M. JuanNissen, S. CristianQuiroz, S. OscarSeguel, H. RobertoMacDonald, A. Sch.
{"title":"Flujo Hídrico no Saturado en Andisoles","authors":"M. JuanNissen, S. CristianQuiroz, S. OscarSeguel, H. RobertoMacDonald, A. Sch.","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000100003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000100003","url":null,"abstract":"El objetivo principal de esta investigacion fue determinar la conductividad hidraulica en fase no saturada en tres Andisoles bajo dos manejos bosque y praderas en s series Bramadero, Pemehue y Osorno, localizados en la VIIa, IXa y Xa Regiones de Chile, respectivamente. En muestras de suelo no alteradas se determino la conductividad hidraulica en fase no saturada a distintas profundidades, mediante la metodologia propuesta por Becher (1970), que combina la medicion del potencial matrico en el suelo y la aplicacion de las ecuaciones de continuidad y de Darcy. Mediante mediciones de potencial matrico, se monitoreo durante 95 dias en laboratorio el proceso de secado en perfiles de suelo no alterados y en ausencia de un nivel freatico artificial. Paralelamente, se determino la conductividad hidraulica no saturada. La conductividad hidraulica resulto relativamente similar en los tres suelos, con algunas excepciones en cuanto al tipo de uso y profundidad del suelo. En presencia de mayor porosidad de drenaje (diametro 10 µm), la conductividad hidraulica en fase no saturada tendio a ser mayor cuando el suelo se encuentra a bajos potenciales matricos. Sin embargo, esta cayo rapidamente, debido a una pronta desaturacion de esta porosidad gruesa. La conductividad hidraulica no saturada de los Andisoles estudiados a una tension de pF 2,5 fluctuo en pradera entre 1,9 x 10-5 y 3,6 x 10-5 cm s-1 y en bosque entre 1,4 x 10-5 y 8,1 x 10-5 cm*s-1. Al ser sometidos a un largo periodo de sequia, se produjo un secado profundo y parejo en los suelos. La intensidad de secado fue ligeramente mayor en suelos bajo pradera que bajo bosque.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"192 1","pages":"9-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72830338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EFECTO DE LA MATERIA ORGÁNICA Y EL MANEJO SOBRE LA HIDROFOBICIDAD DE SUELOS VOLCÁNICOS","authors":"José Cuevas Becerra","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000200002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000200002","url":null,"abstract":"Soil water repellence or hidrofobicity depends on a strong interaction among the mineral and organic soils fractions. The content of organic matter is an determinant factor of water repellence. A positive relationship between the content of organic matter and water repellence can be observed, however, not all organic matter may cause repellence in the soil matrix. More than the amount of organic compounds, the quality characteristics impact the hidrofobicity of soil. It is possible to find two types of repellencies:) natural and induced one. The repellence influence the magnitude of intermolecular electrical forces which act in the interface of solid-liquid-gas. This phenomenon can be evaluated by measuring the contact angle (θ) among these phases. Soil management influence water repellency, but this effect is reduced by intense mechanical labor. Hidrofobicity influence soil hydraulic characteristic, modifying preferential flows. The aim of this study was: i) determine the soil water repellency in three volcanic soils from southern of Chile in combinations with two managements (forest and prairie) and ii) to estimate the buffer capacity by using a hydrophilic compound in the volcanic soils. It was observed different contact angle, attributed to soil characteristics, but with a direct effect of vegetation type which contributed to organic materials top cause repellence in these soils. Soils with similar pedogenetic characteristics show different hydrophobic values for the same vegetation (forest or pastures). Soils humectation capacity depends of the quality of soil organic matter more than SOM total content. Buffer capacity of soils depended of the amount of SOM, and its interaction between mineral soil particles.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"26 1","pages":"13-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74421435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. RayenMillaleo, U. CamilaMontecinos, H. RosaRubio, N. AliroContreras, B. FernandoBorie
{"title":"EFECTO DE LA ADICIÓN DE COMPOST SOBRE PROPÁGULOS MICORRÍCICOS ARBUSCULARES EN UN SUELO VOLCÁNICO DEL CENTRO SUR DE CHILE","authors":"M. RayenMillaleo, U. CamilaMontecinos, H. RosaRubio, N. AliroContreras, B. FernandoBorie","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000300003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000300003","url":null,"abstract":"legume, cereal, organic agriculture, arbuscular mycorrhiza. ABSTRACT Organic amendments affect the chemical and biological characteristics of soils rganic amendments affect the chemical and biological characteristics of soils contributing to the sustainability of agroecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate in glasshouse conditions the effect of compost addition in an Ultisol on fungal propagules such as those colonized in the roots, mycelium and spores, together with soil chemical and nutritional characterization of three crops (wheat, beans and grass) after harvesting. Compost was based on cattle and vegetables waste and it was supplied into the soil at 0, 8, 20 and 30 Mg ha -1 on dry bases. Roots from all crops presented high arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization with the highest amount, while the hyphal length was significantly different only in beans crop. There were not significant differences for the spore numbers. The highest production of dry matter in beans and grass was reached with the highest compost supplied but in wheat this was true for the middle amount of compost. Similar results were obtained for the content of phosphorus (P) in the shoot. Compost application incremented the availability of P in the Ultisol for the three crops. It was concluded that compost application to the three crops studied was beneficial because the high viability of mycorrhizal propagules together with the great amount of phytomass and soil nutrients availability.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"48 1","pages":"26-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79119496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. FelipeGallardo, G. Saavedra, L. MaraCea, L. Gianfreda, Z. MarisolAlvear
{"title":"EFFECT OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL ON SELECTED SOIL ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN A CHILEAN ANDISOL","authors":"A. FelipeGallardo, G. Saavedra, L. MaraCea, L. Gianfreda, Z. MarisolAlvear","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000300004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000300004","url":null,"abstract":"aBstract The activities of laccase, Mn-peroxidase, phosphatase and dehydrogenase were studied in a Chilean Andisol (Temuco Serie) contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP). Experiments were conducted on the top of 0–20 cm soil, adding different concentrations of PCP (0.41, 4.1 and 41 mg kg -1 ). Enzymatic activities and residual concentrations of PCP were evaluated in soil incubated at 25 ± 1 oC for 112 days. Enzyme activities of PCP-treated soil varied according to the PCP concentration added. For instance, an inhibitory effect on Mn-peroxidase activity was not observed during incubation at the three levels of PCP, whereas acid phosphatase activity was only affected by the 0.41 mg kg -1 PCP treatment. By contrast, laccase and dehydrogenase activities were negatively affected by the smallest concentration of PCP. After seven days of incubation, no residual PCP was measured in the soil with 0.41 and 4.1 mg kg -1 PCP. By contrast, with 41 mg kg -1 PCP the amount of phenol in soil decreased gradually and disappeared only after 42 days of incubation. The overall results indicate that PCP concentrations influence some enzymatic activities.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"3 1","pages":"40-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75348681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. LuisMorales, M. FabricioCanessa, C. Mattar, Raúl Orrego, Francisco Matus
{"title":"CARACTERIZACIÓN Y ZONIFICACIÓN EDÁFICA Y CLIMÁTICA DE LA REGIÓN DE COQUIMBO, CHILE","authors":"S. LuisMorales, M. FabricioCanessa, C. Mattar, Raúl Orrego, Francisco Matus","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000300005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000300005","url":null,"abstract":"This study consisted in the evaluation and classification of edaphic and climatic resources in the Coquimbos Region using topoclimatics algorithms and satellite images, integrated in GIS environment. We used 78 climatic stations where mean annual and monthly precipitation and mean annual and monthly temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation were recorded. Isolines cartography and a digital elevation model in scale 1:250.000 were also used. To estimate the spatial distribution of the climatic variables, we tested different multiples regressions between topographic variables and climate data. This process conduced to the elaboration of a spatialized matrixes of climatic variables in 1:250.000 scale. This procedure allowed us to calculate variables such as sum of temperature, cumulative cold hours, free frost period, potential evapotranspiration, humidity index, for examples, and compare regression and lineal interpolation spatialization methods. To make the topoclimatic division a multivariate analysis was used. Particularly, clusters analysis with a K-means algorithm was conducted and 17 thermal, hydrical and energetical climatic variables were considered. Our results showed 37 topoclimatic districts cross-checked with different soil (serie level) obtaining a edafic and climatic (Edafoclimatic) classification of about 1.292 zones. This classification was though to be useful tool to organize agricultural goal activities.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"55 1","pages":"52-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77632374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. MarysolAlvear, B. MarioPino, R. CarlosCastillo, C. Cepeda, F. G. Sotres
{"title":"EFECTO DE LA CERO LABRANZA SOBRE ALGUNAS ACTIVIDADES BIOLÓGICAS EN UN ALFISOL DEL SUR DE CHILE","authors":"Z. MarysolAlvear, B. MarioPino, R. CarlosCastillo, C. Cepeda, F. G. Sotres","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000200004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000200004","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the necessity to stabilize and protect the soil from degradation processes, the agronomic practices such non-tillage (NT) were applied. Microbial biomass (MB) and some enzyme activities were evaluated here because they are very sensitive to the changes taken place in the environment. The aim of this study was to measure some biological activities in an Alfisol of the Southern Chile under NT cropping. The biological activities evaluated were: carbon (BMC) and nitrogen (BMN) of microbial biomass, respectively), N- mineralization, dehydrogenase and catalase activities and some hydrolytic enzyme activities representative of different cycles of biological importance in soil (C, N, P, S). Soil organic C total N and S content also were evaluated. Soil samples were collected after harvest at three different depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm), in soils cropped 4, 7 and 20 years under NT. The results showed an increment in organic C, N, S, N-mineralization and in the biological activities in the top soil 5 cm depth, with an increment of year under NT. In general, there was close relationships were found among almost all biological activities evaluated (r > 0.8; p< 0.05).","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"71 1","pages":"38-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84852489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. A. Ruiz, R. A. Sampaio, Maurício Limberger de Oliveira, P. A. Ferreira
{"title":"CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS DE SOLOS SALINO-SÓDICOS SUBMETIDOS A PARCELAMENTO DA LÂMINA DE LIXIVIAÇÃO","authors":"H. A. Ruiz, R. A. Sampaio, Maurício Limberger de Oliveira, P. A. Ferreira","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000300001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000300001","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was evaluate the influence of leaching on chemical characteristics of saline sodic soil samples. Cylinders were filled with samples of soils FLUVENT (Ae1), FLUVENT collected at 0-20 cm (Ae2-s) and 20-50 cm (Ae2-i) depth, and VERTISOL (V). Gypsum was incorporated up to 15 cm depth in an amount to replace 100% exchangeable sodium. Leaching consisted in applying a solution with CaCl2 and MgCl2, at one time only and the same volume fractionated in two, four and six times, respectively, with intervals of 22 days among each application. Clay dispersion and water retention capacity in soils diminished with the gypsum and leaching fractionation. In Ae1 soil, the infiltration rate was very low, then stopping its determination. In all soils, with the exception of V, because of the greater content of silt, the infiltration rate of the not-treated samples was lower compared with treated samples. In general, significant differences amongst leaching application were not detected for soil physics characteristics","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74121471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Alfaro, S. FranciscoSalazar, B. DenisseEndress, L. JuanCDumont, B. AldoValdebenito
{"title":"NITROGEN LEACHING LOSSES ON A VOLCANIC ASH SOIL AS AFFECTED BY THE SOURCE OF FERTILISER","authors":"M. Alfaro, S. FranciscoSalazar, B. DenisseEndress, L. JuanCDumont, B. AldoValdebenito","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000200005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000200005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT An intact lysimeters study was carried out to measure the potential nitrogen (N) losses onan andisoil of Southern Chile with different fertilisers. The treatments tested were: fishslurry (FS), dairy slurry (DS), potassium nitrate (IF) and a control treatment (C), with no Naddition. An equivalent amount of 150 kg of total N ha -1 was applied to each lysimeter andthen the equivalent to 1260 mm of rainfall was irrigated over a 90 days period. Leachatesamples were analysed for nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and organic N (No). Total N losseswere calculated as the product between drainage and the respective N concentration in theleachates. Lowest N losses were obtained in the control and FS treatments (66 kg N ha -1 )and the greatest amount was obtained in the IF treatment (261 kg N ha -1 ). Nitrogen wasmainly lost as nitrate and No (each was 49% of the total N losses). High soil organic matterof andisoils can be more relevant than fertiliser for N leaching losses. Palabras claves: Lodo de pescado, purines de lecheria, fertilizante inorganico, calidad deagua","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"54 1","pages":"54-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91168333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José E. Celis, M. Sandoval, Erick Zagal, M. Briones
{"title":"EFECTO DE LA ADICIÓN DE BIOSOLIDOS URBANOS Y DE SALMONICULTURA SOBRE LA GERMINACIÓN DE SEMILLAS DE LECHUGA (Lactuca sativa L.) EN UN SUELO PATAGONICO","authors":"José E. Celis, M. Sandoval, Erick Zagal, M. Briones","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000300002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000300002","url":null,"abstract":"Biosolids from urban water and fish farming wastes have increased in the last years in Chile. It has generated the compulsory necessity to look for alternatives for its final disposition, in such a way that it do not constitute risk for the health and environment. In the present study the effects on germination of lettuce seeds ere analyzed as a result of the application of this type of organic biosolids in an Andic cryofluvents, Patagonian degraded soil. Biosolids were added into the soil, the treatments were: urban sewage sludge (BU), pisciculture waste (BP) and fish lake-farming waste (BL) at different inputs rates: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 Mg ha -1 . A control without addition was also included. Bioassays in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were conducted for germination index (IG), length of the radicle and length of hypocotyl structure. The results indicated that there were significant differences (p 80%), where the rate of application of 150 Mg ha -1 presented the smallest bioindicators values and no development of the hypocotyls structure was observed.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"254 1","pages":"13-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73216365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"COMPARISON OF CHILEAN NATURAL PHOSPHATIC MINERALS","authors":"W. CarlosRojas","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000200003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000200003","url":null,"abstract":"The begining of phosphatic deposits study was dated around 1963 through the survey developed at Bahia Tongoy, and later on at Pachingo in 1989. In this article, a synthesis of the main geological, physico-chemical, and agronomic features of these materials is presented, remarking some of these properties, and agronomical applications obtained after the accomplished research. Location of deposits is described, as well as their origin and phosphorus enrichment. Some solubility results of Chilean rocks is compared with other reactive rocks of USA, and Latinoamerica. Results of classical rock composition, is compared with some Chilean rocks, located at the north region of Chilean territory. Actualized figures of phosphate rock production at Chilean market, is also presented in this paper. Major conclusions obtained through field research in Andisols, show that these national phosphate rocks have an important fertilizer potential. The most remarkable phosphorus content and high reactivity was Bahia Inglesa rock; Mejillones showed similar efficiency to Tampa rock when it was employed as concentrated material. Vegetable species of major efficiency in the uptake of available P from these sources, were those of longer vegetative period, such as grass, and high P uptake as lupins or rape seeds, and also flooded rice.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"57 1","pages":"28-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76481104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}