this understudied group of beetles and also demonstrates the utility of museum collections for documenting cryptic species interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139063497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemocytes from neonates of Biomphalaria glabrata are functionally less mature than those from adult snails","authors":"John T. Sullivan","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12416","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12416","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gastropod molluscs, which serve as obligatory intermediate hosts for digenetic trematodes, possess an internal defense system (IDS) consisting of phagocytic hemocytes and plasma factors. This IDS is responsible for resistance to infection with larval trematodes, which are encapsulated and killed by hemocytes in incompatible snails. Like other physiological systems, the IDS probably undergoes maturation during early stages of life, and the relatively undeveloped state of the IDS in young snails has been hypothesized to be a factor in their increased susceptibility to infection with larval trematodes. In this study, hemocytes were examined in the BS-90 laboratory strain of <i>Biomphalaria glabrata</i> that is resistant to infection with <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> as adults but susceptible to infection as neonates. Compared with hemocytes from adults, hemocytes from neonates had a smaller perimeter and lower intrinsic directional motility on glass microscope slides. Additionally, in vitro assays showed a lower association with fucoidan-linked polystyrene beads and less ability to produce superoxide anion in hemocytes from neonates compared to hemocytes from adults. These results support the hypothesis that the gastropod IDS undergoes maturation during growth. However, whether the observed differences between hemocytes of neonatal and adult BS-90 snails play a role in the susceptibility of the former and resistance of the latter to infection with <i>S. mansoni</i> is not known.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138825021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispersal movements of non-native and native terrestrial slugs in an urban environment","authors":"Daniel Nyqvist,&nbsp;Gabriella Ritchey,&nbsp;Johan Watz","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12415","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12415","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Animal movement varies from undirected dispersal to directed migration. Movement rates may have implications for conservation and resource management, as well as pest control, and they play a key role in invasion success. In slugs, long-distance dispersal is typically passive, whereas active movement is critical for local dispersal and determines access to resources such as food and shelter. Telemetry has recently been used to study individual slug movements in the wild, whereas movement in arena tests has explored mechanisms of interspecific competition and invasiveness in slugs. Studies that relate the performance of individual slugs in arena tests to their post-release behavior in nature are lacking. We measured individual short-term movement speed of commonly occurring native and non-native slugs of the genera <i>Arion</i> and <i>Limax</i> in arena tests and tracked their post-release dispersal movements in a garden by PIT telemetry. We demonstrate clear differences in movement behavior among the species, but non-native slugs did not display higher movement rates than their native congeners. In the arena test, slugs of the genus <i>Limax</i> displayed a higher short-term speed than slugs of the genus <i>Arion</i>, whereas in the field, individuals of <i>Limax maximus</i> showed lower dispersal rates compared to the other slug species. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between short-term speed in the arena test and movement in the field among individuals of <i>L. cinereoniger</i>, indicating the possible existence of behavioral syndromes in slugs, which may link movement ecology, animal personality, and the invasion ecology of pest species.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ivb.12415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138715363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemosensory afference in the tentacle nerve of Lymnaea stagnalis","authors":"Carmen C. Ucciferri,&nbsp;Russell C. Wyeth","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12414","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12414","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although the neural control of behavior has been extensively studied in gastropods, basic gaps remain in our understanding of how sensory stimuli are processed. In particular, there is only patchy evidence regarding the functional roles of sense organs and the extensive peripheral nervous system they contain. Our goal was to use extracellular electrophysiological recordings to confirm the chemosensory role of the tentacles in the great pond snail, <i>Lymnaea stagnalis</i>. Employing a special twin-channel suction electrode to improve signal-to-noise ratio, we applied three food odors (derived from earthworm-based food pellets, algae-based pellets, and fresh lettuce) to a reduced preparation of the tentacle while recording neuronal activity in the tentacle nerve. Responses were assessed by comparing average spike frequencies produced in response to saline flow with and without odors. We report stronger neuronal responses to earthworm-based food odors and weaker responses to algae-based food odors. There were no clear neuronal responses produced when lettuce food odor or control saline was applied to the tentacle. Overall, our results provide strong evidence for the chemosensory role of the tentacles in navigation behavior by <i>L. stagnalis</i>. Although it is unclear whether the differences in neuronal responses to different odors are a technical consequence of our recording system or a genuine feature of the snail sensory system, these results are a useful foundation for further study of peripheral nervous system function in gastropods.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ivb.12414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135726446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability of cnidae within a small clonal sea anemone (Isactinia sp.)","authors":"Katrina L. Kaposi,&nbsp;Michela L. Mitchell,&nbsp;Robert L. Courtney,&nbsp;Jamie E. Seymour","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12413","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12413","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cnidom and intraspecific variability of cnidae within the small sea anemone <i>Isactinia</i> sp. were verified. The specific cnidae within the cnidom of four discrete morphological structures (tentacle, actinopharynx, mesenterial filaments, and body column) within <i>Isactinia</i> sp. was investigated. Microbasic <i>b</i>-mastigophores, microbasic <i>p</i>-mastigophores, basitrichs, microbasic <i>p</i>-amastigophores, and spirocysts were found in this species. In addition, two morphologically distinct basitrich forms, distinguishable only in a discharged state, were also found, of which basitrichs with the distinctly shorter thread were found predominately only on the body column. The distribution and abundance of cnidae types differed significantly around the body in the sea anemones, as did the length of basitrichs and spirocysts among tissue types. Cnidae length also differed significantly among individuals. Correlations between cnidae length and sea anemone size were variable, whereby cnidae size was significantly negatively correlated to sea anemone size in seven cnidae–tissue combinations, positively correlated in one, and not correlated in two. Linear regression revealed that sea anemone size was able to explain 33%–68% of variation in size of <i>b</i>-mastigophores, <i>p</i>-amastigophores, and small basitrichs from within the mesenterial filaments. Correlations were negligible or not significant in remaining cnidae–tissue combinations, however. While providing key taxonomic cnidae information, this study also highlights the variability of cnidae that may occur within a species of <i>Isactinia</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ivb.12413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135819526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the developmental onset of regenerative potential in the annelid Capitella teleta","authors":"Alicia A. Boyd,&nbsp;Elaine C. Seaver","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12411","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12411","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An animal's ability to regrow lost tissues or structures can vary greatly during its life cycle. The annelid <i>Capitella teleta</i> exhibits posterior, but not anterior, regeneration as juveniles and adults. In contrast, embryos display only limited replacement of specific tissues. To investigate when during development individuals of <i>C. teleta</i> become capable of regeneration, we assessed the extent to which larvae can regenerate. We hypothesized that larvae exhibit intermediate regeneration potential and demonstrate some features of juvenile regeneration, but do not successfully replace all lost structures. Both anterior and posterior regeneration potential of larvae were evaluated following amputation. We used several methods to analyze wound sites: EdU incorporation to assess cell proliferation; in situ hybridization to assess stem cell and differentiation marker expression; immunohistochemistry and phalloidin staining to determine presence of neurites and muscle fibers, respectively; and observation to assess re-epithelialization and determine regrowth of structures. Wound healing occurred within 6 h of amputation for both anterior and posterior amputations. Cell proliferation at both wound sites was observed for up to 7 days following amputation. In addition, the stem cell marker <i>vasa</i> was expressed at anterior and posterior wound sites. However, growth of new tissue was observed only in posterior amputations. Neurites from the ventral nerve cord were also observed at posterior wound sites. De novo <i>ash</i> expression in the ectoderm of anterior wound sites indicated neuronal cell specification, although the absence of <i>elav</i> expression indicated an inability to progress to neuronal differentiation. In rare instances, cilia and eyes re-formed. Both amputations induced expanded expression of the myogenesis gene <i>MyoD</i> in preexisting tissues. Our results indicate that amputated larvae complete early, but not late, stages of regeneration, which indicates a gradual acquisition of regenerative ability in <i>C. teleta</i>. Furthermore, amputated larvae can metamorphose into burrowing juveniles, including those missing brain and anterior sensory structures. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess regenerative potential of annelid larvae.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135780269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and sexual dimorphism of branchiae in Streblospio benedicti","authors":"Caitlin Segarra,&nbsp;Elizabeth R. McCain","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12412","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12412","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Spionidae is one of the largest and most studied annelid families, but to date, the development and differentiation of post-metamorphic anatomy have not been documented. This study used scanning electron microscopy to examine the development of the branchiae, presumed respiratory organs, in <i>Streblospio benedicti</i>. Branchiae in this species are prominent, paired head structures and first appear around the time of metamorphosis, but do not complete their development until the worm reaches the older juvenile or adult stages. We observed that as the branchiae grew, their overall morphology changed through four different shapes: small bud, tubular, tapered, and, finally, bilimbate. In addition, the abfrontal and frontal surfaces each possessed a unique set of cilia patterns, which we named, and these arose in a particular sequence between the 8- and 35-chaetiger stages. This detailed examination of every stage of branchial development led us to discover that branchia in <i>Streblospio benedicti</i> was a sexually dimorphic organ. <i>Streblospio benedicti</i> is one of approximately eight Spionidae in which there is any type of structural sexual dimorphism, and it is the only species in which sexually dimorphic branchiae are found. The male's frontal surface had four unique cilia patterns, and we hypothesize that those located around the medial protrusion capture and control the release of the spermatophores. This first documentation of a spionid's branchial developmental sequence revealed that not only is this respiratory organ involved in reproduction, but it significantly differentiates after metamorphosis through adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foraging on sand particles: Coatings of soft radular teeth (Paludomidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca)","authors":"Wencke Krings,&nbsp;Stanislav N. Gorb","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12410","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12410","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The radula is the ingesta-gathering structure in Mollusca. As interface, it has to perform various tasks without functional deterioration caused by wear. Wear prevention is well investigated in mollusks that forage on rocks and that generate high punctual pressure with their hard teeth, which contain high inorganic contents at their tips. In mollusks that forage on softer substrate, such as sand surfaces, and have relatively soft teeth, wear prevention has not been a focus of study before. Here, we studied the teeth of <i>Limnotrochus thomsoni</i>, which are used for raking algae from sand. For comparison, we investigated the soft outer teeth of <i>Lavigeria grandis</i>, which are used in gathering particles after the ingesta is loosed from the rock surface. SEM revealed scratches on all surfaces of the teeth and suggests that every tooth side interacts with abrasive particles during foraging. Analysis of stomach content revealed that sand particles of 10–20 μm diameter are ingested. By EDX/EDS, we studied the composition of the teeth and determined that high proportions of Ca are present on all surfaces, which could be an adaptation to reduce abrasion. Finally, we here present evidence for the existence of a canal within the teeth, which could potentially serve as delivery pathway of minerals during tooth maturation and has not been previously detected in Gastropoda.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ivb.12410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46874824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size, but not sex, predicts pinch force and exoskeleton mechanical properties in crayfish of the genus Faxonius","authors":"Derek M. Benson,&nbsp;Ethan D. Clotfelter","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12409","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12409","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Studies of animal weaponry and defensive structures rarely take into consideration their underlying mechanical properties. We measured the compressive strength and thickness of the exoskeleton of the claw (chela) in two North American crayfish species, <i>Faxonius virilis</i> and <i>F. limosus</i>. We performed similar measures on the carapace, a body region not directly involved in agonistic contests. Males of both species generated significantly stronger maximum pinch forces than females. However, these differences can be attributed to differences in claw size between the sexes. The thickness (ultrastructure) of the claw exoskeleton was a significant predictor of its compressive strength and likely explained the difference in compressive strength we observed between the two species. Neither claw thickness nor claw compressive strength was correlated with maximum pinch force. Additionally, we found that crayfish body size was a strong predictor of carapace compressive strength and thickness, whereas sex was not. The claw had greater compressive strength and thickness than the corresponding values for the carapace. Our study shows that the mechanical properties of the crayfish exoskeleton are largely a function of size and highlights the need to integrate mechanical properties into studies of animal morphology and performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41623710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New horizons in meiobenthos research. By Olav Giere, Michaela Schratzberger (Eds.), United Kingdom: Springer Nature. 2023. ISBN: 9783031216213","authors":"Peter G. Beninger","doi":"10.1111/ivb.12408","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ivb.12408","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54923,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44990415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}