Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of Amathematical and Physical Character最新文献

{"title":"The excitation of band systems by electron impact","authors":"G. Langstroth","doi":"10.1098/rspa.1934.0145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1934.0145","url":null,"abstract":"The relative positions of the more intense bands of a system in the usual square array can be predicted by classical methods (the Frank-Condon principle) from the potential curves for the initial and final states. This procedure is upheld in its essentials by wave mechanics, and a further wave mechanics development permits the calculation of transition probabilities in emission in band systems of symmetric diatomic molecules. The essential features of the theory are that relatively massive nuclei may be assumed not to respond immediately to changes in the electronic arrangement of the molecule, and that one need not evaluate that part of the electric moment directly concerned with such electronic rearrangements. These circumstances reduce the problem to one for simple oscillators with known potential functions. For a complete theory of the relative intensities, however, the details of the accompanying phenomenon of excitation must be known. While these are necessarily extremely complicated for bands emitted from different initial electronic states, a considerable simplification may be expected for bands emitted from the same electronic state. The problem of the relative excitation probabilities then forms the excitation analogue of the Frank-Condon principle.","PeriodicalId":54559,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of Amathematical and Physical Character","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1934-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.1934.0145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62075683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The conductivities of tetraethylammonium and ammonium salts in methyl alcohol","authors":"A. Unmack, E. Bullock, Dave Murray-Rust, H. Hartley","doi":"10.1098/RSPA.1931.0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSPA.1931.0110","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 If the motion of an electrolytic ion in an electric field obeys Stokes’s law and its effective radius remains unchanged in different solvents, then its velocity should be inversely proportional to the viscosity of the solvent,\u0000 i. e\u0000 .,\u0000 l\u0000 0\u0000 X η = constant. The investigations of Walden have shown that this relationship, known as Walden’s rule, only holds good for certain large organic ions which therefore are presumed to be unsolvated. The NE\u0000 t\u0000 4\u0000 +\u0000 ion is of particular interest in this respect, since its salts have been studied by Walden in a number of solvents ; he has shown that the quantity A\u0000 0\u0000 X η is approximately constant for tetraethylammonium picrate both in different solvents and over a range of temperature in each. Owing to the lack of transport number data, the mobility of the NE\u0000 t\u0000 4\u0000 +\u0000 ion is only known directly in water, methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol. Its value in these solvents is of considerable practical importance, since Ulich has used the average value of the product\u0000 l\u0000 0\u0000 X η to calculate ionic mobilities in other solvents in which no transport numbers are at present available and in which they would be extremely difficult to measure in dilute solution. The value of the mobility of the tetraethylammonium ion in methyl alcohol is based solely on measurements with the picrate, apart from some early measurements with the iodide. The primary object of the present investigation was to measure the conductivity of a number of tetraethylammonium salts in methyl alcohol in order to obtain confirmatory evidence of its mobility. In addition, the conductivities of some ammonium salts have been determined in order to compare the mobilities of the simple and the tetra-substituted ammonium ion. It is remarkable that in spite of its complexity the NE\u0000 t\u0000 4\u0000 +\u0000 ion (\u0000 l\u0000 0\u0000 = 62) moves faster than the NH4\u0000 +\u0000 ion (\u0000 l\u0000 0\u0000 = 58) and has a higher mobility in methyl alcohol than any cation except cæsium (\u0000 l\u0000 0\u0000 = 62·3 ) and hydrogen (\u0000 l\u0000 0\u0000 = 142), just as the symmetrical ClO\u0000 4\u0000 -\u0000 ion is faster than the simple chlorine ion.\u0000","PeriodicalId":54559,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of Amathematical and Physical Character","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1931-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSPA.1931.0110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62075142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discussion on the structure of the atom.","authors":"E. Rutherford","doi":"10.1098/rspa.1914.0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1914.0107","url":null,"abstract":"When the secretary of the Royal Society asked me to open a discussion on the structure of the atom, I very gladly acceded, for I felt that it was a subject which would be of interest to many members of the Society, even if their own investigations are not directly connected with this special field of enquiry. I should first like to point out that a large part of the work in modern physics for the last 20 years has been intimately connected with the problem of the structure of the atom, and several very powerful methods of attack have recently been developed to throw light on its structure.","PeriodicalId":54559,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of Amathematical and Physical Character","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1914-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.1914.0107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62074579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relation between the Crystal Symmetry of the Simpler Organic Compounds and their Molecular Constitution.- Part III","authors":"W. Wahl","doi":"10.1098/rspa.1914.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1914.0029","url":null,"abstract":"The investigation of the crystalline properties of the simpler organic bodies, gaseous or liquid at Ordinary temperature, has been described in Parts I and II.* In this paper the experimental results will be discussed with regard to their bearing upon the problem of the relationship between molecular constitution and crystal symmetry. In order to facilitate a comparison the experimental results are summarised in the table on p. 2. As seen from the table, more than 50 per cent, of the substances investigated are polymorphic, and to this class nearly all the substances which contain only one carbon atom belong. The question therefore arises which one of the crystalline modifications of a substance is to be compared with the one or the other form of another substance, or with the crystals of a substance of which only one modification is known. In most of the cases investigated very little is known with regard to the modification stable at low temperature, and thus for practical reasons only the form crystallising directly out of the liquid state can be taken into account.","PeriodicalId":54559,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of Amathematical and Physical Character","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1913-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.1914.0029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62074379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial double refraction, due to æolotropic distribution, with application to colloidal solutions and magnetic fields","authors":"T. Havelock","doi":"10.1098/rspa.1906.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1906.0016","url":null,"abstract":"In 1902 Majorana described some new effects observed on placing in a uniform magnetic field certain solutions of dialysed iron, such as that of Bravais. The solution was found to become doubly refracting like a positive or negative uniaxal crystal, with its axis parallel to the lines of magnetic force. A formal theory of the phenomena given by Voigt consisted in adding to the ordinary electrical equations terms of the second order, representing the action of the magnetic field upon the natural vibrations of the medium. Previously to these experiments, Kerr had obtained a negative double refraction in submitting to a magnetic field a medium composed of pure water containing invisibly fine particles of Fe3O4, his explanation of the effect being that the particles might be supposed to join together into filaments along the lines of magnetic force.","PeriodicalId":54559,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of Amathematical and Physical Character","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.1906.0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62073828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First photographs of the canals of Mars","authors":"P. Lowell","doi":"10.1098/rspa.1906.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1906.0010","url":null,"abstract":"To make the canals of Mars write their own record on a photographic plate, so that astronomers might have at first hand objective proof of their reality, has long been one of the objects of this observatory. The endeavour has at last succeeded. Unnecessary as such corroboration was to the observers themselves, it is different with the world at large; for the work of the camera at once puts the canals in a position where scientists in general, as well as astronomers in particular, are able to judge the phenomena. The difficulties in the way, however, at first proved insuperable. The main markings of the planet were secured by the camera here four years ago, but to get the canals to show was a matter of an altogether different order of difficulty from that of celestial photography in general. This will be appreciated on recalling Richey’s excellent photographs of the moon, within the wall of one of whose smaller craters the whole disc of the planet might be enclosed. When it is further considered that the delicate detail on this disc bears to it the same relative ratio that the craters themselves do to the whole moon, the almost impossible task of reproducing the canals will be understood.","PeriodicalId":54559,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of Amathematical and Physical Character","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.1906.0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62072396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The combination of hydrogen and oxygen in contact with hot surfaces","authors":"W. Bone, R. V. Wheeler","doi":"10.1098/rspa.1906.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1906.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have made a systematic investigation of the slow combination of hydrogen and oxygen in contact with various heated surfaces, including porous porcelain, magnesia, metals such as gold, silver, platinum and nickel, and reducible oxides such as ferric oxide, nickel oxide, and copper oxide. In each case the moist gaseous mixture was circulated at a uniform speed over the surface, which was maintained at a constant temperature in the combustion tube of the “circulation apparatus” employed by the authors in their researches on the slow combustion of hydrocarbons.","PeriodicalId":54559,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of Amathematical and Physical Character","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.1906.0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62073432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiments on the chemical behaviour of argon and helium","authors":"W. Cooke","doi":"10.1098/rspa.1906.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1906.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Historical and Introductory. —The discoverers of argon, Rayleigh and Ramsay, showed that when subjected to very severe chemical treatment the gas failed to combine with any other element. Later on Collie and Ramsay also showed that helium resembled argon in being chemically inactive. Moissan and Berthelot both carried out experiments with argon, but neither obtained real proof of any power of argon to enter into chemical combination. It has always been assumed that if union of argon or helium with any other element occurred the action would be strongly endothermic, and experiments have always been framed in such a way as to impart to the system a plentiful supply of energy.","PeriodicalId":54559,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of Amathematical and Physical Character","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.1906.0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62073555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The determination of the osmotic pressures of solutions by the measurement of their vapour pressures","authors":"Randal Thomas Mowbray Rawdon Berkeley, E. Hartley","doi":"10.1098/rspa.1906.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1906.0015","url":null,"abstract":"In May, 1903, we described, in a preliminary paper, some experiments by which we had measured directly the osmotic pressures of strong solutions of cane sugar in water. Since then a repetition of the experiments with an improved apparatus has been carried out, the results of which we hope to publish very shortly. As these results depart widely from the theoretical gas laws, it was deemed advisable to obtain the osmotic pressures of the same solutions by an independent method; and an experimental investigation of the well known connection between the “lowering” of the vapour pressure of a solution and its osmotic pressure seemed suitable.","PeriodicalId":54559,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of Amathematical and Physical Character","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.1906.0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62073769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The periodogram and its optical analogy","authors":"A. Schuster","doi":"10.1098/rspa.1906.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1906.0011","url":null,"abstract":"I have recently applied the periodogram method to the investigation of several fluctuating quantities, and the experience thus gained has led me to modify slightly the original definition. Having always laid stress on the fact that the periodogram supplies by calculation the transformation which the spectroscope instrumentally impresses on a luminous disturbance, I may now enter a little more closely into this optical analogy, and thus lead up to what I hope will be the final definition. Consider a parallel beam of light falling on a grating, the reflected light being collected at the focus of an observing telescope in the usual way. For simplicity of calculation I assume that the grating considered is of a particular type, which, in a former paper, I have called a simple grating. Such a grating only gives two spectra of the first order.","PeriodicalId":54559,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of Amathematical and Physical Character","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1906-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.1906.0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62072469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}