Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Reply to Comment on \"Effect of Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair on Left Ventricular Flow Features\".","authors":"Xinyi He, Shuyi Feng, Fan Wu, Hongping Wang, Shizhao Wang, Xiangbin Pan","doi":"10.1007/s13239-025-00804-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13239-025-00804-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54322,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"714-715"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144978774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards the Integration of an Anti-Contractile Compound Within Drug-Coated Balloon Therapy.","authors":"Dima BaniHani, John F Eberth, Francis G Spinale, Vipul C Chitalia, Jahid Ferdous, Vijaya B Kolachalama, Tarek Shazly","doi":"10.1007/s13239-025-00798-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13239-025-00798-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Drug-coated balloon (DCB) therapy is a promising approach to treat peripheral artery disease (PAD), wherein lesion site preparation, balloon inflation, and the local delivery of anti-proliferative drugs such as paclitaxel (PTX) restores and retains lumen patency. Although largely successful in PAD applications, broader clinical deployment is in part limited by the occurrence of late lumen loss due to inward vessel remodeling at the treatment site, a maladaptive chronic response that has been clinically-observed to coincide with elevations in resident vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) tone. This study aims to explore a novel strategy to improve DCB efficacy via drug-based attenuation of vSMC tone at the treatment site.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>As a strategy to mitigate this post-DCB failure mode, we consider the local co-delivery of PTX and an additional drug that induces relaxation of vSMCs, specifically the clinically-approved anti-hypertensive drug valsartan (VAL). The potential benefit of drug-based regulation of vSMC tone is supported by recent theoretical studies that predict inward remodeling in the presence of hypertension and endothelial cell dysfunction, both common co-morbidities in PAD patients and established causes of elevated vSMC contractility. The specific selection of VAL as the anti-contractile payload constituent is motivated by its well-known pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, and the notion that current clinical use and familiarity could promote rapid translation in the context of DCBs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our obtained results quantify the potency of VAL to induce local vSMC relaxation in arterial tissue, demonstrate the feasibility of PTX and VAL co-delivery using the canonical excipient urea for balloon coating formation, and elucidate key structure-function relations to facilitate efficient drug delivery with these novel coatings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study supports the continued evaluation of VAL for inclusion in DCB formulations due to its potential to redirect post-treatment arterial remodeling. Future in-vivo studies which examine the co-delivery of PTX and VAL in the context of DCBs are needed to establish both the safety and efficacy of this novel approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":54322,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"611-623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12686006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision Unveiled in Unborn: A Cutting-Edge Hybrid Machine Learning Approach for Fetal Health State Classification.","authors":"Prachi, Pooja Sabherwal, Monika Agrawal, Anupam Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s13239-025-00800-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13239-025-00800-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Understanding and categorizing fetal health is an influential field of research that profoundly impacts the well-being of both mother and child. The primary desire to precisely examine and cure fetal disorders during pregnancy to enhance fetal and maternal outcomes is the driving force behind the classification of fetal health. Fetal cardiac abnormalities (structural or functional) need immediate doctor attention, and their early identification and detection in all stages of pregnancy can help doctors with the timely treatment of the mother and the unborn child by enabling appropriate prenatal counseling and management. By knowing about fetal health and taking necessary precautions for fetal health, the rate of fetal mortality can be decreased. Advancements in machine learning (ML) algorithms have revolutionized the analysis of fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Machine Learning and Deep Learning algorithms automate the fetal monitoring process and decisions in emergencies, save time, and enable telemonitoring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This paper introduces a new hybrid approach to enhance fetal health classification using an intelligent and dynamic combination of Random Forest (RF) and AdaBoost machine learning algorithms. The proposed work includes a detailed review of existing models and the challenges in handling fetal health data, setting the foundation for the design of advanced hybrid models. The implemented algorithm effectively integrates the strengths of RF and AdaBoost to enhance fetal health monitoring and classification performance. The RF algorithm is widely established for its capacity to manage large and highly dimensional data sets, whereas AdaBoost focuses on enhancing classification accuracy by correcting for mistakes in the RF models' predictions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proposed hybrid model is tested on a recognized benchmark CTG dataset, where it attained a classification accuracy of 95.98%, a precision of 92.88%, a recall of 92.78% and an F1 score of 92.70%. Achieved results demonstrate the potential of our novel approach in real-world applications, offering a promising tool for early detection of fetal anomalies, which is crucial for both fetal and maternal health.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Fetal health classification and timely prediction of fetal diseases seem to be a critical step throughout pregnancy. So, to deal with this problem, an attempt has been made to propose an accurate, reliable, and novel hybrid approach for enhancing fetal health classification. By combining the strengths of two algorithms, named RF and AdaBoost, superior classification accuracy, precision, F1 score, and recall have been achieved, and much better robustness compared to standalone models. We have strived to make a noteworthy impact on the health sector by developing this hybrid model for the timely evaluation and prediction of fetal-maternal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":54322,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"641-662"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144978770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Stroke Prevention in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: The Role of F2, a Novel Neuroprotection Device.","authors":"Mahsa Ghovvati, Taichiro Imahori, Nina Fukui, Kenichi Sakuta, Yoshiki Hanaoka, Lea Guo, Amir M Molaie, Aryan M Gajjar, Satoshi Tateshima, Gary Duckwiler, Naoki Kaneko","doi":"10.1007/s13239-025-00806-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13239-025-00806-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an established treatment for severe aortic stenosis; however, it carries the risk of periprocedural strokes. Current cerebral embolic protection (CEP) devices, such as the Sentinel, provide partial protection but are limited by inadequate anatomical coverage and inability to capture smaller emboli effectively. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel CEP device, the F2 filter with a 28 μm pore size and full cervical vessel coverage, in preventing emboli from entering the cerebral circulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Sentinel and F2 filter were evaluated for the ability to prevent embolic particles of various sizes (45-300 µm) from entering cerebral arteries using two in vitro flow models, incorporating standard and tortuous aortic anatomies. Additionally flow rates were also measured to confirm that normal perfusion was maintained while the devices were in place.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The F2 filter maintained normal cerebral arterial flow and significantly reduced the number of particles across all sizes compared to the Sentinel and control groups. This reduction was observed in all four cerebral branches and across both standard and tortuous aorta models.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The F2 filter showed superior neuroprotective effectiveness to prevent embolic debris from entering the cerebral circulation in the in vitro models. By offering comprehensive coverage to all cervical arteries and with a smaller mesh size, this filter has the potential to improve cerebral protection during TAVR.</p>","PeriodicalId":54322,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"703-713"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12686061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Similarities and Differences between Biatrial Remodeling Through Electro-Anatomic Mapping in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation.","authors":"Yue-Yue Feng, Bing Han","doi":"10.1007/s13239-025-00802-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13239-025-00802-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to explore the association between LA and RA remodeling and their influences on ablation efficacy in AF patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study involved AF patients undergoing their first catheter ablation using CARTO 3 system. After isolating pulmonary veins, three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping (3D-EAM) of LA and RA was conducted during sinus rhythm. Low voltage area (LVA) was defined as regions with bipolar voltage < 0.5 mv. If LVA constituted ≥ 10% of the total area of the ipsilateral atrium, it was considered an extensive LVA (ELVA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 271 patients (male 58.3%, median age 63 years) were enrolled. Biatrial 3D-EAM found that the RA had a larger volume and volume index, longer total activation time, and higher maximum voltage than the LA (P < 0.001). The presence of LVAs, especially ELVAs, was more common in LA (LVAs: 47 patients (17.3%) vs. 29 patients (10.7%), P = 0.011; ELVAs: 26 patients (9.6%) vs. 7 patients (2.6%), P < 0.001). The multivariate logistic analysis revealed that older age, female gender, persistent AF, and LA enlargement were independent predictors of LA LVAs, while female gender and AF duration were associated with RA LVAs. Strong associations were found between variables reflecting the LA and the RA remodeling. Multivariate Cox regression indicated that ELVA in the LA was the only independent predictor of post-ablation recurrence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AF patients had different characteristics and intrinsic correlations between LA and RA remodeling. The LVAs, especially the ELVAs, were more prevalent in the LA than in the RA. There were distinctions in related factors and impacts on ablation efficacy between the LA LVAs and the RA LVAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":54322,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"678-687"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Simulation-Based Comparison of Human, Porcine and Ovine Pulmonary Artery Hemodynamics. Evaluating the Suitability of Large Animal Models for Endopulmonary Device Evaluation from a Hemodynamics Point of View.","authors":"Pavlo Yevtushenko, Titus Kuehne, Jan Bruening, Leonid Goubergrits","doi":"10.1007/s13239-025-00803-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13239-025-00803-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the field of cardiovascular device development, new devices such as heart valves, stents or pressure probes for long term heart failure monitoring are subject to animal trials to evaluate their safety and efficacy. For such applications, swine and sheep are the animal models of choice owed to their similarities to humans with regards to heart size, weight and ventricular kinetics. However, clinical aspects regarding the choice of animal model revolve mainly around anatomical similarities as well as the ability to induce the desired pathology. In the case of pulmonary artery pressure sensors, both swine and sheep appear to be suitable candidates for animal trials since both animals have been used for pre-clinical evaluation. Hemodynamic aspects however, although equally important for device performance, appear rather underrepresented in current research and it remains uncertain whether anatomical similarities between humans and animal model in the region of interest translate to hemodynamic similarities. To provide insight whether pulmonary artery hemodynamics in large animal models are indeed comparable to those in humans, this work presents a computational fluid dynamics-based study on pulmonary artery hemodynamics for humans, swine and sheep. A total of 28 human, 41 porcine and 14 ovine transient simulations of pulmonary artery hemodynamics were performed based on subject-specific geometries reconstructed from computed tomography data. The distributions of wall shear stress (WSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI) within the cohorts were then compared to assess hemodynamic similarity. Distributions of time averaged WSS were found to be similar between humans and sheep (median 1.2 vs. 1.5 Pa, interquartile range (IQR) 0.8 Pa vs. 0.6 Pa, Wilcoxon rank sum test p = 0.42) but were significantly different for swine (median 1.7, IQR 0.5, p < 0.05), whereas OSI was significantly different for sheep and swine (0.17 ± 0.04 vs. 0.14 ± 0.03 and 0.09 ± 0.02). between sheep and humans. In summary, pulmonary artery vessel wall stresses of both animal models appear broadly similar to humans, however, sheep seem to have a notable edge over swine in our study.</p>","PeriodicalId":54322,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"688-702"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12686054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144978786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bare Metal Stenting for Residual Arch Dissections: A Computational Analysis.","authors":"Žiga Donik, Sanjeev Dhara, Willa Li, Blessing Nnate, Seth Sankary, Kayla Polcari, Mary Alyssa Varsanik, Kameel Khabaz, Ross Milner, Nhung Nguyen, Janez Kramberger, Luka Pocivavsek","doi":"10.1007/s13239-025-00799-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13239-025-00799-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Type A Thoracic Aortic Dissections are a highly morbid and complex clinical challenge often managed with hemiarch or total arch repair. Hemiarch repair is more commonly performed due to improved neurologic morbidity profile however it leaves behind a residual dissection flap which can lead to aneurysmal degeneration. Bare metal stent placement in conjunction with hemiarch repair is a novel technique which can theoretically avoid leaving a residual dissection flap. In this paper we analyze the biomechanical changes observed after in silico deployment of a bare metal stent in a post-hemiarch type A aortic dissection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We obtain computed tomography scans from pre-operative bare metal stent patients and perform high-fidelity segmentations. This geometry is then utilized for in silico stent deployment via finite element analysis. Deformed geometries are then utilized for computational fluid dynamic simulations to analyze the evolution of pressure gradients in the aorta.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We analyze the resulting geometry from in silico stent deployment for three different stiffness ratios between the flap and aortic wall. We demonstrate an acceptable stress evolution in the stent across all 3 stiffness configurations. We show a reduction in the false luminal volume across all stiffness ratios. Our analysis of pressure distributions that evolve in the aorta show that even in scenarios of high flap stiffness, where the false lumen volume shrinks correspondingly less, we still achieve a reduction in the pressure gradient across the aorta.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We show that bare metal stent deployment hemodynamically stabilizes the aorta via our finite element analysis and subsequent computational fluid dynamic modelling.</p>","PeriodicalId":54322,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"624-640"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12686075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Biophysics Co-Simulation of a Percutaneous Catheter VAD within a Contractile Left Heart.","authors":"Greg W Burgreen, James F Antaki","doi":"10.1007/s13239-025-00788-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13239-025-00788-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are most often computationally evaluated as isolated devices subjected to idealized steady-state blood flow conditions. In clinical practice, these devices are connected to, or within, diseased pulsatile ventricles of the heart, which can dramatically affect the hemodynamics, hence hemocompatibility-related adverse events such as hemolysis, bleeding, and thrombosis. Therefore, improved simulations are needed to more realistically represent the coupling of devices to the assisted ventricle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To address this need, we present a hybrid biophysics co-simulation strategy to evaluate the blood flow dynamics of a percutaneous catheter VAD in-situ within a pulsatile ventricle coupled to the circulation. Our hybrid strategy utilizes a computationally inexpensive lumped parameter network (LPN) to compute cardiac dynamics and provide one-way coupled physiologically-realistic boundary conditions to a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate detailed hemodynamics of the VAD and the VAD-assisted left heart.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Numerical simulation of a high-speed rotodynamic catheter pump configured as a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) generated a realistic reproduction of the unsteady blood velocity field over one complete cardiac cycle. The biophysics co-simulation strategy resulted in approximately one order of magnitude speed-up compared to a bidirectionally coupled CFD co-simulation. The simulated flow fields revealed persistent swirling blood flow within the ventricle, unsteady flow discharged to aorta by the pump, and significant variations of surface washing around the pump housing during the cardiac cycle.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study represents a stepping stone toward physiologically and anatomically realistic evaluation of mechanical circulatory support devices that directly complements and reduces extensive in-vivo studies to mitigates risk of adverse events in the clinical setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":54322,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"493-504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144499336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a Mathematical Model of Arterial Wall Mechanics with Drug Induced Vasoconstriction Against Ex Vivo Measurements.","authors":"Sara Costa Faya, Callan Wesley, Marina Vidrascu, Miguel A Fernández, Pieter-Jan Guns, Damiano Lombardi","doi":"10.1007/s13239-025-00796-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13239-025-00796-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In this work we investigate a mathematical model in order to reproduce experimental data of arterial compliance under the action of vasoconstrictors and vasodilators related to pharmacological studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The considered model is a 3D-shell with active fibers. Model parameters are identified by means of an optimization procedure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The resulting model was able to reproduce the experimental data and predict the system behavior in scenarios other than those used for the parameter estimation. This enables the assessment of different scenarios concerning the impact of the molecules on the active or passive contributions of the arterial wall.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results suggest that smooth muscle cell contraction modulates stiffness through direct fiber-induced regulation of vascular tone, while parameters related to the passive arterial wall component remain relatively stable across different vasoactive scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":54322,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"578-598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstration of a Mechanical External Biventricular Assist Device for Resuscitative Thoracotomy.","authors":"Kristof Sarosi, Thomas Kummer, Thomas Roesgen, Stijn Vandenberghe, Stefanos Demertzis, Patrick Jenny","doi":"10.1007/s13239-025-00793-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13239-025-00793-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Resuscitative thoracotomy, a high-risk procedure involving open heart massage, serves as a last resort for life-threatening conditions like penetrating chest wounds, severe blunt trauma, or surgery-related cardiac arrest. However, its success rate remains low, even when primarily carried out by highly trained specialists. This research investigates the potential of an external biventricular assist device (BiVAD). By replacing open heart massage with our BiVAD device during resuscitative thoracotomy, we aim to achieve sufficient cardiac output, maintain physiological pressure levels, and potentially improve patient survival in these critical situations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The proposed BiVAD system features a 3D printed patch design for direct cardiac attachment, an actuation device, and a vacuum pump. The straightforward design allows quick application in emergency situations. The BiVAD system was tested in an in vitro hydraulic mock circulation, utilizing a silicone heart. Three actuation modes were tested for proof-of-concept: manual patch actuation, standard cardiac hand massage, and utilizing full capabilities of our BiVAD patch system with actuation device operation. Overall performance was assessed on ventricular pressure and flow rate data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Focusing on achieving the optimal cardiac output of 1.5 L/min (critical for patient survival), we tested our patch system against cardiac hand massage at a fixed rate of 60 bpm. The results include raw and statistically evaluated flow rate and pressure measurements for both the left and the right ventricle. Notably, our BiVAD system not only achieved to operate in the range of required cardiac output but also significantly reduced peak pressure in both ventricles compared to standard cardiac hand massage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This initial evaluation using a silicone heart model demonstrates the potential of our BiVAD system to achieve sufficient cardiac output while reducing peak pressure compared to cardiac hand massage. Further development holds promise for effective cardiac support in resuscitative thoracotomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":54322,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"551-562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12528232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144585645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}