Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie最新文献

{"title":"Shigellosis: an update on the disease and analysis of human cases in the Czech Republic, 2018-2023.","authors":"M Špačková, J Košťálová, A Pierzynová, R Chlíbek","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Shigellosis is a highly contagious diarrheal disease, which could potentially be very serious. Considering the onethird increase in cases in 2023 compared to the previous year, we aimed to provide an update on the disease and to analyse data on reported cases of shigellosis in the Czech Republic (CZ).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a narrative search of the literature in Czech and English, particularly targeting European studies from 2018 onwards. We also analysed data reported under the diagnosis code A03 to the National Infectious Disease Reporting System (ISIN) in 2018-2023. We focused on the main epidemiological indicators, i.e. gender, age, geographical distribution, seasonality, and hospitalizations. Excel (version 2016), STATA (version 17), and Datawrapper GmbH were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 681 shigellosis cases were reported with an average annual incidence of 1/100,000 population: until 2021, the incidence was slightly higher in women, while from 2022 onwards, the trend was reversed. A significant decrease in cases was recorded in the pandemic years. In 2022 and 2023, the number of cases was slightly higher than in the pre-pandemic period. Most cases were detected in CZ in August and December each year. Of all shigella serotypes, S. sonnei was the most frequently detected (80%), followed by S. flexneri (15%). The incidence per 100.000 population was highest among children aged 5-9 years: 2.6 (boys 2.4 and girls 2.8), followed by 1-4-year-olds: 2.4 (2.2 and 2.6, respectively) and persons aged 25-34 years: 1.8 (males 1.8 and females 1.7). Within individual age group, the average annual specific incidence rates were highest in the Moravian-Silesian and Olomouc regions and the capital city Prague. Hospitalizations accounted for 27% of cases, with the highest numbers in the 25-34 and 5-9 age groups (both 17.9%). The proportion of hospitalized cases was highest in the age groups 75+ (69%), 1-4, 5-9, and 65-74 (32-37%). A 52-year-old man was reported to have die in relation to the disease. Eleven percent of cases were reported in outbreak settings. Thirty-nine percent of reported cases were imported.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In CZ, shigellosis is a relatively rare gastrointestinal disease, with nearly 40% of cases being imported. At present, the threat to public health is posed mainly by the global spread of multi-resistant strains linked to increasing tourism and free sexual practices. Children, immunocompromised persons (including the elderly), and men who have sex with men remain risk groups. Vaccination is not available in Europe. Compliance with basic hygiene rules, especially in collectives and when working with food, is still a key concern. Emphasis should also be placed on the health education, including instructions before traveling abroad. A thorough medical history, early tracing, surveillance, and rational choice of antibiotic therapy if appropriate a","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 1","pages":"31-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxoplasmosis - seroprevalence and trend over 10 years.","authors":"J Ficik","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Determination of the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients tested in the network Unilabs Slovakia Ltd over 10 years (2011-2020).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In the study period, 142,088 patients from all over Slovakia underwent targeted serological screening for toxoplasmosis. Serum samples were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies by electrochemiluminescence assays. A total of 469,824 of tests were performed during the study period in three central laboratories of the Alpha Medical company (now Unilabs Slovakia Ltd) located in Bratislava, Ružomberok-Likavka, and Stropkov.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis has shown a slightly upward trend (for IgM antibodies), remaining stable for IgG class antibodies, neither declining nor rising. An upward trend in positive IgM antibodies appeared not only in general, but also in pregnant women. When calculated per 100,000 population, the IgG seroprevalence has shown an upward 10-year trend for the whole of Slovakia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study have evidenced that toxoplasmosis is far from declining in Slovakia; just on the contrary, it can be reasonably assumed that its incidence is slowly rising, especially among pregnant women, which, from the point of view of public health, is worthy of further and more detailed investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 1","pages":"11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pertussis surveillance data from the South Moravian Region, 2024.","authors":"V Šponiar Ovesná, R Ciupek, R Boháčová","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pertussis is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which still occurs in both the paediatric and adult population despite a continuous high vaccine coverage. In 2024, a significant increase in pertussis was found in the Czech Republic.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The aim was to describe the incidence of pertussis in the South Moravian Region (SMR) in 2024 based on data from the Infectious Disease Information System and to analyse basic epidemiological indicators including vaccination status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the South Moravian Region, 3,524 cases of pertussis (287.3/100,000) were reported in 2024, with the highest number of cases (20.1%) in the 15-19 age group. Although 89.2% of patients were vaccinated, active transmission of Bordetella pertussis persisted in the population, mainly due to immunity waning and frequent subclinical forms of the disease in adolescents and adults. The most severe course of the disease was observed in infants under 1 year of age, with a high proportion of hospital admissions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The dramatic increase in pertussis in 2024 was related to a combination of factors: a weakening protective effect of vaccines, genetic adaptation of the causative agent, improved laboratory diagnosis, increased awareness of both the professional and general public, and reduced circulation of pertussis in the population as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic control measures. For effective control of pertussis, it is essential to promote regular booster doses of pertussis vaccine, to improve diagnosis, and to raise awareness of the population on the importance of protecting the most vulnerable groups, especially infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 3","pages":"149-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer screening in the Czech Republic.","authors":"J Ševčíková, H Kollárová, A Entrová, R Durďáková, L Štěpánek, D Horáková","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to summarize basic information on cancer screening in the Czech Republic. The study presents a list of screening programs for the early detection of selected cancers performed in the Czech Republic. It draws attention to the importance of systematic examination of asymptomatic patients to detect malignant diseases in their preclinical phase when the chance of complete healing is high. The role of general practitioners is pivotal in the implementation of the programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 3","pages":"166-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiological findings and antimicrobial resistance dynamics in pathogens isolated from patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis: a single center experience.","authors":"J Holoubek, D Matysková, M Hanslianová, M Cvanová, B Lipový","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6600/20251001/141813","DOIUrl":"10.61568/emi/11-6600/20251001/141813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is one of the most life-threatening skin exfoliative disorders. The disease is frequently misdiagnosed or diagnosed with a long delay. This, together with the unique pathology, leads to a high mortality of affected patients. The high risk of infections associated with extensive loss of skin and impaired function of the immune system is one of the most common complications in TEN patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All patients treated at our clinic with a diagnosis of TEN between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2020, were included in this study. Basic epidemiological parameters, the incidence of infectious complications in individual compartments, clinical laboratory and microbiological parameters, and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens isolated during the hospital stay were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 498 potentially pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs) were isolated in our patient group, i.e., on average more than 35 isolated PPMs per patient. Of these, 155 pathogens fell into the gram-positive spectrum (31.1%), and 331 into the gram-negative spectrum (66.5%). The effect of corticosteroid therapy on overall survival is also an interesting indicator. In patients with multifocal infection, the maximum corticosteroid dose was 965 mg of methylprednisolone, while in patients without multifocal infection, the maximum dose was 2.333 mg methylprednisolone (p = 0.032). Last but not least, we mapped the most frequently occurring pathogens, dominated by gram-negative bacteria, in particular Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. We also described the presence of antibiotic resistance in epidemiologically important pathogens in TEN patients with infectious complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We successfully identified basic epidemiological parameters in a cohort of patients treated with TEN along with the most frequent representatives of infectious complications. We were able to identify risk factors for the development of infectious complications and their impact on further complications of treatment as well as patient mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 4","pages":"205-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145985881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus from pneumonia patients in the Czech Republic in 2022-2024.","authors":"J Bílý, K Mašková, J Kudláčková, J Závora, P Petráš","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6600/20251001/141815","DOIUrl":"10.61568/emi/11-6600/20251001/141815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) can cause life-threatening pneumonia in addition to skin and soft tissue infections. Pneumonia usually follows as a secondary bacterial infection after a respiratory virus infection. Between 2022 and 2024, the National Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci at the Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the National Institute of Public Health in Prague confirmed PVL production in S. aureus isolates from 13 patients with invasive abscessing pneumonia. All of these patients deteriorated dramatically, needing critical care support. Nine of them died after a fulminant progression of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 4","pages":"224-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145985821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first autochthonous case of diphyllobothriosis, caused by broad fish tapeworm (Dibothriocephalus latus), in the Czech Republic.","authors":"T Scholz, R Kuchta, J Brabec, V Pavelková, Z Lapáčková","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139689","DOIUrl":"10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diphyllobothriosis is a parasitic infection of humans caused by the broad fish tapeworm (Dibothriocephalus latus; synonym Diphyllobothrium latum). This disease is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere including Europe. Popular sport fish such as perch (Perca fluviatilis) and pike (Esox lucius) are the source of human infection. Here we document the first autochthonous case of diphyllobothriosis linked to the consumption of raw pike roe (caviar) originating from a popular tourist destination in South Bohemia. This is probably a recent introduction of the parasite into the Lipno Reservoir, which may represent a new focus of diphyllobothriosis, a zoonotic, fish-borne disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 1","pages":"76-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A lethal tick-borne encephalitis from an active endemic area in Slovakia.","authors":"S Litvová, M Štefkovičová, M Greždová, A Drľová, Z Krištúfková, M Kopilec Garabášová","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6492/20250428/140418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6492/20250428/140418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a neglected zoonotic neuroinvasive disease. Most cases of TBE have a mild course, but some patients with encephalitis develop long-term neurological or neuropsychic sequelae. We report a fatal case of TBE in a patient living in an endemic area. The case occurred in a middle-aged man with no epidemiological evidence of tick bites, no consumption of raw dairy products, and who was not vaccinated against TBE. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the need for better information of the risk factors associated with TBE with the long-term sequelae, to improve case management and to stimulate the development of new vaccination strategies. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of rare fatal TBE in a middle-aged man with no severe comorbidities in Slovakia.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 2","pages":"126-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative nicotine delivery systems: current evidence.","authors":"J Malinovská, M Lustigová, M Koželuhová, V Puchnerová, J Urbanová, O Hloch, S Pálová, L Rozsíval, J Brož","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141317","DOIUrl":"10.61568/emi/11-6568/20250808/141317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alternative nicotine delivery products (ANDS) have gained popularity in recent years. Their potentially lower harm compared to traditional cigarettes and the possibility of using them as part of a harm-reduction strategy in tobacco addiction treatment have been discussed. Current epidemiological trends show a gradual increase in ANDS use by the general population, especially among adolescents and young adults, but also among non-smokers. The most comprehensive evidence regarding health effects is available for e-cigarettes, which suggests that their use does not increase cardiovascular risk, except for hypertension, compared to non-smokers, and reduces the risk of respiratory diseases compared to smoking traditional cigarettes; however, long-term data are lacking for older individuals. In the case of heated tobacco products, there is not enough reliable evidence on health risks compared to current smokers or non-smokers, while concerns remain about the potential toxicity of substances found in these products but absent in cigarette smoke. For nicotine pouches, there is a lack of reliable evidence on long-term effects. Electronic cigarettes are used as a smoking cessation tool in some countries, such as the UK. Existing evidence leans towards the potential use of e-cigarettes as a harm-reduction strategy, although there is currently no global consensus on their role in tobacco addiction treatment. Complete cessation of all tobacco and nicotine products remains the primary recommended approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 3","pages":"175-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug injecting and other risk behaviours among potential clients of the mobile drug consumption room in Brno, Czechia.","authors":"V Mravčík, B Janíková, D Thanki, D Nováková","doi":"10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6445/20250128/139687","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Injecting drug use is associated with a high disease burden, particularly due to the high risk of blood-borne infections such as viral hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Interventions recommended for the prevention and control of infections associated with drug use include so-called drug consumption rooms (DCRs). A DCR is a professional addiction service where people who use drugs (PWUD) can consume the drug they bring under safer and hygienic conditions. In September 2023, the first DCR in the Czech Republic was opened in Brno as a mobile setting (MDCR) in a socially excluded location (SEL) with a high prevalence of heroin and other opioids injecting, especially in the local Roma community. Its launch involved mixed methods research aimed at needs analysis and service set-up. This paper presents an analysis of quantitative data focusing on risk behaviours and other characteristics of potential clients of the programme.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Material and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys (n=131 and n=135) were conducted just before and after the launch of the programme among PWUD recruited through convenience sampling by collaborating services and peer workers in Brno. The analysis addressed the characteristics of clients in the SEL where the MDCR operates. Pairwise associations between the SEL affiliation and other variables were analysed using the chi-square test and t-test. For statistically significant predictors from the pairwise analysis, logistic regression analysis was performed, with adjustment for gender and age. Results are presented as adjusted odds ratios (AOR).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In both surveys, two thirds were male, mean age around 37 years (36.5 years in survey 1 and 37.5 years in survey 2). Most of them were people who injected drugs with a relatively high rate of risk behaviours. In survey 2, more people self-reported Roma ethnicity (50.7% versus 20.3%) and opioids as their primary drug (39.7% versus 27.5%). Respondents from survey 1 living in the SEL were more likely to have used heroin (AOR=8.2) and opioids (4.7) in the past year, to have injected drugs in an indoor public space in the past 30 days (3.6), to have witnessed an overdose (2.5), and to have been taken by emergency services (2.6) in the past 12 months. SEL respondents were more likely to have been clients of addiction services in the past year (2.8), especially opioid agonist treatment (4.6), but on the other hand, showed significantly more barriers to treatment. The survey after the MDCR launch confirmed higher rates of opioid use (2.9) and lower rates of methamphetamine use (0.3) and showed a higher prevalence of ever-diagnosed HCV (3.0) among SEL respondents. Prior to the opening of the MDCR, SEL respondents were in general less aware of the DCR (0.4) but reported greater willingness to use it after its launch (2.7).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The launch of t","PeriodicalId":54374,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie","volume":"74 1","pages":"53-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}