Journal of Applied Geophysics最新文献

{"title":"Application of Deep Learning for Reservoir Porosity Prediction and Self Organizing Map for Lithofacies Prediction","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While there is a connection between petrophysical logs and reservoir porosity, finding analytical solutions for this relationship is still difficult. This paper presents a novel approach for forecasting porosity and lithofacies by using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model in conjunction with a bi-directional long short-term memory (BLSTM) network. The BLSTM network uses a self-organizing map (SOM) technique to form connections between input and destination data. The SOM is used to organize depth intervals with similar facies into four separate clusters, each exhibiting internal consistency in petrophysical parameters. The CNN is responsible for extracting spatial characteristics, while the BLSTM network gathers comprehensive spatiotemporal components, guaranteeing that the model accurately represents the spatiotemporal aspects of log data. The accuracy of the model was verified by analyzing simulation logging data. The findings indicate that the BLSTM network model successfully recovers significant characteristics from logging data, resulting in improved estimate accuracy. In addition, Facies-01 has lower gamma ray levels in comparison to other facies. Facies-01 is also suggestive of pristine sandstone formations, which are greatly sought as reservoir rocks. The BLSTM network model is effective in predicting physical characteristics of reservoirs, offering a new method for precise reservoir characterization parameter prediction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142164544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Permeability prediction using logging data from tight reservoirs based on deep neural networks","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Permeability is a critical parameter for evaluating reservoir properties, and accurate prediction is an important basis for identifying high-quality reservoirs and geological modeling. However, the strong heterogeneity, complex lithology and diagenesis in the reservoirs of this region pose a major challenge for the accurate assessment of reservoir permeability. In recent years, the use of machine learning (ML) to solve problems in geophysical well logging and related fields has gained much attention thanks to advances in data science and artificial intelligence. ML is any predictive algorithm or combination of algorithms that learns from data and makes predictions without being explicitly coded with a deterministic model. The most immediate example is deep neural networks (DNN) that are trained with data to minimize a cost function and make predictions. The tight reservoirs in the Chang 7 Member of the Ordos Basin host significant oil and gas resources and have recently emerged as the main focus of unconventional oil and gas exploration and development. In this work, we performed DNN-based permeability prediction for the tight reservoirs in the Ordos Basin area. From 19 well logs, we selected effective data points from 17 wells for DNN training after preprocessing and used the remaining two wells for testing. First, we trained the DNN with all collected parameters as inputs, resulting in permeability prediction <em>R</em>² values of 0.64 and 0.72 for the two wells, indicating a good fit. We then optimized the input parameters by performing a crossplot analysis between these parameters and the permeability. Using the same network structure (with all hyperparameters set the same), we trained the DNN again to obtain a new DNN-based model. The prediction results showed that removing input parameters with poor correlation to permeability improved the prediction accuracy with <em>R</em>² values of 0.70 and 0.87 for the two wells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142122977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A combined denoising method for Q-factor compensation of poststack seismic data","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Attenuation is a main factor limiting the resolution of seismic data. Earth works as a low-pass filter, which has strong attenuation of the high-frequency data. The loss of high-frequency energy can be compensated by the inverse Q filtering strategy. However, this method will also increase the energy of random noise which limits its application. The inverse Q filtering algorithm also needs the Q-factor as the input parameter, which is not easy to obtain. In this paper, we proposed a three-stage process to correct the attenuation of poststack data. In the first stage, a robust structure-oriented filtering is applied to remove random noise while protecting the structure information to avoid high-frequency noise burst. In the second stage, the local centroid frequency shift (LCFS) method is used to estimate the Q factor along the seismic trace. This method combined shaping regularization and centroid frequency shift (CFS) method to improve the robustness and accuracy of Q estimation to some extent. The final stage is to apply a stable inverse Q-filtering. Synthetic and field data examples demonstrate that time-varying Q-value can be accurately estimated by using the local centroid frequency shift (LCFS) method, and the proposed workflow can compensate the attenuation without bursting of high-frequency random noise.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142096208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uniaxial compressive strength prediction based on measurement while drilling data: A laboratory study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The uniaxial compressive strength is one of the most important basic parameters of rock, which is essential for surrounding rock stability analysis and support scheme design of underground engineering. At present, it is time consuming and costly to take a large amount of core samples for laboratory testing, and the mechanical properties of the cores may be affected by mining disturbance, which can easily lead to inaccurate result. The measurement while drilling (MWD) technology provides a new approach to solve the above challenge. The key to implementing this technology is to establish a correlation model between drilling parameters and rock mechanics parameters. Based on the characteristics of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits in drilling and rock breakage, this paper analyzes the mechanical state of the bit in breaking rock. A theoretical correlation model between the torque, feed force of the bit and the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock has been developed. To verify the accuracy of the theoretical model, the uniaxial compressive strength of five different types of rocks (red sandstone, green sandstone, limestone, marble and shale) was obtained through laboratory mechanical tests. The torque <em>M</em>_<em>b</em>, feed force <em>F</em>_<em>b</em> and other parameters in the drilling process of these five rocks were tested through the newly developed MWD test system. The correlation between the drilling parameters and the uniaxial compressive strength of rock was established. The results showed that the feed force <em>F</em>_<em>b</em> and torque <em>M</em>_<em>b</em> measured at five different types of rocks indicate a linear increasing trend with an increase in depth of cut <em>h</em>. Meanwhile, a strong linear relationship between the feed force <em>F</em>_<em>b</em> and torque <em>M</em>_<em>b</em> is evident. This paper proposes an MWD-based method to rapidly conduct the in-situ measurement of the uniaxial compressive strength of various rocks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142089617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of low-contrast objects by electrical prospecting methods","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many geological problems cannot be solved by electrical prospecting methods. Often the reason for this is a slight difference in the electrical resistivity of target objects from that of the host medium. At the same time, the use of the transverse magnetic (TM) type field makes it possible to identify low-contrast objects and delineate their boundaries with high accuracy. TM-type prospecting is more efficient since its signal is much more strongly affected by changes in resistivity and other electrodynamic parameters. The article examines one of the difficult cases – a search for kimberlite pipes in Yakutia. Such objects differ very little from the host medium in terms of the horizontal resistivity. Exploration works to search for kimberlite pipes in Yakutia, carried out by conventional electrical prospecting methods, have many problems. The article considers the results of successful TM-type prospecting field surveys where kimberlite pipes stood out very prominently. Also presented are the results of modeling an even more complex situation in which the pipes are located at depths of over 140 m and overlain by traps; there are many objects in the area that create additional anomalies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142122978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimum entropy constrained cooperative inversion of electrical resistivity, seismic and magnetic data","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Geophysical methods are widely used to gather information about the subsurface as they are non-intrusive and comparably cheap. However, the solution to the geophysical inverse problem is inherently non-unique, which introduces considerable uncertainties. As a partial remedy to this problem, independently acquired geophysical data sets can be jointly inverted to reduce ambiguities in the resulting multi-physical subsurface images. A novel cooperative inversion approach with joint minimum entropy constraints is used to create more consistent multi-physical images with sharper boundaries with respect to the single-method inversions. Here, this approach is implemented in an open-source software and its applicability on electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), seismic refraction tomography (SRT), and magnetic data is investigated. A synthetic 2D ERT and SRT data study is used to demonstrate the approach and to investigate the influence of the governing parameters. The findings showcase the advantage of the joint minimum entropy (JME) stabilizer over separate, conventional smoothness-constrained inversions. The method is then used to analyze field data from Rockeskyller Kopf, Germany. 3D ERT and magnetic data are combined and the results confirm the expected volcanic diatreme structure with improved details. The multi-physical images of both methods are consistent in some regions, as similar boundaries are produced in the resulting models. Because of its sensitivity to hydrologic conditions in the subsurface, observations suggest that the ERT method senses different structures than the magnetic method. These structures in the ERT result do not seem to be enforced on the magnetic susceptibility distribution, showcasing the flexibility of the approach. Both investigations outline the importance of a suitable parameter and reference model selection for the performance of the approach and suggest careful parameter tests prior to the joint inversion. With proper settings, the JME inversion is a promising tool for geophysical imaging, however, this work also identifies some objectives for future studies and additional research to explore and optimize the method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926985124002064/pdfft?md5=2c44f9925860af5917f52dc285fe91df&pid=1-s2.0-S0926985124002064-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142049483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depth estimation of pre-Kalahari basement in Southern Angola using seismic noise measurements and drill-hole data","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The remote Southern region of Angola is covered by siliciclastic Kalahari Cenozoic formations that host underground aquifers of great importance to local populations affected by water scarcity problems. These aquifers are well developed where Kalahari sands reach appropriate thicknesses. On the other hand, at the eastern end of this area, regional aeromagnetic data recently acquired suggested the possibility of the continuity of the geological structures of the Lufilian Arc, sited in the nearby Zambia and Congo, southwestwards into Angola under the Kalahari formations. Once the Lufilian Arc is associated with the presence of the so-called Central African Copperbelt, this possibility increased the interest in determining the depth to Pan-African rocks under the Kalahari basin. To estimate the thickness of Kalahari formations in this area of difficult access and poor logistics, an expedited and non-invasive geophysical method was needed. Seismic noise and the single-station Nakamura technique were chosen, but due to the large distance of the study area from the ocean, one of the major sources of seismic noise, a test survey was acquired in the Cuvelai region to assess the signal quality, where the data was calibrated using available drill-holes. &gt;170 points of seismic ambient noise were later acquired and the horizontal/vertical (HVSR) amplitude versus frequency curves were 1D inverted for the best velocity/density model for each station. The results were compared with 1D inverted legacy vertical electrical soundings reprocessed and validated in this work, showing similar depth-to-basement, while interpreted velocities/densities of geological formations were sampled and confirmed with measurements. A depth-to-basement map was produced using seismic information, mechanical soundings, and geological information. Despite the relatively reduced geographical area covered, the map presents valuable information for hydrogeology and mineral exploration purposes and agrees with a previously available coarser map of Kalahari thickness and with observations from geological surveys simultaneously conducted at the time of the seismic surveys.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926985124002143/pdfft?md5=ad5d8b1e02a01270ca672c52f4e3cf22&pid=1-s2.0-S0926985124002143-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142242663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Target-oriented image-domain elastic least-squares reverse time migration","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Elastic least-squares reverse time migration (ELSRTM), as an imaging method, offers advantages over conventional elastic reverse time migration (ERTM), including higher resolution, better amplitude balancing, reduced crosstalk, and broader bandwidth. However, conventional ELSRTM involves iterative processes in the data domain, resulting in high computational costs. Moreover, since time is continuous during data domain extrapolation, it cannot solely focus on the target area within the subsurface medium. In contrast, image-domain ELSRTM (IDELSRTM) exhibits high computational efficiency and the ability to image target area. Currently, research on image-domain least-squares reverse time migration is predominantly focused on the acoustic wave assumption, despite elastic waves being closer to the actual subsurface medium and providing richer imaging information. In this study, within the framework of data domain ELSRTM, we derived the objective function for the IDELSRTM and introduced an L1 regularization term under the L2 norm to enhance inversion stability. We devised an inversion strategy employing the fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm (FISTA). Furthermore, drawing from the point spread functions theory in optics, we derived the mapping relationship between the elastic multi-parameter point spread functions (PSF) and the elastic multi-parameter Hessian matrix, and the relationship between the Hessian matrix and the ERTM images. We provided the computational method for the elastic multi-parameter Hessian matrix and utilized it as the linearized forward operator for IDELSRTM. Through numerical experiments, we further elucidated the relationship between the ERTM images and the Hessian matrix under the framework of IDELSRTM, along with the sources of crosstalk in ERTM. Applying our proposed target-oriented IDELSRTM method to layered models and the Marmousi2 model, we demonstrated its effectiveness in improving imaging resolution and quality with only a marginal increase in computational overhead compared to conventional ERTM.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142012650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective medium approximation for the electromagnetic properties of rocks with surface conductivity","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present an approach to calculate the complex dielectric permittivity of a microheterogeneous rock composed of non-conductive solid grains with surface conductivity and a conductive liquid.</p><p>We have calculated the effective electrical properties of a rock using the model that consider the complex structure of the conducting double layer between a solid grain and the electrolyte in the pores. The influence of two parts of double layer: the Stern (inner) layer on the solid surface and the diffuse (outer) layer was considered.</p><p>Previously, the Differential Effective Medium (DEM) scheme was used to calculate the effective conductivity and dielectric permittivity. In contrast, we have adopted the Effective Medium Approximation (EMA) method for calculation of the effective electromagnetic properties of a rock with high inclusion concentration. This method allows one to describe both elastic and electromagnetic properties of the rock based on the unified model of the pore space.</p><p>The calculations were performed both for the rock model with a fixed grain size and for the model with a fractal distribution of grain sizes.</p><p>Our calculations have shown that the value of the dielectric permittivity in the low frequency range depends on the concentration and dimension of solid grains. However, the frequency-dispersion behavior is a function of the inclusion size only and it does not relate to the inclusion concentration in the porosity range typical for sedimentary rocks. This effect confirms the feasibility of the determination of the inclusion concentration and dimension by using the dielectric permeability and electrical conductivity dispersion curves.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142039955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometrical effective medium model of electric conduction of partially saturated clays","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2024.105495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current existing researches were discussed to assess the advantages and limitations of existing empirical and theoretical models for direct conductivity (DC) prediction. Prior research has demonstrated that an effective medium model may not accurately reflect the actual situation due to the presence of two types of water (bound water and bulk water) in clay-rich materials. Furthermore, the existing models can not satisfy the prediction of electrical conductivity of metal ions adsorbed clay or unsaturated clay. To address this issue, a new Effective Medium Double Water (EMDW) model was proposed based on multiple scattering techniques, which encompasses soil particles, surface-bound water layers, and bulk water and was established by controlled soil types and degrees of saturation. The novel EMDW model includes the Coherent Potential Approximation (CPA), which has consistently demonstrated superior agreement with experimental data when compared to other approximation models. Moreover, the binomial expansion approximation was utilized to simplify the formula and facilitate its use. The developed conductivity model was validated with data from other researchers. In comparison to other well-established conductivity models, the proposed EMDW model has clear physical meaning and can accurately compute matrix conductivity utilizing modified coated particle conductivity and saturation conductivity. The findings suggest that matrix conductivity in clay materials is significantly correlated with electrical-physical parameters, such as porosity, degree of saturation, shape of each discontinuous phase, and conductivity of surface-bound water and bulk water. Consequently, the new EMDW model is a theoretically grounded, physically meaningful, and easy-to-use model for conductivity prediction in clay materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142077055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}