Journal of Sports Science and Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Muscle Oxygen Saturation Dynamics During Back Squat Exercise: The Influence of Intensity and Velocity Loss on Deoxygenation and Reoxygenation.","authors":"Shih-Hsuan Chan, Tsung-Lin Chiang, Yu-Chin Lin, Chu Chen, Li-Sun Hsu, Hsuan-Yun Wang, Huey-June Wu","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.555","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resistance training plays a key role in enhancing muscular performance; however, the effects of different combinations of loading intensity and velocity loss (VL) thresholds on muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂) dynamics during exercise remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to investigate the influence of intensity (60% vs. 80% one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and VL (20% vs. 40%) on SmO₂ responses during the back squat exercise. Eighteen resistance-trained males (age: 20.06 ± 1.63 years; height: 176.78 ± 6.45 cm; body mass: 70.26 ± 9.56 kg) performed four back squat protocols - 60%1RM-VL20% (60-20), 60%1RM-VL40% (60-40), 80%1RM-VL20% (80-20), and 80%1RM-VL40% (80-40) - using a repeated-measures, counterbalanced design. Each protocol comprised three sets with 5-minute inter-set rest periods. SmO₂ of the vastus lateralis was continuously monitored to determine changes in its magnitude and slope during exercise and recovery phases. Results revealed no significant differences were observed in the magnitude of SmO₂ decline across conditions, with values ranging from 47.28% to 57.67% across all sets (<i>p</i> > .05). The SmO₂ decline slope was significantly steeper (more negative) in the 80-20 condition (-1.71 to -2.04 %·s^-1) compared to both 60-20 (-0.80 to -1.13 %·s^-1) and 60-40 (-0.53 to -1.00 %·s^-1) across all sets (<i>p</i> < .001). No significant differences were observed in SmO₂ recovery slope during rest (range: 0.36-0.61 %·s^-1; <i>p</i> > .05). The present study demonstrated that combining 60% 1RM with a 40% VL% threshold elicited the slowest SmO₂ decline rate, potentially delaying fatigue onset and allowing greater repetition volume. Although both training intensity and velocity loss thresholds influenced muscle oxygenation dynamics, the rate of SmO₂ desaturation was particularly sensitive to changes in VL% thresholds under the 80% 1RM. These findings underscore the importance of integrating training intensity, VL% magnitude, and oxygenation dynamics when designing individualized resistance training protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 3","pages":"555-564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Potential Moderating Factors on Absolute Test-Retest Reliability of Grip Strength Measurements in Healthy Populations: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Takashi Abe, Jun Seob Song, Scott J Dankel, Ricardo B Viana, Akemi Abe, Jeremy P Loenneke","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.543","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grip strength, a biomarker, can be measured at any age; however, its values vary daily for each individual, which impacts the assessment. Absolute test-retest reliability (i.e., minimal difference, MD) is commonly defined as the variation in absolute values of measurements taken by a single person or instrument on the same item under identical conditions. Nevertheless, the potential moderators of absolute repeatability in grip strength measurements have not yet been fully elucidated. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis to examine the influence of potential moderating factors on the absolute test-retest repeatability of grip strength measurements in healthy populations. PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched up to January 2025 following the PRISMA guidelines, and 48 studies were included in this review. Age, test-retest interval, and device were used as potential moderating factors; however, sex and sports experience were excluded due to the limited number of published articles. We found considerable variation among studies reporting MD and percentage of MD to measured value (%MD) across each age group. The mean MD (%MD) values were 1.9 kg (25.4%) in young children (<7 years old), 2.5 kg (13.8%) in children (7-10 years old), 4.2 kg (17.1%) in adolescents (10-18 years old), 4.0 kg (11.6%) in young adults (18-35 years old), and 4.7 kg (16.7%) in older adults (>60 years old). Neither age [effect size [ES]: 0.015 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.004, 0.035; p = 0.113) for MD and ES: -0.025 (95% CI: -0.089, 0.039; p = 0.439) for %MD], test-retest interval [ES: 0.006 (95% CI: -0.002, 0.013; p = 0.143) for MD and ES: 0.022 (95% CI: -0.001, 0.046; p = 0.065) for %MD] nor handgrip device (p = 0.752 for MD and p = 0.334 for %MD) served as significant moderators of MD and %MD reliability. Due to the limited number of studies, sex and sports experience were excluded from the analysis; as a result, their impacts remain unknown.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 3","pages":"543-554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Running Economy in Amateur Runners: Evaluating VO₂ and Energy Cost with Model-based Normalization.","authors":"Jay Lee, Xiuli Zhang, Zhaowei Kong","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.684","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Submaximal oxygen uptake (VO_2sub) scaled by ratio is commonly used to evaluate running economy (RE) to reflect metabolic consumption at a given submaximal-intensity velocity. However, this method is questionable due to its neglect of substrate-related issues and the inherent mathematical discrepancies in ratio scaling. This study aimed to investigate the validity of ratio-scaled VO_2sub as a measure of RE by comparing it with allometric-scaled energy cost (E_c, kcal/kg^b/min). Sixty-nine recreationally active college students underwent VO_2max tests and discontinuous submaximal running assessments at three %VO_2max intensities. A 1000-meter test assessed running performance. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA compared changes in VO_2sub or E_c with increasing running intensities. Regression analysis explored methods for metabolic data standardization. Pearson correlation coefficient evaluated the effectiveness of standardization and the correlations between sports performance and RE scaled by different measures. Magnitude-based inferences were used to assess sex differences and probabilities of RE at each running intensity. Both VO_2sub and E_c significantly increased with increasing intensities, suggesting that VO_2sub is a valid quantification of RE. Allometric scaling is more suitable than ratio scaling for removing the influence of body weight on both E_c and VO_2sub, with females showing better RE. Allometric-scaled E_c was sensitive in detecting correlations with performance, strongest at 65% VO_2max. While VO_2sub is a valid quantification of RE, allometric scaling, rather than ratio scaling, should be used to normalize the RE quantification before performing reliable interindividual comparisons. The 2/3 law can be considered as the exponent b value for body weight. Additionally, 65%VO_2max intensity is recommended as the submaximal testing intensity in the RE test. Nonetheless, more studies with diverse samples are needed to confirm the validity.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 3","pages":"684-695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Maturation Level Influence Long-Term Physiological and Physical Adaptations in Youth Female Soccer Players Exposed to Combined Sided Games and HIIT? A Comparison Across Maturation Statuses.","authors":"Ying Zhou, Jing Liu, Liuxi Yang, Bosong Zheng","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.634","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a 6-week high-intensity interval training combined with small-sided games (HIIT&SSG) program on maximal strength, sprint performance, and aerobic capacity in female athletes and to examine how these effects vary across different stages of maturity (pre-, mid-, and post-peak height velocity [PHV]). Specifically, we sought to determine whether the improvements in performance outcomes were consistent across maturity groups or if the training effects differed based on the athletes' maturity status. Fifty-four female soccer players (aged 9-16 years) were categorized into pre-PHV, mid-PHV, and post-PHV maturity groups. Participants were randomly assigned to either an HIIT&SSG group (n = 27) or a control group (n = 27). The HIIT&SSG group performed two additional training sessions per week, focusing on 2v2 small-sided games and individualized high-intensity runs at 85% of their final velocity during the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT). Control continued their regular training routines. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) for maximal strength, 30-meter sprint time, and VIFT for aerobic capacity. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) for maximal strength, 30-meter sprint time, and VIFT for aerobic capacity. The HIIT&SSG group demonstrated large effect sizes for IMTP (ηp² = 0.996), 30-m sprint time (ηp² = 0.991), and VIFT (ηp² = 0.878), with substantial improvements in strength and aerobic capacity in mid- and post-PHV athletes. For IMTP, significant group differences were observed in mid-PHV (p = 0.021) and post-PHV athletes (p < 0.001). Post-PHV athletes also showed significantly faster 30-meter sprint times post-intervention (p < 0.001). VIFT improvements were significant across all maturity stages (Pre-PHV: p = 0.045; Mid-PHV: p < 0.001; Post-PHV: p < 0.001). Effect sizes for group differences ranged from moderate to large (ηp² = 0.540 to ηp² = 0.928). HIIT&SSG program is effective in enhancing maximal strength, sprint performance, and aerobic capacity, with particularly benefits for mid- and post-PHV athletes. However, the improvements in sprint performance were primarily observed in post-PHV athletes, which may limit the generalizability of these effects to all maturity stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 3","pages":"634-644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145041968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Playing Positions: Categorizing Soccer Players Based on Match-Specific Running Performance Using Machine Learning.","authors":"Michel de Haan, Stephan van der Zwaard, Jurrit Sanders, Peter J Beek, Richard T Jaspers","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.565","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soccer players are frequently categorized by playing positions, both in the scientific literature and in practice. However, the utility of this approach in evaluating physical match performance and optimizing physical training programs remains unclear. This study compares the effectiveness of categorizing soccer players by their playing position versus using unsupervised machine learning based on match-specific running performance. Match-specific running data were collected from 40 young elite male soccer players over two seasons. Thirty-one of these players completed a 20-meter sprint test and a maximal incremental treadmill test to measure maximal oxygen uptake. Players were categorized both by playing position and by subgroups derived through <i>k</i>-means clustering based on match-specific running performance. Differences in sprint capacity, endurance capacity, and match-specific running performance were compared between and within playing positions, as well as between and within clusters. The two categorization methods were further compared for variance within subgroups and standardized differences between subgroups for total distance (TD), low-intensity running (LIR), moderate-intensity running (MIR), high-intensity running (HIR), and sprint distance during matches. Match-specific running performance differed between playing positions, despite notable inter-individual differences in running intensities within playing positions. Clustering based on match-specific running performance revealed less variance within groups (TD: <i>P</i> = 0.049, LIR: <i>P</i> = 0.032, HIR: <i>P</i> = 0.033) and larger standardized differences between groups (LIR: <i>P</i> = 0.037, MIR: <i>P</i> = 0.041, HIR: <i>P</i> = 0.035, Sprint: <i>P</i> = 0.018) compared to grouping by playing position. Moreover, 20-meter sprint speed differed between the sprint and high intensity endurance clusters (25.22 vs 23.75 km/h, <i>P</i> = 0.012), but not between playing positions. Using unsupervised machine learning to categorize soccer players improves the identification of player groups with similar match-specific running performance, thereby supporting performance evaluation and contributing to the optimization of physical training.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 3","pages":"565-577"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Small-Sided Games and High-Intensity Interval Training on The Rating of Perceived Exertion in Soccer Players Across Competitive Levels: Controlling for Percentage of Heart Rate Reserve.","authors":"Weiqiang Xu, Robert Trybulski, Le Luo, Grzegorz Trybek, Waldemar Moska, Yufei Liu, Filipe Manuel Clemente","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.603","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.603","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated perceived exertion (RPE) differences among soccer players at two competitive levels - Tier 2 (trained) and Tier 3 (highly trained) - during small-sided games (SSGs) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), while controlling for internal physiological load using percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRreserve). Seventy-seven male university players from the China University Football Association participated (Tier 2: n = 37; Tier 3: n = 40). Each player underwent a fitness assessment to determine HRmax and HRrest, followed by four randomized training sessions: 5v5 SSGs, 1v1 SSGs, long HIIT, and short HIIT. Heart rate was continuously monitored, and players reported RPE using the Borg CR10 scale immediately post-session. A linear mixed-effects model was used, with competitive level and training format as fixed effects, and %HRreserve included as a statistical covariate. The analysis revealed a significant interaction between training format and competitive level (F(3, 224.761) = 3.20, p = .024), indicating that the influence of training format on RPE varied by competitive level. A significant main effect of training format was also found (F(3, 234.484) = 11.24, p < .001). Specifically, Tier 3 players reported higher RPE during short HIIT than Tier 2 players (p = .002). Both groups reported lower RPE during 5v5 SSGs compared to 1v1 SSGs and HIIT formats (all p ≤ .003). These findings show that training format influences RPE in a format- and tier-specific manner, even when accounting for internal physiological load. For coaches and sports scientists, larger-sided SSGs may be useful to reduce perceived exertion while maintaining cardiovascular demand. Future research should include elite players and assess psychological and physiological mediators to better understand the complex drivers of perceived effort.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 3","pages":"603-612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Foam Roller, and Massage Ball with and Without Vibration on Squat Load-Velocity Profile of Resistance Trained Adults.","authors":"José Carlos Aragão-Santos, Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto, David G Behm","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.485","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-massage tools such as foam rollers and massage balls are widely used in warm-ups and recovery, but their effects on dynamic strength tasks like squatting remain unclear. To compare the effects of a foam roller (FR), massage ball (MB), and vibrating massage ball (MBV) versus a control condition on squat load velocity profiles and associated electromyographic (EMG) activity in resistance-trained individuals. In this crossover study, fourteen experienced resistance-trained participants performed four experimental conditions: FR, MB, MBV, and control. After an initial session for incremental load testing and protocol familiarization, each participant performed eight back squats before and after each experimental session, while movement velocity, hip vertical displacement (range of motion), and EMG of the vastus lateralis and semimembranosus were recorded. MBV produced a significant increase in quadriceps EMG during the fastest repetition (β = 0.107; p = 0.003). In contrast, all interventions elicited a reduction in the second fastest repetition versus control (FR: β = -0.033, p = 0.005; MB: β = -0.025, p = 0.029; MBV: β = -0.036, p = 0.002). Moreover, both FR and MBV similarly decreased third fastest repetition and mean velocities relative to control (FR: third fastest repetition β = -0.025, p = 0.027; mean β = -0.046, p = 0.046; MBV: third fastest repetition β = -0.032, p = 0.005; mean velocity β = -0.031, p = 0.004). There were no significant changes in the hip vertical displacement. All self-massage conditions modestly impaired squat velocity, with the MB showing the least detrimental effect on performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 3","pages":"485-494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Stability of The Handgrip Strength Measurements in University Students.","authors":"Takashi Abe, Scott J Dankel, Yoshimitsu Kohmura, Jeremy P Loenneke, Koya Suzuki","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.707","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Handgrip strength, a component of physical fitness tests and a biomarker of future health, is typically measured annually. However, no studies have looked at the consistency of these measurements over time. We investigated the reliability of handgrip strength measurements among university students who take the test annually. Our data included 3649 students (2769 males and 880 females) who were tested annually over their four years in university. Results showed a significant difference in absolute errors across the three test-retest intervals (p < 0.001). Specifically, the 1-year longitudinal reproducibility was significantly better than the reproducibility at 2-years and 3-years. There were no differences in longitudinal reproducibility between the 2-year and 3-year time points (p = 0.490). The minimal difference values at the 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year time points were 7.70, 8.33, and 8.35 kg, respectively. When comparing the percentage of coefficient variation (%CV) values, the reliability was better in males than in females (p = 0.025). The difference in the %CV between sexes was 0.27 (95% CI: 0.03-0.52) %. When examining the results using absolute error, the results were reversed, with females having lower absolute error values than males (p < 0.001). The reliability values were better for the digital handgrip device as compared to the analog device (p < 0.001). These findings can help evaluate the consistency of handgrip strength measurements made annually. When measured annually in young adults, a change of at least approximately 20% (calculated using %MD in both sexes) in the measured values is necessary to indicate a change confidently.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 3","pages":"707-711"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Acute and Repeated Ischemic Preconditioning on Recovery from Muscle Fatigue after High-Intensity Swim Training in Male Amateur Swimmers.","authors":"Ying Wu, Zihan Fan, Zhou Wang, Jiawei Lv, Nan Yang","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.696","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the effects of acute and repeated ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on recovery following high-intensity swim training. Thirty male amateur freestyle swimmers (21 ± 1 years, with at least 2 years of training experience) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: sham IPC (SHAM, n = 10, 4×5 min, 20 mmHg), acute IPC (AIPC, n = 10, 4×5 min, 220 mmHg), or repeated IPC (RIPC, n = 10, 7 days×4×5 min, 220 mmHg). A 7×200m swim incremental load training was conducted 20 minutes after the intervention. External load measures (grip strength, upper limb work, lower limb relative peak torque, average power) and internal load measures [limb circumferences, creatine kinase (CK), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP)] were recorded at baseline, immediately, 24h and 48h post exercise. For external load, RIPC exhibited higher upper limb total work and average power than SHAM at all post-training points (<i>P</i> < 0.05), while AIPC exceeded SHAM at 48h (<i>P</i> < 0.05). For internal load, immediately post-training, RIPC had higher T-AOC, lower MDA and IL-6 than the other two groups (<i>P</i> < 0.05); AIPC showed lower MDA than SHAM (<i>P</i> < 0.05). At 24h, RIPC had higher T-AOC than the other two groups; both RIPC and AIPC had lower MDA and IL-6 than SHAM (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Moreover, RIPC had lower CK than SHAM at 24h and 48h (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Findings indicated that both AIPC and RIPC, compared to SHAM, promoted internal and external recovery following intensive swim training, with RIPC being more effective. These results suggest that incorporating repeated IPC sessions into athletes' training routines could be a practical strategy to optimize recovery and improve subsequent performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 3","pages":"696-706"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Exercise on Immune System Markers in Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Estela C Oliveira, Inês R Correia, Ana V Bernardino, Megan Hetherington-Rauth, Sofia Boavida, Luís B Sardinha, João P Magalhães","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2025.645","DOIUrl":"10.52082/jssm.2025.645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review aimed to analyze the impact of aerobic, resistance, combined, and mind-body exercise on the cellular markers of the immune system in cancer patients and survivors. Pubmed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases were searched to identify pertinent randomized controlled trials that looked at the effect of exercise interventions on cellular markers of immune system. Risk of Bias 2 (RoB2) Tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of each study. Of the 20 investigations included, 8 observed beneficial results on the effect of aerobic, resistance, combined, and mind-body exercise on immune cells in cancer patients and survivors when compared to control groups. Observed changes included increases in natural killer (NK) cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and dendritic cell marker DC11c⁺ cytotoxicity, immunoglobulin A, total white blood cells, lymphocytes, NK cell percentages, and NK cell receptor expression (NKG2D⁺ and KIR2DL3⁺). Additionally, NK cell infiltration into healthy prostatic tissue and platelet counts were modulated in some studies. Risk of bias was rated as low in 35% of studies, with 45% classified as high risk, mainly due to randomization and intervention deviations. Exercise, particularly aerobic and mind-body modalities, may improve innate and adaptive immune responses in cancer patients and survivors, although effects were not consistent across all interventions or immune outcomes. More high-quality studies involving diverse types, intensities, and durations of physical exercise are needed during different cancer phases and stages of treatment. <i>Registration Number:</i> CRD42022370010.</p>","PeriodicalId":54765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":"24 3","pages":"645-665"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418200/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}