Vehicular Communications最新文献

{"title":"Beamforming design and trajectory optimization for integrated sensing and communication supported by multiple UAVs based on DRL","authors":"Zekun Lu,&nbsp;Linbo Zhai,&nbsp;Wenjie Zhou,&nbsp;Kai Xue,&nbsp;Xingxia Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology and the high flexibility and maneuverability of UAV itself, UAV will play a very important role in the development of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) in the future. In this paper, the communication and sensing system supported by multiple UAVs is studied. And we propose a new ISAC balance mode (BISAC). In this mode, the sensing time is set reasonably according to the number of potential targets (PTs) and sensing requirements while the UAV is communicating with ground equipment (GEs), so as to reduce the interaction between communication and sensing and improve the utilization of resources. We also introduce the Age of Information (AoI) to measure the freshness of GEs' data information in order to reduce the delay. Therefore, our goal is to minimize the Average AoI of GEs by jointly optimizing UAV trajectory, user association, target sensing selection and communication and sensing beamforming while maintaining communication quality and sensing requirements. In order to obtain long-term AoI performance and effectively solve non-convex problems with continuous and discrete variables, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm based on a combination of deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) and Dueling Double Deep Q networks (D3QN). Continuous and discrete variables in the system are processed by invoking a DDPG and D3QN. Specifically, we have improved DDPG's actor-critic structure by incorporating D3QN, which utilizes the actor portion of DDPG to search for optimal communication and sensing beams. At the same time, the critic part of DDPG is combined with D3QN to select the optimal flight direction of UAV. Simulation results show that the proposed DDPG-D3QN algorithm has better stability, faster convergence rate, and higher reward than existing DRL-based methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100932"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143911620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"P3AKA: A PUF based privacy preserving authentication and key agreement framework for secure communication in vehicle to grid network","authors":"Prarthana J. Mehta,&nbsp;Balu L. Parne,&nbsp;Sankita J. Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A traditional power grid integrates a Smart Grid (SG) technology to reduce greenhouse gases and increase the efficiency of energy transition. The Vehicle to Grid (V2G) is raised and combined with the SG network to fulfill these objectives of the SG technology. The two-way power flow in the V2G technology allows an Electrical Vehicle (EV) to charge its battery and discharge surplus energy back to the power grid through the Charging Stations (CSs). During the energy transfer, an EV shares identity, location, and charging preferences with the CS through an insecure channel. It raises significant security and privacy vulnerabilities for the V2G network. In addition, the EV and CS are situated in an exposed location that may increase the risk of physical attack. Hence, there is a need to preserve the security and privacy of the EV and CS in the V2G network. Moreover, a lightweight security solution is necessary for the resource constrained CS and EV in the V2G network. Several authentication and key agreement protocols were suggested in the literature to overcome the security challenges in the V2G network. However, the existing approaches fail to maintain the session key secrecy and preserve from the physical attack. Thus, we propose a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) based Privacy Preserving Authentication and Key Agreement (P3AKA) framework for the V2G network using lightweight cryptographic operations. PUF protects the CS and EV from the physical attack and other lightweight cryptographic functions safeguard the network from other security attacks. Security analysis of the proposed P3AKA framework represents that it protects the V2G network from potential security threats such as impersonation, replay, Man-in-The-Middle (MiTM), physical, and machine learning attacks. Further, it ensures user anonymity and non-traceability of the EV user. The formal security verification uses the ROR model and Scyther tool to verify the proposed P3AKA framework. It illustrates that the P3AKA framework successfully provides bidirectional authentication and session key secrecy in the V2G network. In addition, the performance analysis illustrates that the proposed P3AKA framework improves security with competitive overheads compared to existing relevant schemes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100925"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging reputation for enhanced decision accuracy in vehicle-to-vehicle communications under limited infrastructure","authors":"Dimah Almani ,&nbsp;Tim Muller ,&nbsp;Steven Furnell","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) networking enhances transportation safety and efficiency by enabling vehicles to share alerts. However, malicious vehicles may inject false messages, leading to disputes. While certificates help ensure security, Certificate Revocation List (CRLs) may be outdated in low-connectivity areas, making it hard to verify conflicting reports. Reputation systems, using a pre-signature scheme, can aid decision-making even in infrastructure-limited environments.</div><div>In this paper, we provide the mechanisms to use reputation in areas with low/no connectivity, whilst allowing for pseudonymous certificates to verify message authenticity without breaking privacy. The approach is integrated into the existing Security Credential Management System (SCMS), a framework for managing digital certificates for secure V2V communication.</div><div>Our simulations evaluate the security performance of our proposed mechanism, with offline available reputation, against plain SCMS certificate management that rely solely on CRL to block malicious vehicles. The results are achieved by integrating vehicular simulation tools like SUMO, OMNeT++, and Veins, to evaluate the V2V communications in each system under two conditions (Accident and No accident) ensuring a comprehensive system evaluation.</div><div>The proposed scheme improves accuracy in decision-making with conflicting information by 36% in accidents and 44.4% in No-Accident situations in a rural environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100927"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive UAV-assisted secure and reliable communications based on robust joint trajectory and power control optimization","authors":"Can Wang,&nbsp;Junhong Zhang,&nbsp;Helin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cognitive unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication system has emerged as a pivotal technology in addressing the scarcity of spectral resources for UAV communications, but the jamming and eavesdropping attacks are severe due to the high-quality air-to-ground communication links. Consequently, this paper introduces a UAV-enabled cooperative jammer to disrupt the eavesdropping activities of active eavesdroppers by emitting artificial noise. Our objective is to jointly optimize the three-dimensional UAV trajectory and transmit power to maximize the secrecy communication rate under quality of service (QoS) requirement. To tackle the non-convex problem, the block coordinate descent (BCD) and successive convex approximation (SCA) methods are utilized to transform it into an approximate convex problem, and then we design an alternative optimization iterative algorithm to achieve suboptimal but efficient solution. Moreover, we extend the developed algorithm into an imperfect channel state information (CSI) scenario to maximize the worst-case secrecy rate by jointly optimizing the robust UAV's trajectory and transmit power, where the location uncertainties of ground primary, secondary, and eavesdropping devices are considered. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed joint optimization algorithm significantly enhances system secrecy performance under different real-world settings compared to existing state-of-the-art algorithms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100941"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UAV-supported communication: Current and prospective solutions","authors":"Moayad Aloqaily ,&nbsp;Ouns Bouachir ,&nbsp;Ismaeel Al Ridhawi","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancement in wireless communication has significantly resulted in unprecedented new applications and services. This, coupled with Next-Generation Networking (NGN) and the recent advances in cellular communication and networking, predominantly the Fifth-Generation (5G) network, has resulted in the rise of new technological solutions. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is one such solution that has evolved from its traditional usage in military and civilian applications, towards new and innovative solutions that provide support to wireless communication and networking. With advances in their processing and communication capabilities, UAVs are now supporting both core and edge networks to deliver services to end-users in a reliable and fast manner. The synergy and collective collaboration between UAVs and continuously evolving and progressing technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain are reshaping the landscape of wireless communication and networking, enabling more robust, secure and adaptable systems that transcend traditional limitations. In this article, we explore various collaborative solutions that leverage UAV communication and networks that not only bolster communication between mobile nodes and the core network but also reinforce the edge computing infrastructure. This reinforcement enables scalable data storage and intelligent processing to elevate end-user services and applications. Additionally, we address the obstacles, concerns, and future pathways concerning UAV-supported NGNs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100923"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DAME-IoV: Dynamic Adaptive Multi-Edge authentication protocol with post-quantum security for Internet of Vehicles","authors":"Iftikhar Rasheed ,&nbsp;Hala Mostafa","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) faces increasing security challenges with the advent of quantum computing, which threatens traditional cryptographic protocols while demanding efficient authentication mechanisms for large-scale vehicle networks. This paper presents DAME-IoV, a Dynamic Adaptive Multi-Edge authentication protocol that provides post-quantum security while leveraging edge computing capabilities for enhanced performance. Our framework introduces three key innovations: (1) a lightweight post-quantum authentication scheme optimized for vehicular networks, featuring lattice-based cryptography with dynamic parameter adjustment; (2) an adaptive security mechanism that dynamically adjusts protection levels based on real-time threat assessment and resource availability; and (3) an efficient edge-assisted processing architecture that enables scalable authentication through intelligent caching and batch verification. We provide formal security proofs demonstrating the protocol's resistance to quantum attacks while maintaining conditional privacy preservation. Extensive experimental evaluation on a prototype implementation shows that DAME-IoV achieves 45% lower computational overhead, 35% reduced memory footprint, and 40% better scaling efficiency compared to existing solutions. Performance analysis under various network conditions demonstrates that our framework maintains authentication latency below 50 ms while supporting over 1000 concurrent vehicle requests. The proposed solution successfully addresses the critical challenges of post-quantum security, scalability, and efficiency in IoV environments, providing a practical foundation for securing next-generation vehicular networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100933"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal coordinated platoon lane change in highways with mixed traffic","authors":"Fernando V. Monteiro ,&nbsp;Ketan Savla ,&nbsp;Petros Ioannou","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the field of connected autonomous vehicles, platoons - where vehicles closely follow one another - have shown promising results in enhancing safety, traffic flow, and fuel efficiency. This study addresses the unique challenges of platoon lane changes, where multiple platoon vehicles have lane change intention and must remain together after the maneuver is completed. We focus on highway environments because many studies have highlighted the advantages of platooning in these settings. We leverage an offline controller synthesis approach to deal with the combinatorial problem of choosing a strategy. Building on concepts from symbolic optimal control, we represent the problem using a weighted directed acyclic graph where nodes are quantized state vectors, edge weights are costs to transition between nodes, and the shortest path solutions represent the optimal platoon lane change strategies. We use a Cached Branch-and-Bound Depth-First Search algorithm to solve the offline control problem due to its anytime capability and low memory requirements. This approach provides real-time decision making and guarantees maneuver success while minimizing completion time or control effort. Previous works either required control of all vehicles on the road, making them inadequate for mixed-traffic scenarios, or fixed the order in which platoon vehicles change lanes, disregarding the current state of surrounding vehicles and maneuver costs. Our framework can describe all previously proposed methods, relies only on cooperation between platoon vehicles, allows for optimization, and produces solutions whose costs decrease as the allowed computational time increases. We employ the VISSIM traffic simulator to compare our approach to the state of the art. The experiments show that we obtain an increase of 13% in the maneuver completion rate along with a decrease of around 15% to 20% in the maneuver completion time and distance traveled to complete the lane change at the cost of an average increase of 2% to 17% in the longitudinal control effort. This trade-off is a direct consequence of having the platoon occupy suitable lane-changing spaces as soon as possible, and this myopic behavior is necessary when there is no information about the future movements of human-driven vehicles. Moreover, the experiments indicate that our approach yields a sharp decrease in cost in relatively short computational times. These results emphasize the potential for deployment of the proposed method in mixed-traffic highway scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100924"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An optimal transmit power allocation scheme using UAV position estimation in MmWave NTNs","authors":"Pawan Srivastava,&nbsp;M.P.R.S. Kiran","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) typically consist of UAV swarms equipped with multiple sensors that generate massive data, requiring real-time communication to a gateway for further processing. Hence, millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication technologies operating above 24 GHz emerge as a suitable solution for enabling high-speed intra-UAV swarm communication. However, mmWave communication technologies use multiple antenna-based directional beamforming for improved coverage, which leads to higher power consumption and frequent beam training overhead, affecting swarm endurance. To address this, we propose a novel optimal transmit power allocation scheme that enhances swarm endurance and improves throughput by reducing beam training overhead. Firstly, the proposed scheme uses the Kalman filter (in this paper, but not limited to) at the transmitting UAV to estimate the real-time position of the receiving UAV. The estimated position is utilized to calculate path loss and select the optimal transmit power level needed to meet the required received signal power threshold at the receiving UAV. To reduce outages from errors in UAV position estimation, the proposed scheme also adjusts the transmit power level by incorporating an additional buffer distance around the estimated position, thereby enhancing reliability with a minimal increase in transmit power. The performance analysis shows that the proposed scheme achieves an average reliability of more than 99% and power savings of up to 49.4% while increasing the throughput under saturated traffic conditions, thus establishing its effectiveness in mobile UAV swarms. Also, the proposed scheme is compared with three popular mechanisms existing in the literature: 1) baseline approach where constant transmit power is utilized, 2) deep learning (long short-term memory, LSTM) based transmit power allocation, and 3) power allocation using <span><math><mi>α</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>β</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>γ</mi></math></span> filter for receiving UAV position estimation. The performance comparison shows that the proposed scheme offers superior performance in terms of power savings, reliability, throughput, and computational complexity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100934"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A QoS-aware adaptive cross-layer cyber-attack detection algorithm for vehicular networks","authors":"Avneet Kaur ,&nbsp;Makhduma F. Saiyed ,&nbsp;Irfan Al-Anbagi ,&nbsp;M. Shamim Hossain","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Securing data transmission and detecting cyber-attacks in consumer Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) pose significant challenges due to the highly dynamic topology of the network and frequent mobility of nodes. These characteristics enable attackers to exploit vulnerabilities and evade detection, making real-time attack detection complex while maintaining the Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Cross-layer Cyber-attack Detection (ACCD) algorithm that dynamically detects and isolates malicious nodes while optimizing traffic routing based on application-specific requirements. The proposed algorithm uses a cross-layer traffic-aware approach to classify data flows into security-critical and delay-sensitive applications, ensuring optimal routing through the selection of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocols. The integration of pre-route authentication (PRA) enhances malicious node isolation, reducing the impact of selective forwarding and blocking attacks. Simulation results show that ACCD achieves lower end-to-end delay and higher Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) while effectively balancing network security and performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100929"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143911618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the performance of a UAV-based Malaga-distributed FSO/FSO communication system with NOMA","authors":"Aanchal Gupta ,&nbsp;Divya Dhawan ,&nbsp;Neena Gupta ,&nbsp;Hemani Kaushal","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100930","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is an efficient communication technique that can offer improved spectral efficiency, ultra-low latency and massive connectivity and its integration with Free Space Optical (FSO) communication can improve the network capacity to a great extent. In this manuscript, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is employed as a relay in an FSO/FSO downlink network, comprising of two users, user 1, U1 and user 2, U2, using Amplify-and-Forward (AF) protocol. UAVs can prove to be assets in disaster-struck situations (during natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, etc.), when all terrestrial communication is at halt. The performance of this system is determined in the presence of atmospheric attenuation, Malaga (<span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span>) turbulence fading, pointing errors and Angle-of-Arrival (AoA) fluctuations. Heterodyne detection (HD) technique is used for information detection at the users for providing improved sensitivity and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). The closed-form expressions for Outage Probability (OP), Ergodic Capacity and Bit Error Rate (BER) are derived in terms of Meijer-G function and OP is analyzed with respect to different weather conditions, turbulence levels, pointing error coefficients, NOMA coefficients and Field-of-View (FoV) angles. It is observed that at an SNR of 0 dB, the outage at U1 and U2 is 0.5489 and 0.7423, respectively. A comparison of OP is presented for the cases of HD and Intensity Modulation/Direct Detection (IM/DD) techniques and for NOMA and Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) technologies. Ergodic Capacity is analyzed for different turbulence strengths and pointing error values and it can be noticed that it is enhanced by reducing the turbulence strength and pointing error impairment. BER is observed for different modulation schemes and it is found to be <span><math><mn>7.7</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, <span><math><mn>1.9</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, <span><math><mn>7.9</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> and <span><math><mn>2.8</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, for QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK and 16-QAM, respectively, at an SNR of 30 dB. In addition, BER is analyzed for clear, rainy and foggy weather along with different pointing errors and turbulence regimes. Monte-Carlo simulations are also carried out in order to validate the correctness of the obtained analytical results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100930"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}