Oceanography最新文献

{"title":"The Technological, Scientific, and Sociological Revolution of Global Subsurface Ocean Observing","authors":"D. Roemmich, L. Talley, N. Zilberman, E. Osborne, Kenneth S. Johnson, L. Barbero, H. Bittig, N. Briggs, A. Fassbender, Gregory Johnson, Brian King, E. McDonagh, S. Purkey, S. Riser, T. Suga, Y. Takeshita, V. Thierry, S. Wijffels","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41641337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Two Soundscapes: An Opportunity to Assess the Dominance of Biophony Versus Anthropophony","authors":"Maria Paula Rey Baquero, Clea Parcerisas, K. Seger, Christina E Perazio, Natalia Botero Acosta, Felipe Mesa, Andrea Luna Acosta, D. Botteldooren, E. Debusschere","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-24","url":null,"abstract":"Sound travels further through water than light and is one reason why many marine animals use sound to communicate and gain information about their surroundings. Scientists collect recordings of these underwater sounds to gain information on species’ habitat use, abundance, distribution, density, and behavior. In waters where visibility is severely limited or access is difficult or cost-intensive, passive acoustic monitoring is a particularly important technique for obtaining such biological information over space and time. The “soundscape” of an ecosystem is defined as the characterization of all the acoustic sources present in a certain place (Wilford et al., 2021). A soundscape includes three fundamental sound source types (Figure 1): (1) anthropophony, or sounds associated with human activity; (2) biophony, or sounds produced by animals; and (3) geophony, or sounds generated by physical events such as waves, earthquakes, or rain (Pijanowski et al., 2011). Studying soundscapes can provide biological information for a specific habitat, which could then be linked to ecosystem health status and other bioindicators. This information can be used to monitor the habitat over time, allowing for rapid detection of habitat degradation, such as in response to human-driven events. Comparison of Two Soundscapes: An Opportunity to Assess the Dominance of Biophony Versus Anthropophony","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47702666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Differences in NSF Ocean Sciences Awards","authors":"I. Lima, J. Rheuban","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.401","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we examine how women’s representation in National Science Foundation Ocean Sciences (NSF-OCE) awards changed between 1987 and 2019 and how it varied across different programs, research topics, and award types. Women’s participation in NSF-OCE awards increased at a rate of approximately 0.6% per year from about 10% in 1987 to 30% in 2019, and the strong similarity between the temporal trends in the NSF-OCE awards and the academic workforce suggests that there was no gender bias in NSF funding throughout the 33-year study period. The programs, topics, and award types related to education showed the strongest growth, achieving and surpassing parity with men, while those related to the acquisition of shared instrumentation and equipment for research vessels had the lowest women’s representation and showed relatively little change over time. Despite being vastly outnumbered by men, women principal investigators (PIs) tended to do more collaborative work and had a more diversified “portfolio” of research and research-related activities than men. We also found no evidence of gender bias in the amount awarded to men and women PIs during the study period. These results show that, despite significant increases in women’s participation in oceanography over the past three decades, women have still not reached parity with men. Although there appears to be no gender bias in funding decisions or amount awarded, there are significant differences between women’s participation in specific research subject areas that may reflect overall systemic biases in oceanography and academia more broadly. These results highlight areas where further investment is needed to improve women’s representation.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48077126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Experiment in the Baltic Sea Shows that Dispersed Oil Droplets Can Be Distinguished by Remote Sensing","authors":"Kamila Haule, W. Freda, H. Toczek, Karolina Borzycka, S. Sagan, M. Darecki","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49138815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Remote Sensing and GIS to Identifying Marine Fisheries off the Coasts of Kenya and Tanzania","authors":"Damaris Mutia, I. Sailale","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-18","url":null,"abstract":"10°S 38°E 38°E 38°E 42°E 42°E 42°E 40°E 40°E 40°E 44°E 44°E 44°E 0 100 200 300 Kilometers Two case studies demonstrate that the application of satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques can inform the development and improvement of fishing policies and fishery management in Kenya and Tanzania. Artisanal coastal fishing communities in both countries still rely on traditional methods to identify fishing grounds. The rudimentary techniques they use are based on conservative hunting methods that rely on recurrent experiences and evidence gathering among fisherfolk. However, multiple environmental factors determine the spatial structure and distribution of pelagic fisheries (Planque et al., 2011), and marine organisms are highly vulnerable to the rapid variations in oceanographic conditions that are being accelerated by global changes. These changes contribute to the broad diversity in species distribution and assemblages in space and time, further complicating fishers’ quests for productive grounds. Biophysical indicators of the sea surface environment such as temperature and chlorophyll concentration may serve as important determinants of the presence of marine life. Physical processes in the upper ocean such as currents, waves, and tides stimulate biological processes that ultimately determine the distribution of pelagic fish (Solanki et al., 2005). A thorough understanding of key environmental parameters and their influence on pelagic fish distribution can inform exploration for prospective fishing zones. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is a measure of the algae present in seawater and can be used as an indicator of fish production. The microscopic algae form the top of the marine food web and are consumed by zooplankton and small fish, which are then consumed by larger fish. Similarly, sea surface temperature (SST) is a significant physical factor that strongly influences the physiology and growth of ocean life, including phytoplankton and all other organisms at higher trophic levels (Tang et al., 2003), and can be used to help identify fishing grounds. Collecting measurements of oceanographic parameters from boats over large areas is time consuming and expensive and can be impractical for identifying commercially viable fishing areas due to the dynamic nature of the ocean. Consequently, there is a need for more effective methods that can capture changes instantaneously over broad regions. Satellite sensors can be used to gather information on global ocean SST and Chl-a concentration at relatively high resolutions over broad regions and long time periods. Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques can then be used to integrate satellite images with spatial databases (e.g., Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, PostgreSQL) and statistical techniques to inform fisheries management. A pilot case study in Kenya involved the discovery of potential yellowfin tuna fishing grounds using satellite data on oceanographic parameters selected based on their ","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43823074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Ocean Observing Coupled with Community Engagement Improves Tsunami Early Warning","authors":"D. Sumy, Sara K. Mcbride, Christa von Hillebrandt-Andrade, M. Kohler, J. Orcutt, S. Kodaira, K. Moran, D. McNamara, T. Hori, E. Vanacore, B. Pirenne, J. Collins","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-27","url":null,"abstract":"FIGURE 1. Schematic of ocean-based geophysical instrumentation and data communications installation. A wave glider and a Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) tsunameter communicate with a satellite. An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) collects data from the water column for later transmission via the satellite. Other instrumentation includes a recoverable geodetic transponder, a trawl-resistant and current-protected seismometer, and a self-calibrating pressure gauge. The 2004 magnitude (M) 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Islands earthquake in the Indian Ocean triggered the deadliest tsunami ever, killing more than 230,000 people. In response, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) established three additional Intergovernmental Coordination Groups (ICGs) for the Tsunami and Other Coastal Hazards Early Warning System: for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (ICG/CARIBE-EWS), for the Indian Ocean, and for the Northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Connected Seas. Along with the ICG for the Pacific Ocean, which was established in 1965, one of the goals of the new ICGs was to improve earthquake and tsunami monitoring and early warning. This need was further demonstrated by the 2011 Great East Japan (Tōhoku-oki) earthquake and tsunami, which killed more than 20,000 people, and other destructive tsunamis that occurred in the Solomon Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Chile, Indonesia, and Peru. In response to the call to action by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021– 2030), as well as the desired safe ocean outcome (von Hillebrandt-Andrade et al., 2021), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO approved the Ocean Decade Tsunami Programme in June 2021. One of its goals is to develop the capability to issue actionable alerts for tsunamis from all sources with minimum uncertainty within 10 minutes (Angove et al., 2019). While laudable, this goal presents complexities. Currently, warning depends on quick detection as well as the location and initial magnitude estimates of an earthquake that may generate a tsunami. Other factors that affect tsunamis, such as the faulting mechanism (how the faults slide past each other) and areal extent of the earthquake, currently take at least 20–30 minutes to forecast and are still subject to large uncertainties. Hence, agencies charged with tsunami early warning need to broadcast public alerts within minutes after an earthquake occurs but may struggle to meet this 10-minute goal without further technological advances, some of which are outlined in this article. To reduce loss of life through adequate tsunami warning requires global ocean-based seismic, sea level, and geodetic initiatives to detect high-impact earthquakes and tsunamis, combined with sufficient communication and education so that people know how to respond when they receive alerts and warnings. The United Nations","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45519225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperspectral Radiometry on Biogeochemical-Argo Floats: A Bright Perspective for Phytoplankton Diversity","authors":"E. Organelli, E. Leymarie, O. Zielinski, J. Uitz, F. D’Ortenzio, H. Claustre","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-33","url":null,"abstract":"By installing biogeochemical sensors on 1,000 autonomous Argo profiling floats across the globe, the Biogeochemical (BGC)-Argo program is the only network capable of providing detailed observations of the physics, chemistry, and biology of the top 2,000 m of our ocean up to every 10 days, even in remote regions and during unfavorable conditions for manual sampling. This rapidly expanding network will yield large amounts of data that will help us understand marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry, evaluate the impact of increasing human-derived pressures on Earth’s climate, and develop science-based solutions for sustainable ocean and climate management. Officially established in 2016, the International BGC-Argo program has built its mission on five science pillars and two management needs. One of the grand science challenges, and also a primary element for improving management of all living marine resources, is observing the composition of phytoplankton communities (BGC-Argo Planning Group, 2016). These microscopic, drifting, unicellular algae use sunlight and seawater to transform the carbon dioxide exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean into oxygen and complex organic compounds. Phytoplankton create enough energy to benefit the entire food chain, from zooplankton to top predators. Phytoplankton are so diverse that collectively they maintain a variety of biogeochemical and ecosystem functions, including carbon cycling and storage. These organisms display a wide variety of types, sizes, shapes, photosynthetic efficiencies, pigmentations, and light absorption properties. While various methods can be used to identify phytoplankton, the traditional method requires water samples taken at sea and experts using microscopes to identify species, distinguishing features such as size and shape. A newer, more high-tech method employs satellite observations of ocean color to provide information on cellular Hyperspectral Radiometry on Biogeochemical-Argo Floats: A Bright Perspective for Phytoplankton Diversity","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48428737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Boundary Currents Using Ocean Observing Infrastructure","authors":"T. Morris, D. Rudnick, J. Sprintall, J. Hermes, G. Goñi, Justine Parks, F. Bringas, E. Heslop","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-07","url":null,"abstract":"0° FIGURE 2. Trajectories and nearsurface velocity estimates from Global Drifter Program drifters in the western Pacific and marginal seas. Paths of various boundary currents are clearly visible. From Todd et al. (2018) Boundary currents dominate the poleward transport of warm water and the equatorward transport of cold water and are major drivers of climate variability, extreme weather events (e.g.,hurricanes), and marine heatwaves (Figure 1). The western boundary regions have some of the most dynamic and energetic currents in the ocean and are key to the transport of mass, heat, salt, biogeochemical properties, and plankton. The eastern boundary currents are often upwelling systems that comprise some of the most biologically productive regions in the world. Boundary currents in marginal seas provide the major means of exchange with the open ocean and impact regional ecosystems. Communication between the coast and open ocean is regulated by the boundary currents that flow along the continental slopes, affecting ecosystems, sea level, flood levels, erosion, and commercial activity. Current strategies used to monitor boundary currents vary and are composed of individual and partially coordinated efforts. At global scales, the Argo array of profiling floats collects a growing suite of ocean physical and biogeochemical parameters, providing comprehensive coverage offshore of the continental shelf. Satellite measurements of sea surface height, temperature, salinity, and ocean color clearly identify the signals of mesoscale features at the ocean surface. Surface drifters take measurements of currents (e.g., Figure 2). The need for finer spatial and temporal resolution closer to shore is addressed with more regionally focused efforts (Figure 3). Ocean gliders provide sustained or targeted observations across a few boundary current systems that connect the coast to the open ocean. The OceanSites network of moorings has some of the longest in situ time series at strategic locations within Monitoring Boundary Currents Using Ocean Observing Infrastructure","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49323949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Generational Shift in Ocean Stewardship","authors":"Alfredo Giron‐Nava, H. Harden‐Davies","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.402","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2021 marked the beginning of the United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The world now has fewer than 10 years to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In this article, we reflect on some of the challenges and opportunities this presents for Early Career Ocean Professionals (ECOPs) who will be instrumental in designing, delivering, and using ocean knowledge toward a more sustainable and equitable future. How can Ocean Decade programs and partnerships equip ECOPs with the necessary tools, skills, and opportunities to engage meaningfully with policy processes and to develop practical solutions for societal benefit? We propose some key questions for discussion among ocean scientists, ocean-dependent communities, and policymakers.","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45900862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Integrated Observing System for Monitoring Marine Debris and Biodiversity","authors":"N. Maximenko, A. Palacz, L. Biermann, J. Carlton, L. Centurioni, M. Crowley, J. Hafner, L. Haram, Rebecca R Helm, Verena Hormann, C. Murray, Gregory Ruiz, A. Shcherbina, J. Stopa, D. Streett, T. Tanhua, Cynthia Wright, C. Zabin","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54695,"journal":{"name":"Oceanography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41568871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}