Environmental Monitoring and Assessment最新文献

{"title":"Land use patterns influenced the quality and climate resilience of soil in the Brahmaputra Valley at the Himalayan foothill in India","authors":"Prabhat Pramanik,&nbsp;Jyoti Shekhar Majumdar,&nbsp;Pallavi Kalita,&nbsp;Priyanuz Goswami,&nbsp;Sounak Sarkar,&nbsp;Aniruddhya Sarkar,&nbsp;Anil Thakur","doi":"10.1007/s10661-026-15371-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-026-15371-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Brahmaputra Valley in Northeast India belongs to the sub-tropical humid climatic condition with mean annual rainfall of 2500 mm. Northeast India has a high forest cover and it accounts for about 21% of the total forest area in spite of covering only 8% of the nation’s land area. It was estimated that the forest area is shrinking due to expansion of rice cultivation and tea and rubber plantation in this region. In this study, soil samples were collected from Nameri National Park near Tezpur, Assam, India, and surrounding commercial tea gardens and rice fields for evaluating the effect of changed land use on soil quality and sustainability. The land-use pattern has a considerable impact on the organic carbon pool in soil, and the carbon management index (CMI) in tea and rice was estimated at 82.09 and 38.70, respectively. The lability indices (LI) of tea and rice fields were 0.983 ± 0.114 and 0.675 ± 0.095, respectively, while LI of forest soil was 1.178 ± 0.183. The carbon degradation potential (CDP) of rice cultivation (0.765) was much higher than tea plantations (0.440). The carbon deterioration potential (CDP) of rice paddy soils was estimated at 0.765, and such a high CDP value was attributed to 650 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ organic C loss for rice fields of this region. These data indicated that immediate adaptation of suitable soil management strategies is required for sustaining and then restoring the soil quality of rice fields in this region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"198 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating PM2.5 acidity using thermodynamic models and source contributions in Eastern India","authors":"Abisheg Dhandapani,&nbsp;Jawed Iqbal,&nbsp;Radhakrishnan Naresh Kumar,&nbsp;Delwin Pullokaran,&nbsp;Diksha Haswani,&nbsp;Deeksha Shukla,&nbsp;Ramya Sunder Raman","doi":"10.1007/s10661-026-15251-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-026-15251-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) pollution over India, particularly across the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), is strongly influenced by secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) formed from abundant alkaline and acidic precursors; however, aerosol acidity and aerosol water content (AWC) remain poorly constrained outside major urban centres. This study presents one of the first thermodynamic model-based, seasonally resolved estimates of fine-mode aerosol pH and AWC from a regional receptor site in eastern India, within the COALESCE (Carbonaceous Aerosols Emission, Source Apportionment and Climate Impacts) framework. Aerosol pH was evaluated using the ISORROPIA-II and E-AIM thermodynamic models in both forward and reverse modes. ISORROPIA forward-mode simulations, which used particle-phase composition alone, yielded physically reasonable, unimodal pH distributions and reduced sensitivity to ion balance uncertainties. Using this framework, aerosols at Mesra were consistently acidic to moderately acidic, with pronounced seasonal variability; annual mean pH ranged from 1.97 ± 0.81 to 3.14 ± 0.71 across sensitivity simulations. AWC exhibited a strong seasonal dependence, with maxima during winter and post-monsoon (~ 36 µg m⁻³) and minima during the pre-monsoon period (~ 6 µg m⁻³). Aerosol pH covaried positively with AWC and relative humidity and negatively with temperature, reflecting thermodynamic shifts between nitrate- and sulfate-dominated regimes. Principal component analysis identified SIA formation as the dominant contributor to water-soluble inorganic ions, with additional influences from biomass burning, coal combustion, crustal dust, and sea salt. These results provide region-specific constraints on aerosol acidity in eastern India, offering critical insights for air quality management.</p>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"198 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of potentially toxic elements and 137Cs deposition in Polesie State Radiation and Ecological Reserve, Belarus using moss biomonitoring technique","authors":"Nikita Yushin,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Ghoneim,&nbsp;Aleksander Nikitin,&nbsp;Egor Mischenko,&nbsp;Diana Suhareva,&nbsp;Olga Shurankova,&nbsp;Galina Leferd,&nbsp;Aliaksandr Sudnik,&nbsp;Evgeny Shavalda,&nbsp;Inga Zinicovscaia","doi":"10.1007/s10661-026-15333-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-026-15333-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Polesie State Radiation and Ecological Reserve, which encompasses the Belarusian sector of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, provides a critical natural laboratory for studying long-term environmental contamination. This investigation utilized the moss as a bioindicator to evaluate the spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements, Al, Ba, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, P, Pb, Sr, V, S, Zn, Ni, and Hg, and the radionuclide ¹³⁷Cs across the reserve. The results demonstrate significant spatial heterogeneity in contaminant distribution, with ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations ranging over two orders of magnitude (385–44,300 Bq/kg). Multivariate approaches (factor and correlation analyses) revealed distinct geochemical signatures: crustal elements (Al-Fe-Cr-V-Co-Ba-Sr-Mn) associated with natural soil composition, possible contaminants (Cu-Zn-Cd-Pb-S-P-Hg-Ni) reflecting anthropogenic legacy, and ¹³⁷Cs showing independent behavior. The calculated ecological indices, including the Contamination Factor, Pollution Load Index, and Enrichment Factor, revealed the presence of localized hotspots with moderate to severe levels of contamination (CF: 2–10.3 for Cd, Pb, V, Mn; PLI: 0.8–1.3; EF &gt; 10 for Mn, P, Hg, Zn, Cu), highlighting residual anthropogenic influences. These findings demonstrate moss biomonitoring as an effective tool for assessing radioactive and elemental contamination, providing valuable insights for ecological risk management in post-accident environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"198 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal evolution and driving forces analysis of ecological environment quality in mining areas of the Yellow River Basin—interpretable modeling based on XGBoost-SHAP","authors":"Houtian Zhang,&nbsp;Hidong Wang,&nbsp;Yiheng Jiao","doi":"10.1007/s10661-026-15305-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-026-15305-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As China's most critical coal production base, the Yellow River Basin faces pressing scientific challenges in elucidating the impacts of coal mining on regional ecological quality under its ecological protection and high-quality development strategy. This study systematically evaluates spatiotemporal evolution patterns and threshold effects of ecological quality across four representative mining areas during 2000–2023, employing an integrated XGBoost-SHAP model combined with cold/hot spot analysis, trend detection, and coefficient of variation methods. Key findings include (1) basin-wide ecological quality demonstrates fluctuating improvement (20% area expansion in enhanced zones); (2) ecological degradation cores are concentrated between the Ordos Plateau and Helan Mountains, with 50.1% of areas maintaining stability versus 32.3% exhibiting significant fluctuations; (3) soil moisture dominates basin-wide influences (48%), followed by population density (10%) and evapotranspiration (8%), while key drivers vary regionally (GDP in Shendong, elevation in Ningdong, population in Huanglong, evapotranspiration in Jincheng); and (4) ecosystem sustainability ranks as Huanglong &gt; Jincheng &gt; Shendong &gt; Ningdong, necessitating differentiated restoration strategies considering hydrothermal conditions, pollution levels, and topographic constraints.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"198 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The hidden cost of urban noise: spatiotemporal heterogeneity, environmental burden, and economic valuation across major Chinese cities","authors":"Zeyu Xu,&nbsp;Rui Hu,&nbsp;Haoran Su,&nbsp;Zhexi Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10661-026-15330-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-026-15330-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban environmental noise has emerged as a critical public health risk globally due to its extensive impact on human life and health. This study conducts a comprehensive assessment of Urban Environmental Noise (UEN) and Urban Traffic Noise (UTN) across 36 major Chinese cities from 2007 to 2023, integrating spatiotemporal analysis, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), and economic valuation. Results indicate that UTN (median 66 to 70 dB) consistently exceeds UEN (median 52 to 56 dB), with significant spatial differentiation observed across the studied cities. Spatially, high-density hub cities (such as Beijing, Shijiazhuang, and Chongqing) bear a substantially higher health burden from noise pollution. Furthermore, the estimated health burden is dominated by sleep disturbance (YLD_HSD), which consistently outweighs noise annoyance (YLD_HA). Nonlinear relationships were also observed between noise levels and the attributable environmental burden. The annual economic loss attributed to traffic noise across these cities is estimated at 3.59 billion USD, representing a significant economic cost to sustainable urban development that has previously been overlooked. These findings suggest that noise pollution prevention and control in China need to shift from compliance-based monitoring to health-centric interventions and localized noise management strategies are urgently required.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"198 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal synergistic management of PM2.5-O3-CO2 in key Chinese cities: analysis integrating synergistic indexes and machine learning models","authors":"Zhiyin Wang,&nbsp;Zhehan Di","doi":"10.1007/s10661-026-15354-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-026-15354-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>China confronts dual environmental challenges: PM_2.5–O₃ synergistic pollution and mounting CO₂ emissions, demanding a strategic shift from single-pollutant control to coordinated management. In response, this study develops a trivariate synergy index (TSI) based on the bivariate synergy index (BSI), integrating PM_2.5, O₃, and CO₂ into a single metric to quantify differences in synergy levels across regions. Using high-resolution remote sensing and 2023 statistical data, we apply an XGBoost-SHAP modeling framework to analyze the seasonal spatio-temporal patterns and drivers of the TSI in 82 key Chinese cities. The results revealed that (1) the <i>BSI</i>_{<i>PM2.5–O3</i>} was positive only in summer (mean = 0.03), with better conditions along the eastern coast. <i>BSI</i>_{<i>PM2.5–CO2</i>} was most negative in summer (mean = −2.74), while <i>BSI</i>_{<i>O3–CO2</i>} shifted from negative in summer to positive in autumn, showing a latitudinal gradient with higher values in the north. (2) Summer TSI showed the weakest antagonism (mean = −1.37) among the four seasons, with values increasing northward and decreasing eastward. Spatially, coastal Bohai regions shifted from positive in spring to negative in summer, while the area surrounding Jiangsu exhibited persistent negative values. (3) The core factors driving TSI variation across all four seasons are temperature, precipitation, and elevation, with their effects exhibiting nonlinear threshold effects. Among socioeconomic factors, GDP exerted a positive influence only after surpassing a critical threshold, whereas increased population density had a negative regulatory effect. Based on the findings, this study offers a seasonal, spatially differentiated reference for synergistic pollution and carbon reduction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"198 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative metrics for ecosystem health: development and application of a multimetric assessment framework","authors":"Vijayakumar Leela Ramya,&nbsp;Jesna Parakkandi,&nbsp;Ajoy Saha,&nbsp;Sajina AM,&nbsp;Vijaykumar Muttanahalli Eregowda,&nbsp;Basanta Kumar Das","doi":"10.1007/s10661-026-15322-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-026-15322-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Assessing ecosystem health in tropical reservoirs requires integrative approaches that capture biological responses in association with physicochemical conditions. In this study, a multimetric ecosystem health assessment framework was developed and applied to evaluate the spatio-temporal ecological status of a tropical reservoir in Southern India. The framework integrates six indicator groups such as fish assemblage structure, fish production, plankton diversity, macrophyte coverage, abiotic water quality, and anthropogenic disturbance, across three reservoir zones (lacustrine, transitional, and riverine) and four seasonal periods. The composite health index indicated an overall good ecological condition (mean score, 63.2%), with pronounced spatial and seasonal variability. The riverine zone exhibited the highest ecological integrity, while transitional zones showed moderate degradation associated with cumulative anthropogenic pressures. Seasonally, ecosystem health peaked during the monsoon and declined markedly during summer, reflecting hydrological stress, elevated temperature, and reduced dissolved oxygen. Fish assemblage and production metrics emerged as the most sensitive indicators of ecosystem condition, whereas abiotic parameters remained relatively stable. The study demonstrates that multimetric frameworks provide a robust and sensitive tool for diagnosing ecological stress in tropical reservoirs and offer practical insights for adaptive fisheries management, habitat restoration, and climate-resilient water resource planning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"198 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of tropical wildfire behavior on fire emissions and subsequent impacts on PM2.5 and O3 levels","authors":"Zhangwen Su,&nbsp;Fenqiang Luo,&nbsp;Sisheng Luo,&nbsp;Yimin Chen,&nbsp;Liming Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10661-026-15307-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-026-15307-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to explore the associations between wildfire behavior parameters and various emissions, analyze the impacts of these emissions on environmental PM_2.5 and O₃, and reveal the complex causal relationships between fire behavior and PM_2.5 and O₃ through emissions. The research focuses on three key regions: tropical America, tropical Africa, and tropical Asia. Using multi-output random forest and structural equation modeling, we analyzed the relationships between fire behavior parameters, emissions, and air quality indicators. The results show that: 1) there is a significant spatial correlation between fire behavior parameters and the aforementioned emissions, and this correlation exhibits different patterns in different tropical regions; 2) various pollutants emitted by fires have a significant impact on the formation of PM_2.5 and O₃, among which: in tropical Asia, the role of emissions such as NMVOCs, NO_x, NH₃, CH₄, and SO₂ is particularly prominent. In tropical America and Africa, NH₃, N₂O, and NMVOCs are the main influencing factors. The RF-MTL model demonstrated high predictive performance in these analyses, achieving R² values of up to 0.87 for O₃ in tropical Asia and 0.83 for PM_2.5 in tropical America.; 3) the study not only confirms the role of fire behavior in the synergistic effect between PM_2.5 and O₃ but also reveals the key role of mediating factors such as N₂O, NO_x, and SO₂ in the path of fire behavior affecting pollutants, where Fire Radiative Power (FRP) exerted a total positive effect of 0.366 on PM_2.5 in tropical America and a total negative effect of − 0.594 in tropical Africa. The conclusions of this study provide important insights for understanding the impact of wildfire behavior on air quality and have significant reference value for formulating air quality management and wildfire control policies in different tropical regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"198 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical-mineralogical characterization of automobile garage soils with identification of potentially toxic elements (trace metal elements, total petroleum hydrocarbons) and principal component analysis","authors":"Véronique Junior Ngoma Tsaty,&nbsp;Gouessé Henri Briton Bi,&nbsp;Kiélé Molingo Mbemba,&nbsp;Achiepo Gaëtan Akotto,&nbsp;Esaïe Kouadio Appiah Kouassi,&nbsp;Kouassi Benjamin Yao","doi":"10.1007/s10661-026-15284-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-026-15284-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Petroleum spills are increasingly reported in tropical regions, particularly at non-compliant automobile garages. Consequently, this study aimed to characterize soils contaminated by petroleum products from automobile garage sites and to assess their potential environmental impacts. To achieve this, soil physicochemical properties, trace metal elements (TMEs), mineralogical composition, total solvent extractable materials (TSEM), and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were analyzed using standard analytical techniques. Results indicated that control soils (CS) were alkaline (pH 9.05) with trace metal elements concentrations below detection limits, whereas garage floor soils (GFS) exhibited decreased pH (6.818.47) and elevated levels of Cr (902050 mg/kg), Ni (50750 mg/kg), Cu (7001000 mg/kg), Zn (90320 mg/kg), and Pb (110340 mg/kg). Quartz was identified as the dominant mineral phase in all soils, and corresponded to petroleum-derived functional groups including mercaptans, aromatics, and esters, which were detected in GFS. TSEM concentrations were high across the studied sites: GFS1 (4.53 ± 0.48%), GFS2 (4.00 ± 0.14%), GFS3 (8.67 ± 0.64%), and GFS4 (5.57 ± 0.08%). Moreover, characterization of TPH revealed detectable hydrocarbons, including n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and petroleum biomarkers (pristane and phytane). In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) further showed that the first two components, Dim1 and Dim2, explained 73.4% of the total variance, reflecting the combined influence of physicochemical, mineralogical, and contamination parameters. Overall, the co-occurrence of hydrocarbons and trace metal elements in garage soils represents significant environmental and ecotoxicological risks, with potential implications for human health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"198 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PM2.5 accumulation mechanism and health risks in basin-type cities: a case study of Linfen, China","authors":"Jiadun Tang,&nbsp;Zhijuan Zhang,&nbsp;Jianghui Sun,&nbsp;Cuiping Ye,&nbsp;Xi Chen,&nbsp;Meisheng Liang","doi":"10.1007/s10661-026-15337-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-026-15337-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Severe PM_2.5 pollution in basin-type cities arises from the combined effects of intensive emissions, complex terrain, and adverse meteorology. However, the accumulation mechanisms and associated health impacts in basin-type cities are still not fully characterized at high spatial resolution. This study integrates the WRF–CMAQ modeling system with the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended Air Quality Plus (AirQ+) tool to investigate PM_2.5 accumulation and related health risks in Linfen, a coal-based basin city in northern China. High-resolution simulations for January and July 2020, validated against ground observations, are used to explore the roles of valley-controlled winds, planetary boundary layer dynamics, and dry–wet deposition processes. The results show that wintertime PM_2.5 levels are two to four times higher than those observed in summer, driven by shallow boundary layers (200–400 m), frequent temperature inversions, and weak winds that trap pollutants along the central valley corridor, leading to persistent high-concentration zones. Diurnal analyses at valley, hilly, and mountainous sites reveal terrain-dependent accumulation patterns, with pronounced morning peaks under winter inversions in valley areas and weaker, circulation-driven variability in mountainous regions. Deposition diagnostics indicate that dry deposition dominates in winter, while strong convective mixing and precipitation enhance wet deposition in summer, promoting more efficient removal. Population-weighted exposure fields coupled with AirQ+ show that winter-related fractions for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality substantially exceed national averages, with the most-exposed 20% of residents bearing a disproportionately high health burden. This study clarifies how emissions, complex terrain, and boundary-layer processes jointly control PM_2.5 accumulation in basin environments. It also provides an integrated framework for evaluating health risks and supporting equity-oriented air-quality management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"198 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}