Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology最新文献

{"title":"The use of transmission electron microscopy when investigating fossil angiosperm pollen: A review and suggestions for future applications","authors":"Silvia Ulrich ,&nbsp;Carola Purgina ,&nbsp;Johannes Martin Bouchal ,&nbsp;Christian Geier ,&nbsp;Friðgeir Grímsson","doi":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It has been more than 65 years since transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was first used to study fossil angiosperm pollen. Since then, significant progress has been made in sample preparation protocols and TEM equipment, particularly in contrasting methods used to reveal detailed ultrastructural differences in pollen walls, as well as sensitive, high-resolution cameras needed for documentation. Early TEM studies on fossil angiosperm pollen focused on determining whether ultrastructure could be used to assign palynomorphs to spore-producing plants, gymnosperms, or angiosperms. Later research became more taxonomically focused, comparing fossil pollen walls to those of extant angiosperms. Most TEM research on fossil angiosperm pollen has until now been conducted in the USA, Western/Central Europe, and Russia, with limited contributions from other parts of the scientific community. There is a clear relation between the sample origin (country, locality) and author group, and between the type of pollen specimens (dispersed <em>versus in situ</em>) and the taxonomic resolution. <em>In situ</em> pollen from fossil flowers is usually assigned to families and genera, while most dispersed pollen is noted as <em>Incertae sedis</em>. Despite the obvious advantages of TEM analyses for determining the taxonomic placement and phylogenetic relations of fossil pollen, little effort has been put into this subject over the last decades. To increase the understanding of angiosperm evolution, TEM investigations of fossil pollen need to be routinely applied. New generations of palynologists need to pick up on this method, and an effort to investigate Cenozoic angiosperm pollen from a taxonomic point of view is overdue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54488,"journal":{"name":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 105423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144867231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modern pollen and stomatal assemblages in Northeastern China: Vegetation–climate relationships and paleoenvironmental implications","authors":"Jingfan He ,&nbsp;Chunhai Li ,&nbsp;Shi-Yong Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaocen Li ,&nbsp;Beibei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decades of research have revealed large uncertainties in paleoclimate reconstructions based on fossil pollen data. To address this issue, modern studies are essential for improving the understanding of the vegetation–climate relationship. In this study, a total of 45 modern surface soil samples were collected along an east–west precipitation gradient and a north–south temperature gradient in Northeast China. These samples were analyzed to investigate modern pollen–vegetation, stomata–parent plant, and pollen–climate relationships. Using Redundancy Analysis (RDA) and random forest modeling, we found that pollen assemblages can effectively distinguish different vegetation types. Furthermore, stomata analysis demonstrated that <em>Pinus</em> and <em>Larix</em> stomata can reliably indicate the local presence of their parent plants. Both RDA and random forest models identified that the mean air temperature of the coldest month was the primary climatic parameter influencing coniferous pollen distribution, while annual precipitation was the dominant factor controlling herb pollen distribution. This study demonstrates that combining pollen assemblages with stomata analysis can remarkably improve the accuracy of vegetation reconstruction in northeastern China, with coniferous and herb pollen serving as reliable respective indicators of coldest month temperature and annual precipitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54488,"journal":{"name":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 105441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary cuticular studies on plant remains from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of NW Jordan","authors":"Hong-Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Abdallah Abu Hamad ,&nbsp;Yong-Dong Wang ,&nbsp;Dieter Uhl","doi":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The allochthonous macroflora of the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Arda Formation in Northwest Jordan has previously been described based on morphological features of plant remains, without reference to microstructures (i.e., cuticles). This study examines seven types of cuticle from the same flora, all of which belong to gymnosperms. The identified cuticles include bennettitaleans (<em>Otozamites</em> sp. and Bennettitales spp.), and conifers (scale-leaved conifer and probably conifers with longitudinally arranged stomatal rows). The discovery of cuticles provides the first record of conifers in the Middle Jurassic flora of NW Jordan, filling a gap in the previous knowledge. The macroflora, comprising sphenophytes, ferns, bennettitaleans, and conifers (including scale-leaved conifers), shows strong similarities to other Jurassic floras in the Middle East, particularly resembling that of the Middle Jurassic Imran Formation of Makhtesh Ramon in the Negev (Southern Israel). These additions to the known facts about the floral assemblage by microstructural analyses significantly provide more information to support existing reconstructions of the palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic conditions in NW Jordan during the Middle Jurassic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54488,"journal":{"name":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 105437"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144919946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of climatic factors on pollen grains development in Black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn)","authors":"Abdelouahab Sahli ,&nbsp;Hassan Ennouni ,&nbsp;Khalil Kadaoui ,&nbsp;Mhammad Houssni ,&nbsp;Hasnae Ben Sbih ,&nbsp;Soufian Chakkour ,&nbsp;Mohammed Ater","doi":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fertile pollen is of significance for the successful propagation of plants. It is sensitive to environmental conditions, especially climatic factors. However, there is a paucity of information about the effects of climatic factors on pollen development in the <em>Alnus</em> genus. <em>Alnus glutinosa</em> is an Eurasian species with a wide geographical distribution. It has particular ecological importance in riparian ecosystems, where it plays a crucial role in soil stabilization and biodiversity maintenance. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of climatic factors on pollen development from eleven distinct populations, each characterized by a unique combination of 13 environmental factors. Fresh pollen samples were examined using three distinct viability tests: Acetocarmine staining, Lugol staining, and in vitro germination. The results revealed significant variations in pollen viability between populations. Acetocarmine staining revealed that pollen from <em>Alnus glutinosa</em> exhibited robust cytoplasmic integrity and an absence of significant meiotic anomalies. However, Lugol staining revealed a substantial decline in pollen viability, which can be attributed to a decrease in starch content in fresh pollen in response to elevated temperatures. Pollen germination rates were generally low and exhibited a dependence on altitude variations. Consequently, it is imperative to prioritize the investigation of the impact of warming on pollen viability and the sexual reproduction of forest plants, as they are susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change, akin to other plant species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54488,"journal":{"name":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 105429"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing forensic investigations through AI-driven pollen analysis: A narrative review","authors":"Lina Bhoyar ,&nbsp;Bhavya Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pollen and spore analysis, known as forensic palynology, supports criminal investigations but is hindered by manual identification, slow processing, labor-intensive methods, and human errors, restricting its application. Integrating AI offers the potential to enhance precision, efficiency, and data management. This review explores the use of AI to automate pollen grain identification for forensic purposes through machine learning, image recognition, and big data analytics. Deep learning methods, particularly CNN-based architectures, have significantly advanced automated pollen grain classification, achieving accuracies exceeding 97–99% with large, diverse, and well-curated datasets. Studies highlight that dataset size, preprocessing quality, and robust validation protocols critically influence model performance and generalizability across real-world scenarios. Despite this promise, major challenges remain, including the scarcity of large and labeled datasets, limited transferability to degraded or mixed samples, and the pressing need for transparent, explainable outputs to ensure forensic admissibility. This paper explores the potential of AI to enhance forensic palynology, specifically in improving the speed and accuracy of pollen analysis in criminal cases. Immediate priorities include the development of standardized open reference datasets, rigorous validation protocols, and the integration of explainable AI frameworks that align with evidentiary standards. Further development of AI and its application in forensic palynology can hone investigative techniques, and then AI can become vital in developing forensic science. Progress will depend on building open reference databases, adopting rigorous validation protocols, and embedding explainable AI to meet evidentiary standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54488,"journal":{"name":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 105440"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Quercus pollen as a valuable archive of past UV-B levels in the Central Mediterranean: Insights from comparative infrared spectroscopy analyses","authors":"H. Saleh ,&nbsp;P. Meyvisch ,&nbsp;F. Di Rita ,&nbsp;A. Spina ,&nbsp;G. Margaritelli ,&nbsp;D. Magri ,&nbsp;M. Ghilardi ,&nbsp;M. Alunni Cardinali ,&nbsp;A. Di Michele","doi":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The relative abundance of ultraviolet-absorbing compounds (UACs) in pollen and spore exine increases with prolonged and higher exposure to ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation. This relationship has been extensively studied via transmission Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (transmission micro-FTIR), primarily in <em>Lycopodium</em> spores and airborne <em>Pinus</em> pollen. However, traditional transmission micro-FTIR methods are prone to infrared light scattering and interference, resulting in spectral deformations and reduced reproducibility. Additionally, bisaccate pollen, like <em>Pinus</em>, can travel long distances and may not accurately reflect local UV-B levels. This study compares transmission and attenuated total reflection (ATR) micro-FTIR methods to assess their reproducibility and investigates <em>Quercus</em> pollen as a potential local UV-B proxy in the Central Mediterranean. Samples containing fresh (in situ), trapped (in mosses), and fossilized (from Holocene sediments) pollen grains were subjected to various chemical treatments, after which the macromolecular composition of single and clustered grains was characterized. Results show that ATR micro-FTIR yields significantly more reproducible data than transmission micro-FTIR, demonstrating the suitability of this method for systematic chemo-palynological studies. <em>Quercus ilex</em> pollen consistently display UAC-related absorption bands across modern and fossil samples, and treatment with hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sodium hydroxide does not significantly alter these signatures. A comparison with fresh and trapped <em>Q. cerris</em> and <em>Q. pubescens</em> pollen further supports these findings. These results suggest that relative UAC concentrations in modern and fossil <em>Quercus</em> exine likely reflect accumulated UV-B dosage, pinpointing <em>Quercus</em> pollen as a valuable local UV-B proxy for reconstructing past UV-B levels in the Central Mediterranean.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54488,"journal":{"name":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 105427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleobotanical insights from the Santa Clara Arriba Formation (Anisian, Middle Triassic, Cuyana Basin, West Gondwana)","authors":"Tomas Ezequiel Pedernera ,&nbsp;Cecilia Andrea Benavente","doi":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Santa Clara Arriba Formation is an Anisian unit representing a lacustrine deltaic depositional setting that forms part of the El Peñasco Group Santa Clara sub-basin (Cuyana Basin, Mendoza, Argentina). The objective of this contribution is to present new plant fossil findings and a preliminary taphonomic evaluation of the Santa Clara Arriba Formation. It also includes a comparison and analysis of the paleobotanical record of the Santa Clara Arriba Formation with other units of the El Peñasco Group and Anisian units in Argentina. The plant fossil assemblage of the Santa Clara Arriba Formation comprises Equisetales (<em>Equisetales</em> indet.), Osmundales (<em>Cladophlebis</em> spp.), Marattiales (<em>Danaeopsis</em> sp.), Umkomasiales (<em>Fanerotheca</em> cf. <em>papilioformis</em>), Peltaspermales (<em>Peltaspermum</em> spp.), Coniferales (<em>Pagiophyllum</em> sp.), and gymnosperms of uncertain affinity (undeterminated leaves, ?<em>Cordaicarpus</em> sp., ovules/seeds, and strobili). Remains were recorded in delta-plain facies, and their preservation is attributed to rapid sedimentation and a persistent high-water table. The plant paleocommunities are interpreted as forests dominated by gymnosperms, and an understory comprising Osmundales, and Marattiales, while Equisetales formed riparian communities along water margins. The taxonomic composition of the assemblage is consistent with other Triassic floras from the region. The Santa Clara Arriba Formation provides a valuable opportunity to elucidate the relationship between Anisian vegetation and climate in Gondwana, owing to its paleogeographic setting, well-preserved fossil record, and robust geochronological framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54488,"journal":{"name":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 105449"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ilex subg. Prinos (Aquifoliaceae) from the upper Miocene of Beihai, low-latitude China: New insights for phylogeny","authors":"Bingshan Niu ,&nbsp;Qijia Li ,&nbsp;Hui Jia ,&nbsp;Jianhua Jin ,&nbsp;Cheng Quan","doi":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The holly family (Aquifoliaceae) is a monogeneric taxon comprising highly diverse species of <em>Ilex</em> (&gt;<!--> <!-->600 species), predominantly distributed in warm, humid regions. However, the phylogeny of <em>Ilex</em> and the evolutionary differentiation of its subgenera, i.e., <em>Ilex</em> subg<em>. Ilex, I.</em> subg<em>. Prinos, and I.</em> subg<em>. Byronia</em>, remain challenging partly due to limited fossil constraints of each subgenus. Previous phylogenetic study was only anchored by the of <em>Ilex</em> subg. <em>Ilex</em>, which is not sufficient to calibrate the differentiation of all subgenera. Here, we report the fossil leaves of <em>Ilex</em> subg. <em>Prinos</em> from the late Miocene Foluo Formation of Beihai, Guangxi, low-latitude China. The fossils are characterized by elliptic leaf in shape with slight serrations on the leaf margin except for the leaf base. The venation is pinnate with secondary veins of 7–8 pairs, while the tertiaries are mixed percurrent. Anatomically, the leaves are hypostomatic with wart-like structures and cyclocytic stomata. Importantly, the anticlinal walls are straight in both upper and lower epidermises. This is the earliest known fossil <em>Ilex</em> subg. <em>Prinos</em> so far, providing a new insight for molecular clock analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54488,"journal":{"name":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 105444"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of modern pollen assemblages in surface sediments of central Tibetan Plateau lakes and their implications for paleoenvironmental reconstruction","authors":"Jue Sun ,&nbsp;Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Min Xu ,&nbsp;Chuanfang Jin ,&nbsp;Lingyu Tang ,&nbsp;Weiming Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The central Tibetan Plateau, situated in the transition zone between Indian monsoon and westerlies, serves as an ideal area for studying the interactions between these two major climate systems. However, only limited research on modern pollen processes in small-scale catchment within this region has constrained the interpretation accuracy of stratigraphic pollen records and the reliability of paleovegetation and paleoclimate reconstructions. This study systematically analyzed the response relationships between modern pollen assemblages and vegetation/climate using 23 surface sediment samples from Lake Cuona and Lake Zigetang, located in the alpine meadow-steppe ecotone of the central plateau. It demonstrates that Cyperaceae (Cy), Poaceae (P), Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae (C), and <em>Artemisia</em> (A) are the dominant components of the regional vegetation, whose pollen assemblage characteristics can effectively distinguish between alpine steppe and meadow. The variations in pollen assemblages across different vegetation types reflect a gradual moisture gradient from meadow-dominated to steppe-dominated areas. Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals that the distribution of Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, and <em>Artemisia</em> pollen is primarily controlled by humidity, leading to the establishment of the Cy/(P + A + C) as a robust pollen-based humidity proxy. Application of this proxy to reconstruct regional humidity variations shows: (1) During the early Holocene, relatively humid conditions prevailed in the Lake Zigetang and Ahung Co areas, likely attributable to moisture transport by the Indian monsoon; (2) The middle Holocene witnessed complex dry-wet fluctuations in records from Lake Zigetang, Ngion Co, and Ahung Co, indicating combined influences of monsoon instability and westerly adjustments; (3) The late Holocene was characterized by generally humid conditions, likely resulting from enhanced moisture transport associated with the deepening of westerly circulation into the plateau interior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54488,"journal":{"name":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 105454"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of agroforestry yards in the diet of Melipona (Melikerria) interrupta Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in a terra-firme environment near the confluence of the Amazon and Tapajós Rivers","authors":"Alyne Daniele Alves Pimentel ,&nbsp;Cristiane Krug ,&nbsp;Vanessa Holanda Righetti De Abreu ,&nbsp;Marcos Gonçalves Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to identify the botanical origin of <em>Melipona interrupta</em> honey produced in agroforestry backyards (AB) by traditional communities near the confluences of the Amazon and Tapajós Rivers. For comparison purposes, stingless beehives were installed in a secondary forest (SF) environment as well. In all, forty-four honey samples were analyzed from four meliponaries in two areas (AB1 and AB2; SF1 and SF2) between July 2021 and June 2022 in Arapixuna. In AB1, 25 pollen types were found in the honey samples and, in AB2, 22 were found. More than 50% of the pollen types found in the honey samples in the ABs were related to plants present only in the SF, indicating that the bees left the ABs and collected pollen in the SF. The main resources collected by <em>M. interrupta</em> for honey composition were <em>Protium heptaphyllum</em> present in 70% of the samples, followed by <em>Triplaris</em> type (68%), <em>Psidium guajava</em> (52%), <em>Bellucia imperialis</em> and <em>Eugenia biflora</em> (38%) and <em>Tapirira guianensis</em> (34%). The survey of botanical species in the ABs indicated that most plant species were fruit trees; however, the bees visited a low percentage of these plants. When analyzing the SF samples, a behavioral pattern of foraging was observed which was similar to those of the ABs. These data indicate that the two environments studied have melliferous characteristics that favor beekeeping. Moreover, ABs also have advantageous characteristics in relation to the SF, such as improved protection of colonies against invaders/theft of honey and the ease of maintenance of the colonies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54488,"journal":{"name":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 105430"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}