Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Advancing surgical cutting guide flexibility: A hybrid physical and Augmented Reality solution for cranio-maxillofacial surgery","authors":"Federico Salerno,&nbsp;Luca Ulrich,&nbsp;Giorgia Marullo,&nbsp;Sandro Moos,&nbsp;Enrico Vezzetti","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cutting guides are widely used in cranio-maxillofacial surgery by providing mechanical references for precise bone resections and reducing intraoperative variability. Nevertheless, their rigid and patient-specific design requires dedicated CAD modeling and fabrication, making them time-consuming to produce and difficult to adapt when anatomical conditions or bone surfaces change. This work presents a hybrid surgical cutting guide that combines a physically adjustable device with Augmented Reality (AR) feedback to support intraoperative alignment in maxillofacial osteotomies. The concept merges the tactile reliability of conventional guides with the adaptability of digital visualization, enabling surgeons to fine-tune the cutting plane directly through AR tracking. Registration was performed using cephalometric landmarks and an inside-out tracking approach with HoloLens 2, allowing precise superimposition of virtual cutting planes onto 3D-printed mandibular models. The system was evaluated by both expert and novice operators under three feedback conditions: no AR, holographic overlay, and real-time distance guidance. Results showed that AR feedback was associated with improved positional accuracy, with mean linear deviations of <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>27</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>71</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>mm</mtext></mrow></math></span> and angular errors of <span><math><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>46</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>27</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span>. Operator experience influenced overall performance, yet enhanced feedback compensated part of this variability. Combining physical and digital guidance can yield more adaptable, precise, and reusable osteotomy tools, paving the way for flexible surgical assistance in clinical settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"54 6","pages":"Article 104480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146259599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic realignment of extraocular muscles after inferomedial orbital wall decompression in thyroid eye disease: a 3D CT reconstruction study","authors":"Hyeong Ju Byeon ,&nbsp;JaeSang Ko ,&nbsp;Hyun Young Park ,&nbsp;Jin Sook Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Orbital wall decompression carries a risk of new-onset postoperative diplopia in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED). This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence, clinical progression, and underlying mechanisms of new-onset diplopia following inferomedial orbital wall decompression over 1 year, including quantitative CT analysis of orbital structures. Inactive TED patients undergoing inferomedial orbital wall decompression were reviewed. Only patients who developed new diplopia at 1 month and completed a 1-year follow-up were included. Diplopia cases were assessed using Gorman scores and HESS tests. Orbital structures and deviated angles of the medial and inferior rectus muscles were quantified on CT images. New-onset diplopia occurred in 35% (78/204) of patients at 1 month postoperatively, with 73.2% recovering fully from diplopia by 1 year. In the recovered-diplopia group, orbital volume decreased significantly from immediate postoperative to 1 year (<em>p</em> = 0.038) but not in the persistent-diplopia group. Additionally, the rectus muscles, deviated immediately after surgery, showed significant straightening at 1 year in the recovered-diplopia group (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), while no significant improvement in muscle alignment was observed in the persistent-diplopia group. New-onset diplopia after inferomedial orbital wall decompression is typically transient, resolving within 1 year. The resolution is mediated by muscle realignment driven by orbital remodeling and muscle contraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"54 6","pages":"Article 104503"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147312570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facial-palate correlation in unilateral cleft lip and palate: A data-driven 3D analysis","authors":"Prasad Nalabothu ,&nbsp;Tobias Thomas ,&nbsp;Praveen Ganesh ,&nbsp;José W.M. Santos ,&nbsp;Hemwati Nandan ,&nbsp;Carlo Dieterle ,&nbsp;Surya Rao Rao ,&nbsp;Steven Cook ,&nbsp;Gosla Srinivas Reddy ,&nbsp;Andreas A. Mueller","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Few studies correlated facial and palate characteristics using three-dimensional (3D) analysis. The aim of this study was to describe these correlations using standardized 3D imaging.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study included 30 infants with non-syndromic unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) before cleft repair. 3D facial and intraoral scans were acquired using an intraoral scanner. Anatomical landmarks were identified, and quantitative measurements were performed using linear and surface area dimensions. Linear regression modelling (considering 1 mm reduction in anterior alveolar cleft width and 10 mm² reduction in true cleft area) assessed the relationship between facial and palate morphology.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A 1 mm reduction in anterior alveolar cleft width resulted in a −0.47 mm in cleft lip width, −0.18 mm in cleft side nostril width, and −0.20 mm in cleft side nasal sill width (p &lt; 0.05). A 10 mm² reduction in true cleft area was associated with −0.31 mm in nasal width and a −0.22 mm in white roll height at the lateral lip, along with +0.06 mm in non-cleft side vermillion height (p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study defined a morphological relationship for distinct facial and palatal variables in infants with UCLP. 3D analysis showed that reduced cleft dimensions are associated with improved nasal and lip symmetry. These findings emphasize the value of standardized 3D assessment to guide patient-specific presurgical interventions and surgical planning, aimed at optimizing aesthetic and functional outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"54 6","pages":"Article 104516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of median bone regeneration following different surgical treatment methods in surgical assisted maxillary expansion","authors":"F. Angerer ,&nbsp;M. Gosau ,&nbsp;E. Bibiza ,&nbsp;A. Reichmann ,&nbsp;R. Smeets ,&nbsp;R. Köhnke","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sufficient median ossification after surgically assisted maxillary expansion (SAME) facilitates rapid anterior tooth integration and accelerates orthodontic treatment, whereas insufficient ossification may necessitate additional surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different surgical techniques, distraction devices, and activation protocols on median palatal and alveolar crest ossification, tooth sensitivity, and incisor mobility after SAME. Seventy-one patients (38 males, 33 females; mean age 29.0 ± 7.4 years, range 18–61) underwent SAME using either chisel or piezotome techniques and tooth-borne or bone-borne distractors. Activation protocols varied by initiation time, activation frequency and distraction duration. Median ossification was assessed using postoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and tooth sensitivity and mobility were evaluated six months postoperatively. No significant influence of surgical technique, distraction device or activation protocol was found on ossification, tooth sensitivity or mobility. However, smokers exhibited significantly reduced ossification compared to non-smokers (p = .015). Logistic regression revealed that greater distraction distance decreased the probability of complete ossification, while the use of bone-borne distractors increased it. In conclusion, optimal ossification after SAME is associated with bone-borne distractors, non-smoking status and shorter distraction distances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"54 6","pages":"Article 104501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concentrated growth factor as treatment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled clinical trial","authors":"Xian-jie Zheng,&nbsp;Li-juan Guo,&nbsp;Sen Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study sought to assess and compare the clinical efficacy of concentrated growth factor (CGF) and sodium hyaluronate (SH) injections in the management of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA). Furthermore, it examined alterations in the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines within the synovial fluid throughout the treatment process.</div><div>In this randomized controlled trial, 40 patients with TMJOA were randomly assigned to either the CGF group or the SH group. Clinical outcomes were evaluated and compared at the preoperative baseline, and at 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups. The assessments included therapeutic efficacy evaluation, the Fricton temporomandibular disorder index, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, maximum pain-free mouth opening (MPO), cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) evaluation, and changes in the expression levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in synovial fluid.</div><div>Throughout the 6-month follow-up period, statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in both the Fricton temporomandibular disorder index and VAS scores. The CGF group exhibited superior clinical efficacy from months 3 to 6 post-treatment, along with significantly greater MPO. By the 6-month evaluation, CBCT imaging indicated enhanced condylar bone remodeling in the CGF group. In terms of synovial inflammatory markers, the CGF group demonstrated a more rapid reduction in IL-1 and IL-6 levels throughout the entire follow-up period, while TNF-α levels decreased more significantly between months 1 and 3.</div><div>Within the limitations of the current study, CGF injection therapy emerges as a clinically relevant option, worthy of consideration in the management of TMJOA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"54 6","pages":"Article 104504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147312305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological analysis of posterior fossa in Apert and Crouzon syndromes before and after posterior cranial vault expansion","authors":"Ruonan Dong ,&nbsp;Ce Liang ,&nbsp;Susan E. Evans ,&nbsp;David Johnson ,&nbsp;Wuyang Shui ,&nbsp;Christian Duncan ,&nbsp;Roman H. Khonsari ,&nbsp;Giovanna Paternoster ,&nbsp;Mehran Moazen","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Syndromic craniosynostosis, such as Apert and Crouzon syndromes, involve premature fusion of cranial sutures, leading to cranial deformities and potential neurological complications. Posterior cranial vault expansion (PCVE) is commonly used to address intracranial volume (ICV) anomalies in these cases, especially in the posterior fossa region. However, the morphological variation of this region between normal, Apert and Crouzon individuals remains understudied. This study aimed to carry out a detailed morphological analysis of the posterior fossa between the aforementioned groups before and after PCVE.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Retrospective computed tomography (CT) data from 28 children with Apert (n = 13) and Crouzon (n = 15) syndromes, alongside 51 age-matched controls, were analyzed. Intracranial and posterior fossa volumes (ICV and PFV) were computed pre- and post-operatively. Morphometric shape analyses were conducted for posterior fossa and intracranial cavity using principal component analysis (PCA).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Pre-operatively, Apert syndrome patients exhibited larger PFV and ICV compared to Crouzon syndrome patients and controls (e.g., <em>p</em> = 0.009 for pre-operative Apert vs. controls), while Crouzon syndrome patients showed more variability in PFV and ICV. Post-operatively, Apert patients demonstrated significant increases in both PFV and PFV/ICV ratios (e.g., post-operative vs. pre-operative PFV: <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). In contrast, Crouzon patients exhibited limited improvements in PFV, with PFV/ICV ratios often declining post-surgery (<em>p</em> = 0.890; median post-operative–pre-operative difference = −0.095). PCA revealed distinct intracranial and posterior fossa shape differences between Apert and Crouzon patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>While PCVE increased posterior fossa volume, it did not appear to improve posterior fossa shape in either Apert or Crouzon patients. Future studies are required to address the limitations of small sample sizes, lack of post-operative data on Chiari anomaly, and surgical variability to further explore possible correlations between the aforementioned parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"54 6","pages":"Article 104523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147312560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological changes in the nasal base formation after secondary alveolar bone grafting for patients with alveolar clefts","authors":"Shoko Kirikoshi ,&nbsp;Yuki Arimura ,&nbsp;Tadashi Yamanishi ,&nbsp;Mika Yokoyama ,&nbsp;Takahiro Nishio ,&nbsp;Tetsuya Seikai ,&nbsp;Yoichi Ohiro ,&nbsp;Juntaro Nishio","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the effect of secondary alveolar bone graft (SABG) on the three-dimensional (3D) position of the nasal alar base in patients with unilateral alveolar clefts. The study examined 50 patients with unilateral alveolar clefts who underwent SABG in our department between 2017 and 2022 using two modalities: 3D facial photographs and computed tomography (CT) taken preoperatively and 12 months after surgery. The two modalities were applied in all cases, and anteroposterior changes in the skin at the cleft-side nasal alar base were compared with those on the non-cleft side. The anteroposterior movements of the cleft-side nasal alar base, as revealed by 3D facial photographs and CT, were −0.03 ± 0.90 mm and +0.31 ± 0.82 mm, respectively. Neither outcome showed a statistically significant difference between cleft and non-cleft sides. The anterior movements of the bone surface beneath the nasal alar base of the cleft and non-cleft side, as measured by CT images, were +0.20 ± 1.38 mm and −0.61 ± 1.03 mm, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference (<em>p</em> = 0.001, Student's <em>t</em>-test). The results suggest that SABG does not cause 3D changes in the nasal alar base.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"54 6","pages":"Article 104496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146229803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative analysis of secondary unilateral and bilateral cleft lip nasal deformities: From anatomical characteristics to repair strategies","authors":"Menghao Deng,&nbsp;Yongqian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Secondary cleft lip nasal deformity presents a persistent challenge in reconstructive surgery, with fundamental differences existing between unilateral and bilateral presentations that dictate distinct management approaches. This systematic review delineates the contrasting anatomical underpinnings of these deformities, where unilateral cases are characterized by marked asymmetry and bilateral cases by a symmetric deficiency marked by severe columellar shortening. It further synthesizes the evolution of assessment methodologies, from traditional anthropometry to advanced three-dimensional (3D) technologies like stereophotogrammetry and CT reconstruction, which enable precise preoperative planning. The review elaborates on differentiated repair strategies, emphasizing symmetry restoration in unilateral deformities versus midline structural reconstruction in bilateral cases, often necessitating substantial costal cartilage grafts. Despite advancements, challenges remain in achieving long-term stability and managing soft tissue limitations. The integration of computational modeling, artificial intelligence (AI), and tissue engineering represents the future direction for progressing toward personalized and predictable reconstruction. This synthesis provides a comprehensive framework to guide clinical decision-making and future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"54 5","pages":"Article 104486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the ultrasonography-guidance for botulinum toxin type a injection into lateral pterygoid muscle in patients with TMJ anterior disc displacement with reduction","authors":"Rosie Abdulqahar Othman ,&nbsp;Mohamed Shebl Abdelghany Elbrol ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Mohamed Nowair ,&nbsp;Ahmed Gamal Abu-shahba","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR) is a common temporomandibular joint disorder associated with pain, joint sounds, and limited jaw movement. Conservative treatments are considered first-line but often yield unsatisfactory results. Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection into the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) offers a minimally invasive alternative, and ultrasonography enhances safety and accuracy through real-time, radiation-free guidance. This single-arm clinical trial included ten patients (20 TMJs), aged 19–38 years, diagnosed with ADDwR. Each patient received 25 units of BTX-A into the LPM under ultrasound guidance. Clinical outcomes, including pain (NPRS), clicking sound, maximum interincisal opening (MIO), and lateral excursion of the mandible, were assessed at 2, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. MRI was performed at baseline and 12 weeks to evaluate disc position, while Fonseca's questionnaire was applied preoperatively and at 24 weeks. Significant improvements were observed in pain, clicking, MIO, and lateral excursion, with MRI confirming improved disc position at 12 weeks and Fonseca scores demonstrating marked improvement at 24 weeks. The findings suggest that ultrasound-guided BTX-A injection into the LPM is a safe and effective treatment for ADDwR, enhancing joint function and symptom relief, although larger randomized studies are recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"54 5","pages":"Article 104475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atypical intramuscular arterio-venous malformations and intramuscular capillary type hemangiomas (ICTH) of the head and neck: considerations on a case series of 13 patients","authors":"Giacomo Colletti ,&nbsp;Sara Negrello ,&nbsp;Linda Rozell-Shannon ,&nbsp;Alexandre Anesi ,&nbsp;Benedetta Mattei ,&nbsp;Stefano Vallone ,&nbsp;Laura Moneghini ,&nbsp;Riccardo Nocini","doi":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vascular anomalies can be harbored within a muscle. Slow-flow ones (venous malformations, fibro adipose vascular malformations, etc.) are frequent. However, high-flow intramuscular vascular anomalies (IFVA) are rare and poorly understood.</div><div>A retrospective study was conducted on a case series of 13 patients suffering from IFVA of the head and neck area. For each case, the following were examined: clinical course, treatment, histological features and prognosis.</div><div>Two distinct entities were revealed: intramuscular arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and intramuscular capillary-type hemangioma (ICTH). They were similar in many aspects. Both presented as slowly-growing, pulsating and warm tumefactions. They involved the masseter muscle in nine cases, the masseter and the temporalis in one, the sternocleidomastoid in one, the anterior and middle scalene in 1, and the frontalis in 1.</div><div>On imaging, both showed the presence of a mass-like tissue with vessels within it. This appeared as T1 isointense and T2 hyperintense, and had vivid contrast enhancement. However, AVM had bigger and more prevalent vessels, while ICTH had smaller and fewer ones. On ultrasound imaging, AVM presented the typical features of shunting (low resistance index) whereas ICTH did not. AVM and ICTH were histologically different.</div><div>Patients who were managed with accurate and complete resection did not relapse, whereas partial or subtotal removal resulted in disease recurrence.</div><div>Intramuscular fast-flow vascular anomalies comprise AVM and ICTH. They share common features, but are different diseases. Complete surgical removal appears to be an effective method of treating both.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","volume":"54 5","pages":"Article 104444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146151341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}