Journal of Genetic Counseling最新文献

{"title":"The experiences of non-direct patient care genetic counselors in South Africa-A qualitative study.","authors":"Reagan Chidrawi, Monica Araujo, Katryn Fourie","doi":"10.1002/jgc4.70212","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jgc4.70212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Having first emerged in the 1970s, genetic counseling is a relatively young profession in South Africa (SA). Historically, genetic counselors (GCs) in SA have been employed through academic and public health institutions, with only a few practicing in private healthcare. Recently there has been a noticeable shift in the employment trends of GCs worldwide and in SA, transitioning away from patient-facing roles and gravitating toward practice in new or expanded roles. It is, therefore, becoming more common to find GCs employed in laboratory, research, and industry settings. These roles typically involve far less direct patient care, redefining the role of a GC. Although this trend has been researched elsewhere, mainly in the United States of America (USA) and Canada, it has yet to be explored locally. Therefore, this qualitative study aimed to explore the perspectives and experiences of GCs employed in non-direct patient care (NDPC) such as laboratory, research, and industry-based settings in SA. Using semi-structured interviews, this research gathered data from qualified GCs employed in NDPC positions. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed three themes: No choice but to pivot, Quality of life, and Professional identity. These findings offer new insights into an unexplored topic and offer an in-depth understanding of NDPC GCs based in SA, their motivations that drive this trend, and the evolving professional landscape of genetic counseling in SA. They address the scarcity of patient-facing employment opportunities for qualified GCs, advocate for the inclusion of exposure to roles outside of clinical practice during training and highlight the potential to guide workforce policies to address the employment gap.</p>","PeriodicalId":54829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Counseling","volume":"35 2","pages":"e70212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13084293/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147693819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer history and cancer risk communication among Arab-American families: Perspectives of young Arab-Americans in Michigan.","authors":"Hiam M Abdel-Salam, Erika N Hanson, Emerson Delacroix, Rawan Awwad, Ken Resnicow, Monica Marvin","doi":"10.1002/jgc4.70214","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jgc4.70214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Arab population in the United States is among the most understudied ethnic populations in access to cancer genetics services. Similar to other underserved populations, Arab-Americans face several institutional, social, and cultural barriers that inhibit access to and uptake of cancer genetic counseling and germline genetic testing. Among the factors hindering comprehensive cancer risk evaluations is the limited communication about cancer diagnoses among relatives, reducing knowledge of family history information. The primary aim of this study was to characterize the communication patterns about cancer diagnoses and a potential hereditary cancer predisposition within families in an Arab community in Southeast Michigan. We conducted three focus groups and one individual interview with young, primarily acculturated Arab-Americans in the state of Michigan (n = 9, median age = 22 years). None of the study participants had a personal cancer history, and all had at least one relative with cancer. Our participants' responses were consistent with previous research that illustrated limited conversations about cancer and potential cancer risks within Arab families, particularly among extended relatives. Limited communication about cancer was attributed to geographic barriers between relatives, protection of younger relatives from harmful or unnecessary information, fatalistic views about cancer, and mistrust of Western medicine. These factors were also suggested to discourage potential discussions of any known hereditary cancer predisposition in their families. As a result, many participants emphasized the need for individualized and culturally tailored cancer genetics education and counseling for Arab-Americans.</p>","PeriodicalId":54829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Counseling","volume":"35 2","pages":"e70214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13093005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147725032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing genetic counselors' teaching experience and approaches to teaching in the classroom.","authors":"Jessica Doxey, Bonnie J Baty, Katharine Bisordi, Shannan Dixon","doi":"10.1002/jgc4.70207","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jgc4.70207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While most genetic counselors (GCs) are involved in teaching activities, there is little documentation of how GCs learn to teach and their responsibilities as educators. Past studies have focused on GCs' roles in teaching students in clinical settings as supervisors, but limited literature exists about GCs' roles as educators in classroom settings. This descriptive, exploratory study aimed to describe the current landscape of GCs as teachers in classroom settings and assess GCs' approaches to teaching in the classroom. GCs recruited from the National Society of Genetic Counselors, Maryland and DC Society of Genetic Counselors, and Genetic Counselor Educators Association completed an anonymous online survey that assessed classroom teaching experience, approaches to teaching using the Approaches to Teaching Inventory-Revised (ATI-R), and training resources and methods they have used in the past and would like to use in the future to develop teaching skills. A total of 118 survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, independent samples t-tests, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Participants reported teaching several different student populations, including genetic counseling students, medical students, residents, and fellows. The most common teaching activity GCs reported across all student populations was lecturing in genetics didactic courses. Higher scores on the conceptual change/student-focused scale of the ATI-R represented a more learner-centered approach to teaching and were associated with a greater number of lectures taught (p = 0.028) and percentage of time devoted to teaching (p = 0.042). Participants infrequently had formal, degree-based training in education and commonly reported that they would like to participate in continuing education unit activities and other workshops designed for education to further improve their teaching skills in the future. These findings may be used to inform the development of future training resources for GCs in their roles as classroom educators.</p>","PeriodicalId":54829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Counseling","volume":"35 2","pages":"e70207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13074141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of factors influencing the intention to undergo genetic testing in patients with cardiovascular disease in Japan.","authors":"Tomomi Miyoshi, Atsushi Mizuno, Masaki Watanabe, Koichiro Isa, Kanna Fujita, Toru Kubo, Seitaro Nomura","doi":"10.1002/jgc4.70213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jgc4.70213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although genetic testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) can enhance precision medicine and optimize treatment decisions, its clinical application remains limited. This study aimed to examine the associations of genomic knowledge (GK), health numeracy (HN), and perceptions of genetic testing (PGT) with behavioral intentions toward genetic testing among individuals with self-reported physician-diagnosed CVD. An online cross-sectional survey of 840 Japanese individuals with self-reported physician-diagnosed CVD was conducted in October 2023. We analyzed the relationships among GK, HN, PGT, and two behavioral intentions (i.e., undergoing testing and sharing results with family). Responses from 748 individuals with CVD (65.6% men; mean age = 57.5 years, SD = 15.8; 41.0% with a family history of CVD) were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis indicated that age, family history of CVD, and perceived usefulness were associated with the behavioral intentions toward genetic testing. The structural equation modeling (SEM) path model suggested that GK and HN were indirectly related to intention via perceived usefulness. In the SEM path model, perceived usefulness showed strong positive associations with both testing intention (β = 0.70, p < 0.001) and sharing intention (β = 0.63, p < 0.001). Fear was negatively associated with testing intention (β = -0.14, p < 0.001), whereas its association with sharing intention was small (β = -0.06) and not robust in bootstrapping. Behavioral intentions regarding genetic testing for CVD were more strongly associated with perceived usefulness, and a family history of CVD may be associated with differences in perceptions and intentions, potentially through knowledge-related pathways. As the associations were correlational, the findings highlight the need for counseling approaches that integrate the cognitive and emotional aspects of genomic literacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":54829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Counseling","volume":"35 2","pages":"e70213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13107365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147789660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coping with the challenges of caregiving: A qualitative exploration of the experiences of family caregivers of children with rare diseases in South Africa.","authors":"Jodie van Niekerk, Marianne Gush, Shahida Moosa, Chrisma Pretorius","doi":"10.1002/jgc4.70205","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jgc4.70205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rare diseases are a group of chronic conditions with low individual prevalence. These conditions predominantly affect children and severely impact their lives. Oftentimes, children with rare diseases receive care from family caregivers, who experience several challenges in their roles and regularly struggle to cope with caregiving demands, with consequences for their physical and psychological well-being. Therefore, enhanced understanding of caregivers' unique challenges and coping is required. This phenomenologically situated, exploratory qualitative study explored the caregiving experiences of 10 South African parents (aged 22-54) whose children have rare diseases and receive care at a public hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. These parents were recruited using a convenience strategy and interviewed thereafter. Interview transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis to develop themes representing patterns of shared meaning across participants' narratives. Seven themes were developed, representing diverse dimensions of caregiving. First, uncertainty was a challenge that some addressed by seeking knowledge. Second, experiences in healthcare settings reflected how healthcare providers' knowledge and communication shaped caregivers' sense of support or marginalization. Third, caregivers described the all-encompassing nature of meeting children's holistic needs. Fourth, acceptance, frequently aided by normalization, was challenging yet central to coping. Fifth, caregivers' coping was shaped by structural inequities and contextual constraints. Sixth, religious beliefs, positivity, and love for their children ascribed meaning to caregiving, enabling perseverance amid adversity. Finally, caregiving was experienced as both depleting and inevitable; participants described significant physical and psychological tolls yet expressed a sense of duty that compelled them to continue. When interpreted alongside international literature, these themes suggest that while caregivers in South Africa negotiate similar meaning patterns to those reported elsewhere, their experiences are further shaped by context-specific limitations in support and healthcare infrastructure. It is vital that family caregivers receive improved support and consideration in South Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":54829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Counseling","volume":"35 2","pages":"e70205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13066778/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147647512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paternal expanded carrier screening after positive maternal results: Perceptions and barriers to screening","authors":"Sneha Paranandi,&nbsp;Philip Shlossman,&nbsp;Lianteng Zhi,&nbsp;Suneet P. Chauhan,&nbsp;Matthew K. Hoffman,&nbsp;Marisa Gilstrop Thompson","doi":"10.1002/jgc4.70200","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jgc4.70200","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Prenatal diagnosis of autosomal recessive conditions is limited by the low rate of patient partners accepting carrier screening. Previous studies have examined potential barriers to acceptance, but few have directly solicited this information from non-pregnant partners themselves. In this study, partners of the 268 individuals who underwent carrier screening between June and August 2024 and were carriers for at least one genetic disease were identified. Of these, the 152 partners who presented to the ultrasound office in person were considered eligible participants and were approached to participate in a survey about paternal decision making. Respondents were offered entry into a gift card raffle to incentivize participation. Ultimately, 76 participants (50% of those approached; 28% of eligible respondents) completed a survey to determine factors that influence the decision of male partners to accept or decline genetic carrier screening. The factors most strongly associated with pursuing screening were preference of the pregnant partner (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), having prior experience with carrier screening (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), and belief in the importance of carrier screening (<i>p</i> = 0.01). Respondents who did not view carrier screening as important were more likely to decline (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Relationship status and age were not significant influencers (<i>p</i> = 0.20, <i>p</i> = 0.6). Participants without insurance coverage were more likely to forego screening (<i>p</i> = 0.01); however, cost as a reported barrier was not statistically significant (<i>p</i> = 0.10). Among respondents in our population, paternal uptake of carrier screening following a positive maternal result depends more on personal attitudes toward genetic screening rather than on logistical barriers such as cost. Pregnant individuals may be able to influence partners' decisions to complete screening, regardless of relationship status. These findings suggest that clinician-driven early education—ideally pre-conception or early in pregnancy—tailored toward both patients and their partners may improve partner uptake of carrier screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":54829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Counseling","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147583006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding the methodological repertoire: Integrating multimodal approaches in genetic counseling research","authors":"Malebo F. Malope,&nbsp;Megan Scott,&nbsp;Tina-Marié Wessels,&nbsp;Lorraine Cowley","doi":"10.1002/jgc4.70193","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jgc4.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper highlights the importance of methodological diversity in the field of genetic counseling (GC) and demonstrates how alternative multimodal approaches can serve as valuable additions to the GC research toolkit. We use examples from four separate qualitative GC projects, in the United Kingdom and South Africa, to highlight how different multimodal methods such as photo elicitation (PE) and graphic elicitation (GE), body mapping (BM), and conversation analysis (CA) can be incorporated into GC research and how they can produce novel ways for understanding practice, services, and patient experiences. The four projects aimed to understand the experiences of (1) a family with a genetic cancer syndrome, (2) pregnant women who chose to continue a pregnancy following detection of serious congenital abnormalities, (3) how women of advanced maternal age make decisions regarding amniocentesis, and (4) how genetic health practitioners communicate risk and manage uncertainty in GC consultations. Results provide insight into participants' moral discernments, notions of kinship and how emotional and social tensions are navigated during the offer of genetic testing. They further reveal how conversations are negotiated in clinical interactions and how practice may diverge from theoretical counseling frameworks. The purpose of this paper is to highlight how multimodal approaches were applied in these different projects and how they can be used to generate knowledge about GC experiences and interactions that extend beyond the collection of verbal or text-based data. We further propose how these methods can be useful for therapeutic purposes for exploring sensitive and traumatic events related to genetic conditions or testing. Used individually, or together with other approaches, multimodal methods such as visual, art, and interactional-based methods offer complementary insights into the layered, relational, and emotionally complex nature of GC. Embracing methodological diversity provides opportunities for richer, more holistic knowledge generation within an evolving and diverse GC landscape.</p>","PeriodicalId":54829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Counseling","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147582929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer genetic testing uptake in the primary care setting: Patient perspectives on barriers and facilitators throughout the testing process","authors":"Tesla N. Theoryn,&nbsp;Faith Beers,&nbsp;Emerson J. Dusic,&nbsp;Catharine Wang,&nbsp;DaLaina Cameron,&nbsp;Heather Harris,&nbsp;Sarah Knerr,&nbsp;Elizabeth M. Swisher,&nbsp;Susan Brown Trinidad","doi":"10.1002/jgc4.70195","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jgc4.70195","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Genetic testing for gene variants associated with hereditary cancers can help with cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment. However, testing has not been well integrated into primary care settings where its preventative impact can be realized. To explore patient-level barriers and facilitators throughout the genetic testing process in primary care settings, we conducted a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 31 patients within the Early Detection of Genetic Risk (EDGE) study who had not completed the risk assessment (<i>n</i> = 2), had completed the risk assessment but were ineligible (<i>n</i> = 8), had declined testing (<i>n</i> = 10), and had completed testing (<i>n</i> = 11). Interviewees were broadly interested in genetic testing. Those who did not complete the risk assessment cited limited access to technology, exacerbated by health and financial struggles. Several interviewees who completed the risk assessment but were deemed ineligible for testing indicated that their lack of knowledge about biological relatives prevented complete responses to the risk assessment. Those who opted out of testing cited concerns over privacy, insurance discrimination, and potential psychological burden. Notably, the majority who declined testing were unsure if they would refuse again in the future, and three went on to request genetic testing after being invited to complete an interview. Those who changed their minds about testing stated changes in life circumstances (such as obtaining life insurance) that facilitated openness to testing. Patients who completed testing shared similar concerns to those who declined but were motivated by their familial cancer history and believed genetic testing could lead to preventative options. A key finding of this study was that patient readiness for testing changed over relatively brief follow-up times. These results highlight the need for practicable approaches to re-offering genetic testing to individuals over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":54829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Counseling","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13019829/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147516272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Filipinized view of the counselor-client relationship in genetic counseling","authors":"Peter James B. Abad,&nbsp;John Joseph B. Posadas,&nbsp;Ma-Am Joy R. Tumulak,&nbsp;Mercy Y. Laurino","doi":"10.1002/jgc4.70197","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jgc4.70197","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While genetic counseling expands globally and serves increasingly diverse clients, its theory and practice remain shaped by an English-based, Western/European orientation. This is concerning because this assumes that the genetic counseling theory and practice appropriate in the Global North apply equally to the Global South. Recent calls urge decentering genetic counseling from Western foundations to reflect the lived realities of the clients it serves. We present an indigenized view of the genetic counselor-client relationship grounded in Filipino experiences, adopting <i>loob</i> (relational will) and <i>kapwa</i> (shared identity) from <i>Sikolohiyang Pilipino</i> (Filipino psychology) to explicate therapeutic relationships within the context of genetic counseling. This Filipinized view cultivates indigenous knowledge to reimagine genetic counseling as culturally sensitive and locally relevant. However, further research is needed to understand how these concepts manifest in practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":54829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Counseling","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147516325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical genetic counselors' perspectives on preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic conditions with reduced penetrance: A mixed methods study","authors":"Emily Ortiz,&nbsp;Daphne Oluwaseun Martschenko,&nbsp;Meghan Bombalicki,&nbsp;Sofia Horan,&nbsp;Hannah Llorin","doi":"10.1002/jgc4.70180","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jgc4.70180","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) can be performed on embryos known to be at high risk of inheriting a single gene condition, aiming to minimize the chance of a pregnancy affected by the disorder. While historically focused on reproductive risk reduction for well-understood and highly penetrant diseases, PGT technologies are now being considered for conditions with reduced penetrance and variable disease severity. This shift in utilization has been attributed to routine use of expanded carrier screening and panel-based testing. In the US, existing guidelines allow for clinician discretion on the appropriate use of PGT-M for various clinical indications. We surveyed US-based clinical genetic counselors (GCs) from August 2023 through November 2023 and received 86 completed responses. A mixed methods convergent design was utilized to create a survey that contained 24 closed-ended and 4 free-response case scenario questions. Quantitative data from closed-ended questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data from free-response cases were analyzed using inductive content analysis. The majority of GCs agreed that the severity of genetic conditions (77.9%) and the penetrance of a variant (76.8%) should be criteria considered for PGT-M regulation. However, respondents disagreed (44.2%) over whether allele frequency should be included in PGT-M regulation criteria. Several content categories arose from free text responses; select categories included (1) <i>Upholding patient autonomy is imperative</i>; (2) <i>Any clinical manifestations sufficient for offering PGT-M</i>; (3) <i>Treatable conditions have different considerations</i>; (4) <i>Pretest counseling is a crucial component</i>; (5) <i>Facilitating PGT-M discussions may not protect nonmaleficence</i>. Lack of standardization in how PGT-M is offered may lead to further inequities in patient care. The variation in agreement among GC respondents demonstrates the need for additional education and professional guidance on the utilization of PGT-M.</p>","PeriodicalId":54829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Genetic Counseling","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}