Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans最新文献

{"title":"Bedform Growth Beneath Periodic Internal Solitary Waves Propagating Through a Tidal Flow","authors":"A. Posada-Bedoya,&nbsp;J. Olsthoorn,&nbsp;L. Boegman","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022914","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JC022914","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Internal solitary waves (ISWs), ubiquitous to lakes and coastal oceans, have often been proposed as a mechanism for generating subaqueous sandwaves. Yet, the physical mechanisms underlying ISW-driven bedform growth remain poorly understood. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate bedform generation by periodic ISWs propagating through a background tidal flow. The regularly-spaced bursts of resuspended material (wisps), that occurred behind the progressive ISW coincided with increased fluctuations in the 3-D velocity field and bed stress. We attributed these to vortices generated by the amplification of the most unstable mode of the separated bottom boundary layer (BBL). We propose a feedback mechanism, between the BBL instability and bedforms, that leads to bedform generation: the BBL instability from a leading ISW creates spatially-periodic bed defects that act as a source of perturbations to the BBL, amplifying the instability and subsequent bedform growth upon passage of trailing ISWs. The spacing between wisps and the bedform wavelength matched the wavelength of the most unstable mode of the BBL, as predicted by a linear stability analysis. The ISW-induced BBL flow drives sediment resuspension and bedform generation, but these processes are modulated by the background tide. During ebb tide, the BBL currents beneath the ISW trough are reinforced by the tidal flow, increasing the local Reynolds number imposed on the BBL and the instability growth rate. The opposite interaction occurs during flood tide. The proposed feedback mechanism provides a mechanistic explanation for bedforms generated beneath periodic ISWs in a laboratory setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JC022914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of Intense Turbulent Mixing by Unsteady Mode-2 Internal Lee Waves off the Yangtze River Estuary","authors":"Qianjiang Zhang,&nbsp;Jiaxue Wu,&nbsp;Wenyan Zhang,&nbsp;Feilong Lin,&nbsp;Xiaohui Xie,&nbsp;Feng Zhou","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022410","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JC022410","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Under suitable dynamic conditions, mode-2 internal waves (IWs) may arise when the stratified water of a river plume region interacts with steep topography. However, the dynamics and effect of mode-2 IWs in river plume systems remain largely unexplored. In this study, the presence of mode-2 IWs was confirmed by observations during the 2016 flood season on the landward slope of the submerged canyon off the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE). The isopycnal bulges in the mid-depth layer enclose the center of the velocity jet during peak ebb tides, featuring a convex mode-2 internal wave. Beneath the jet core, intense turbulence dissipation rates on the order of <i>O</i> (10⁻⁴) W kg⁻¹ were observed. Mode-2 IWs with an amplitude of ∼3.0 m and a buoyancy frequency of <i>O</i> (10⁻²) s⁻² can theoretically increase the current velocity by ∼0.5 m s⁻¹. The estimated velocity increase aligns with the observations, confirming the development of mode-2 IWs. The current jet promoted shear instability beneath it, causing intense turbulent dissipation. The interaction between the stratified current and the supercritical slope off the YRE forms internal lee waves. The cross-shore ebb current can be supercritical relative to mode-2 IWs, thereby forming mode-2 internal lee waves. The background shear in the river plume can amplify the velocity jet of mode-2 IWs, indicating its effect on turbulent mixing. Our findings reveal that in river plume systems characterized by supercritical topography and pronounced barotropic tides, mode-2 internal waves may frequently develop and increase turbulent mixing.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability of Propagating Diurnal Internal Tides in the South China Sea Radiated From the Luzon Strait","authors":"Yue Wang,&nbsp;Xiaodong Huang,&nbsp;Wei Zhao,&nbsp;Qinwang Xing,&nbsp;Jiahui Li","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022621","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JC022621","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Internal tides drive heterogeneous diapycnal mixing, modulating ocean circulation, and biogeochemical processes, yet their spatiotemporal variability remains largely unknown. This study combines mooring observations and numerical simulations to investigate the propagation of diurnal internal tides (DITs) from the Luzon Strait (LS) into the SCS and their responses to dynamic background fields—including the Kuroshio, mesoscale eddies, and seasonal circulation—during the 2015/2016 super El Niño. Results reveal that the looping Kuroshio diverted DIT energy northeastward, reducing southwestward energy flux into the mid-southern SCS by 14% compared with stationary conditions. Conversely, the leaking Kuroshio, paired with cyclonic eddies, enhanced this flux by 33%. Wintertime cyclonic circulation facilitated the southwestward DITs and resulted in about 200-km westward migration of the main DIT beam in the middle SCS. In response to the super El Niño event, the summertime SCS circulation was characterized by a 120-km-wide northeastward jet in the middle SCS, which ducted the southwestward DITs and strengthened them into the middle and southern SCS by 30%. These findings underscore the critical role of rapidly evolving background motions in shaping internal tide dynamics, offering insights for improving climate models and turbulent mixing parameterizations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Resolution Simulation of the Bay of Bengal Rain Plume","authors":"N. Anup,&nbsp;P. N. Vinayachandran,&nbsp;Deepak N. Subramani","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022676","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JC022676","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rainfall plays an important role in shaping the dynamics of the ocean surface layer. However, the impact of prolonged rainfall, lasting a few days, on the Bay of Bengal's surface layer remains poorly understood. This study investigates the formation of a rain plume (low-salinity plume) associated with a rainfall event that occurred from 22 to 31 July 2015, using a very high-resolution (1 km) ROMS model simulation. The rain plume exhibits distinct impacts across its lifecycle, modifying upper-ocean salinity, temperature, stratification, and the mixed layer (ML), as well as intensifying submesoscale activity. The rainfall event was associated with a cyclonic storm KOMEN. Strong wind-driven surface currents pushed the plume southwestward from the northern bay. Afterward, offshore movement of the plume was dominated by geostrophic currents. By August 2, it reached maximum intensity, forming a mushroom-like shape approximately 140 km in length, 37 km in width, and a depth of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>20 m. Within the rain plume, the salinity was fresher by <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>4 psu, the temperature cooler by <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 <mn>1.5</mn>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} 1.5{}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>C, and the ML vanished. The temporal evolution of the ML within the rain plume led to three distinct phases: deepening, steady, and shallowing. Our findings also highlight enhanced submesoscale activity along the edges of the rain plume. The life cycle of the rain plume lasted <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>13 days from formation, intensification, to dissipation. These findings enhance the understanding of upper-ocean responses to freshwater plumes and highlight the role of high-resolution models in capturing them, with implications to intense weather systems and marine ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking Ocean Storms and Earth's Hum Excitation: Seasonal Infragravity Wave Observations in the Pacific Ocean","authors":"Kai-Xun Chen,&nbsp;Yuancheng Gung","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022342","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JC022342","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Infragravity waves (IGWs) are long-period ocean waves that bridge the atmosphere, ocean, solid Earth and polar ice, influencing sea level measurements, coastal sediment transport, the breakup of Antarctic ice shelves and the excitation of Earth's seismic hum. We collected ocean-bottom pressure data recorded by approximately 700 pressure gauges from 15 ocean-bottom seismometer arrays deployed on the Pacific seafloor and computed cross-correlation functions between each station pair to extract coherent energy of IGWs. We conducted beamforming analysis to determine the incoming direction of IGWs and applied ray-tracing calculations to locate their sources. Our results reveal pronounced seasonal variations in the spatial extent of IGW sources. During boreal winter, coastlines of the northern and eastern Pacific Ocean are distinct sources, particularly in the northeastern segment, strongly correlating with IGW height predictions and with significant wave height triggered by eastward-moving storms. By contrast, during boreal summer (i.e., austral winter), waves predominantly originate from the western coast of South America and New Zealand coasts, as those in the prediction model. A secondary region is illuminated along the Antarctic coast, which we hypothesize originates from distant primary sources in the Southern Hemisphere, reflecting off the Antarctic coast. The reflected waves then likely propagate northward several hundred to thousands of kilometers seaward toward the Northern Hemisphere, where they are recorded by stations in the northern Pacific Ocean. The detected IGW source locations in this study support that Earth's seismic hum is triggered unevenly, with distinct seasonal patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JC022342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144833171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indo-Pacific Deep Water Pathways and Transports in the South Australian Basin","authors":"S. Shapiro,&nbsp;L. D. Talley,&nbsp;S. G. Purkey","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022405","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JC022405","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A key component of the ocean's global overturning circulation is the return of deep water from the Indian and Pacific Oceans to the Southern Ocean transporting heat, carbon, and nutrients poleward and toward the ocean surface. Indian Deep Water (IDW) and Pacific Deep Water (PDW) traverse the South Australian basin as they bring high-carbon, low-oxygen water to upwell in the Southern Ocean. Historically, limited sampling of this basin has made characterizing this circulation difficult. Here, we use 20 years of data from the Biogeochemical and Core Argo arrays to identify the upper portion of deep water above 2,000 m in this basin. We map time-mean potential vorticity, oxygen, temperature, and salinity. We combine Argo profiles with trajectory data to calculate time-mean geostrophic velocities. These property and velocity maps indicate three branches of flow on isopycnals between 1,400 and 2,000 dbar: a deep eastern boundary current (DEBC) carrying warm salty IDW along the continental slope, a central southeastward pathway carrying IDW through the center of the basin, and a westward pathway carrying fresher, cooler PDW into the basin. These pathways transport 0.3 ± 0.3 Sv, 3.6 ± 2.3 Sv, and 3.4 ± 0.9 Sv, respectively, between <i>σ</i>₁ = 32.2 and 32.3 kg/m³ where <i>σ</i>₁ is the potential density referenced to 1,000 dbar. Over the full deep water layer, we estimate the transport of the deep eastern boundary current as 2.2 ± 2.1 Sv, the southeast IDW as 27 ± 17 Sv, and the westward PDW as 18 ± 6 Sv.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JC022405","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144832996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogeochemical Response to Tropical Cyclones in the Northern Indian Ocean: Understanding and Gray Areas","authors":"Trishneeta Bhattacharya,&nbsp;Prasanna Kanti Ghosal,&nbsp;Kunal Chakraborty","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022540","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JC022540","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tropical cyclones (TCs) significantly modulate the physical and biogeochemical state of the upper ocean during their passage. The most immediate biogeochemical response to TC passage involves competing effects of carbon utilization (through primary production) and carbon release (through cyclone-induced mixing and upwelling), together making up the carbon cycle. The after-effects of nutrients and carbon cycling impact the concentration of dissolved oxygen and trace gases, especially in continental shelves and estuaries. In this study, for the first time, we conducted a comprehensive review of (a) the mechanisms responsible for post-cyclonic enhanced chlorophyll-a concentration, (b) the changes in vertical distributions of nutrients and dissolved carbon in response to TCs, (c) the dissolved oxygen and trace gas responses to TCs, and (d) the changes in water quality of deltaic and coastal regions impacting the ecology in response to TCs. Further, we have reviewed the commonly used bulk formulation for gas and momentum flux measurements in numerical models designed for climate research and global reanalysis products, highlighting the uncertainties associated with flux estimates in TC-like high wind conditions. We have also examined the availability of observational data during TC events, commenting on their sources and reliability for use. And finally, we have highlighted the areas of research gap and future directives in TC research with special emphasis on the impacts of northern Indian Ocean dynamics to global climate variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144833136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell Death Helps to Stabilize Populations of Prochlorococcus","authors":"P. Wang,&nbsp;E. A. Laws,&nbsp;C. Liang,&nbsp;X. Liu,&nbsp;J. Chen,&nbsp;Y. Zhong,&nbsp;C. Li,&nbsp;B. Huang","doi":"10.1029/2024JC020962","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024JC020962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Prochlorococcus</i> is one of the dominant phytoplankton species in tropical and subtropical pelagic marine ecosystems. To maintain its population equilibrium in oligotrophic waters, the dominant species <i>Prochlorococcus</i> requires high loss rates to offset its high abundance and growth rates. While theoretical frameworks recognize multiple loss processes for <i>Prochlorococcus</i> (viral lysis, environmental stress, programmed cell death), prevailing population studies attribute main mortality to grazing. This oversight stems from in situ data gaps of non-grazing mortality processes. In this study, we firstly formulated simple differential equations that took account of population losses due to both grazing and cell death. We then used ship-based flow cytometry to assess the abundance of both non-reproductive and live cells of two <i>Prochlorococcus</i> ecotypes in the South China Sea, and we calculated cell loss rates due to grazing and cell death. We found that: (a) vertical profiles of the abundance and cell death rate of <i>Prochlorococcus</i> were consistent, and they differed between high-light and low-light adapted ecotypes; (b) the high-light adapted ecotype dominated at depths shallower than 50 m; the low-light adapted ecotype dominated in the deep chlorophyll maximum layer (75 m); (c) during daylight hours, the cell death rate was significantly greater than the loss rate due to grazing, with nighttime reversal. The field results confirmed that natural cell mortality helped maintain population equilibrium.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144832827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Earth's Rotation on the Nonlinear Evolution of Internal Tide Beams: Insights From Laboratory Experiments","authors":"Jiao Tan,&nbsp;Xu Chen,&nbsp;Jing Meng","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022395","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JC022395","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Coriolis force, arising from the Earth's rotation, plays a critical role in shaping the nonlinear evolution of internal tides (ITs) in the stratified ocean. This study employs laboratory experiments to investigate the impact of Earth's rotation on the instability and energy redistribution of IT beams generated by ridge topography. The results confirm that, within a specific range of the Coriolis parameter, IT beams transfer energy to two secondary waves (SWs) with smaller spatial scales via triadic resonance instability (TRI) and near-inertial parametric subharmonic instability. The weakly nonlinear theory is applied to analyze the spatiotemporal scales of these SWs, with their frequencies and wavenumbers governed by the highest theoretical instability growth rate. Strong TRI markedly alters the spatial distribution of energy dissipation, shifting intense dissipation from along the IT beams to regions closer to the ridge. Furthermore, the self-interaction of ITs induces mean flows near the ridge crest and along IT beams. The generation of intense SWs, combined with enhanced rotation, reshapes the structure and magnitude of mean flows by modifying the divergence of Reynolds stress, which is linearly related to velocity of mean flows near the ridge. These findings provide new insights into the instability mechanisms and energy cascading processes of IT beams.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144814642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Variability and the Role of Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions","authors":"Tom Dror,&nbsp;J. Michel Flores,&nbsp;Ilan Koren","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022862","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JC022862","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Diurnal variations in sea surface temperature (SST) influence the atmospheric boundary layer and the hydrological cycle. Using a decade of satellite data, we identify global patterns of diurnal SST variability, capturing both warming and cooling phases. We highlight diurnal cooling as a distinct and previously underrecognized phenomenon, accounting for over 38% of observed cases. By focusing on extreme cooling and warming events, defined as diurnal SST changes exceeding <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 <mn>3.16</mn>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 <mi>C</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm 3.16{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> from the mean, we explore the spatial distribution, seasonality, and mechanisms driving transitions between three SST states: diurnal warming, a balanced state, and diurnal cooling. These states correspond to distinct upper-ocean mixing regimes: minimal, neutral, and strong, each shaped by atmospheric forcing, including wind stress, cloud cover, and precipitation. In the tropics and mid-latitudes, extreme warming events dominate, occurring primarily during the transition and summer seasons under calm winds, clear skies, and little to no rain. In contrast, high-latitude regions are characterized by frequent diurnal cooling during winter, with passing storms emerging as key modulators of SST variability. Storms that occur during the day typically trigger strong cooling, while those passing at night can occasionally result in warming. By integrating seasonal context and focusing on extreme events, this study provides new insights into the atmospheric drivers of diurnal SST variability, an important step in constructing and tuning models that capture diurnal layer dynamics. These findings have implications for understanding energy budgets, air–sea interactions, and feedbacks in the coupled climate system.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JC022862","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}