Progress in Earth and Planetary Science最新文献

{"title":"Ambient noise multimode surface wave tomography","authors":"Kiwamu Nishida, Ryota Takagi, Akiko Takeo","doi":"10.1186/s40645-023-00605-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-023-00605-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seismic techniques using earthquakes are powerful tools for exploring the Earth’s internal structure. However, the earthquake distribution limits the spatial resolution. In recent years, ambient noise surface wave tomography using ambient seismic wave field has resolved these limitations. A typical ambient seismic wave field is microseisms excited by ocean swell activities. Ambient noise surface wave tomography is a technique in seismic interferometry that extracts seismic wave propagation between pairs of stations by cross-correlating the seismic records. The cross-correlation function can be interpreted as an impulsive response at a station with a virtual source at the other station. This technique became standard with the development of modern dense seismic networks. This paper reviews a theory of seismic interferometry for ambient noise surface wave tomography and procedures for practical data processing to calculate cross-correlation functions. The tomographic method typically consists of four steps: (1) the construction of reference 1-D models, (2) phase velocity measurements for each path, (3) 2-D phase velocity inversions, and (4) the construction of a 3-D S-wave tomographic model obtained from series of local 1-D inversions at all the grids. This paper presents the feasibility of multimode surface wave dispersion measurements for improving depth resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":54272,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Earth and Planetary Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical evaluation of the strength and deformation characteristics of natural and synthetic gas hydrate-bearing sediments with different ranges of porosity, hydrate saturation, effective stress, and strain rate","authors":"Jun Yoneda, Kiyofumi Suzuki, Motoi Oshima, Michihiro Muraoka, Yusuke Jin","doi":"10.1186/s40645-024-00606-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-024-00606-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Evaluating the mechanical properties of gas (primarily methane) hydrate-bearing sediments is essential for commercial production as a next-generation resource and understanding the global carbon cycle. Triaxial and uniaxial compression tests have been conducted on synthetic gas hydrate and natural core samples recovered from deep-sea beds using pressure coring techniques. The results show that four factors are vital in establishing the strength of hydrate-bearing sediments: hydrate saturation, effective confining stress, porosity, and strain rate. However, no study has evaluated these factors in a unified and quantitative manner, and even if the physical properties of the reservoir are known in detail from logging, predicting the strength has been challenging. In this study, pressure cores were drilled and recovered from the Eastern Nankai Trough in April 2018 after Japan’s second offshore production test, and triaxial or uniaxial compression tests were performed on 12 pressure core samples brought back to the laboratory. The mechanical properties of the hydrate-bearing sediments were classified with previous obtained results from 53 pressure cores and 223 synthetic cores, and empirical equations for triaxial compressive strength and deformation modulus were proposed as functions of gas hydrate saturation, effective confining pressure, porosity, and strain rate. The obtained equations were found to correlate well with the experimental data and can predict the strength and deformation modulus from logging data.</p>\u0000","PeriodicalId":54272,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Earth and Planetary Science","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139475479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconsideration of the energy balance in earthquake faulting","authors":"","doi":"10.1186/s40645-023-00602-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-023-00602-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The occurrence of earthquakes is now understood as brittle shear fracture releasing the elastic potential energy stored in the earth. Since the 1950s, many studies on the energy balance in earthquake faulting have been done, but there seems to be some incoherence among them. The essential reason is because various changes in conceptual framework happened during the last six decades, specifically the introduction of the new paradigm of plate tectonics in the 1960s, the concept of moment tensor as source representation in the 1970s, and the fault constitutive law governing rupture growth in the 1990s. Therefore, it will be worthwhile to reconsider the energetics of earthquake faulting from a current perspective. For this purpose, first of all, we summarize the basic concepts of elastic potential energy and moment tensor and review the general representation of earthquake sources and the origin of background crustal stress to confirm that the effect of earth’s self-gravitation is negligible in the energetics of shear faulting. Next, as a starting point for discussion, we directly derive a basic equation of mechanical energy balance in dynamic shear faulting from the equation of motion for an elastic body subjected to tectonic-origin deviatoric stress. Then, we review the widely accepted formula for indirectly evaluating radiated seismic energy from a simplified energy balance equation and compare with the direct evaluation based on the analytical solution of displacement fields for a point dislocation source in order to call attention to inconsistency between them. The inconsistency comes from the omission of the effects of rupture growth rate in the simplified energy balance equation. So, finally, we review the energy balance at the tips of a propagating shear crack, which naturally leads to the introduction of the slip-weakening fault constitutive law as a fundamental equation governing earthquake rupture. Then, we discuss the whole process of earthquake rupture, consisting of initiation, acceleration, steady propagation, deceleration, and termination from the viewpoint of energy balance.</p> <p><span> <span> <img alt=\"\" src=\"https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/40645_2023_602_Figa_HTML.png\"/> </span> </span></p>","PeriodicalId":54272,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Earth and Planetary Science","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139408699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unique prokaryotic vertical distribution in the groundwaters of deep sedimentary geological settings in Hokkaido, Japan","authors":"Ayumi Sugiyama, Tetsuo Ibara, Kazuyo Nagaosa, Atsunao Marui, Kenji Kato","doi":"10.1186/s40645-023-00604-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-023-00604-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this study is to clarify the vertical prokaryotic distribution in groundwater in a terrestrial subsurface sedimentary environment with a geological complex. Six groundwater samples were collected from a coastal 1200-m-deep borehole in which digging strata deposited between 2.3 and 1.5 Ma in Horonobe, Hokkaido, Japan. The studied succession was divided into three vertical zones that were geochemically differentiated according to their chloride contents and water-stable isotopes. The upper zone (UZ; shallower than 500 m) primarily contained fresh water supplied by penetrating meteoric water, the connate water zone (CWZ; deeper than 790 m) contained paleo-seawater, and the diffusion zone (DZ; 500–790 m depth) located between UZ and CWZ. Fluctuations in the prokaryotic density and constituents were observed across these three zones. The prokaryotic density decreased from UZ toward DZ, and the density of DZ was two orders of magnitude lower than that of UZ and CWZ. High prokaryotic activity was observed in CWZ below DZ. The upward expansion of prokaryotic distribution from CWZ, where high prokaryotic potential expressed by biomass can be maintained almost equivalent to that in the marine environment, probably occurred on a geological timescale from 80 ka to 1.3 Ma, as shown by the groundwater age of DZ. The DZ is a zone where the geochemistry has changed drastically owing to the mixing of penetrating meteoric water and the diffusion of deep paleo-seawater, preserving a unique subsurface environment. This chemically mixed zone might be considered as a buffering zone for prokaryotes to prevent the expansion of prokaryotic density and activity provided by diffusion and their in situ growth from both above and below the zones, which is expected to be maintained over a geological timescale. This zone is considered important for using subsurface space in the deep subsurface environment of the island arc.</p>\u0000","PeriodicalId":54272,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Earth and Planetary Science","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139102592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of bridgmanite-ferropericlase grain size evolution on Earth's average mantle viscosity: implications for mantle convection in early and present-day Earth.","authors":"Jyotirmoy Paul, Gregor J Golabek, Antoine B Rozel, Paul J Tackley, Tomoo Katsura, Hongzhan Fei","doi":"10.1186/s40645-024-00658-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40645-024-00658-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent experimental investigations of grain size evolution in bridgmanite-ferropericlase assemblages have suggested very slow growth for these bimodal phases. Despite numerous speculations on grain size-dependent viscosity, a comprehensive test with realistic grain size evolution parameters compatible with the lower mantle has been lacking. In this study, we develop self-consistent 2-D spherical half-annulus geodynamic models of Earth's evolution using the finite volume code StagYY to assess the role of grain size on lower mantle viscosity. We explore several models with and without grain size evolution to compare their effects on mantle viscosity. In models with grain size evolution, we consider three scenarios: (1) uniform grain growth throughout the entire mantle with a composite rheology, (2) different grain growth in the upper and lower mantle with a composite rheology, and (3) different grain growth in the upper and lower mantle with purely diffusion creep rheology. In the case of different grain size evolution, the upper mantle's grain size evolution law is controlled by forsterite-enstatite grain growth, while the lower mantle's grain size evolution law is controlled by bridgmanite-ferropericlase grain growth. Our results suggest that mantle viscosity is primarily controlled by temperature, whereas grain size has a minor effect compared to the effect of temperature. We attribute two primary reasons for this: First, the bridgmanite-ferropericlase growth is very slow in the lower mantle and the grain size variation is too small to significantly alter the mantle viscosity. Secondly, if grains grow too fast, thus the mantle deforms in the dislocation creep regime, making viscosity grain size-independent. To establish the robustness of this finding we vary several other model parameters, such as surface yield strength, phase transition grain size reset, different transitional stresses for creep mechanisms, pressure dependence on grain growth, and different grain damage parameters. For all our models, we consistently find that grain size has a very limited effect on controlling lower mantle viscosity in the present-day Earth. However, large grain size may have affected the lower mantle viscosity in the early Earth as larger grains of single phase bridgmanite could increase the viscosity of the early mantle delaying the onset of global convection.</p>","PeriodicalId":54272,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Earth and Planetary Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"64"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11615032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regionally extensive ejecta layer of the Australasian tektite strewn field: the MIS 20/19 large meteorite impact in mainland South-East Asia.","authors":"Paul A Carling, Toshihiro Tada, Ryuji Tada, Wickanet Songtham, Alan J Cresswell, David C W Sanderson, Naomi Porat, Jaroon Duangkrayom, Stephen E Darby, Praphas Chansom","doi":"10.1186/s40645-024-00660-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40645-024-00660-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aspects of the Quaternary sedimentary geology of South-East Asia have proven problematic in terms of interpretation as to the origins and relationships of the surface sediment layers. The MIS 20 large meteorite impact (<i>c</i>., 788 to 785 ka) occurred within mainland South-East Asia, evident from the well-researched 'Australasian Tektite Strewn Field' which extends over at least one tenth of the surface of the Earth. Key questions include: 1) whether the sedimentary impact signature is preserved in the Quaternary sediment cover of the region and 2) whether stratigraphic indicators and dating methods can discriminate meteorite impact-related associations of sedimentary strata, despite subsequent reworking and diagenesis. The importance of the questions raised relate to the search for the impact site, which has not been located conclusively. Moreover, the sedimentary signatures of meteorite impacts are not well known and the descriptions in this study should aid the recognition of impact signatures elsewhere in the world. An hypothesis was developed: Surface Quaternary sediments across a wide area of mainland South-East Asia represent the effects of a regionally significant meteorite impact. Over one hundred sedimentary sections were logged across five countries in mainland South-East Asia. Methods used, defining the stratigraphy and sedimentology, include computed tomography and X-ray scanning, geochemistry, magnetic susceptibility, and environmental luminescence as well as conventional grain size analyses. Luminescence analyses were applied to samples from key strata to provide age constraints and indications of reworking through dose distributional analysis of quartz fractions. The results of the investigation explain the nature of the stratigraphy and relate it specifically to the meteorite impact. In this manner, the strata and sedimentary signatures of the ejecta from a large cosmic impact are defined across a broad region, rather than being described at singular and isolated sections. The novelty is the spatial scale of the investigation which nevertheless remains detailed. A summary model of impact stratigraphy is presented that applies to the regional ejecta blanket covering at least 300,000 km². Tektites were co-deposited with the ejecta and not introduced by surface processes reworking the deposits. Similar models may be applicable outside of mainland South-East Asia, wherever other large impacts are suspected to have occurred.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40645-024-00660-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":54272,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Earth and Planetary Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142689689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of appropriate estimation criteria for the number of components for separating a polymodal grain-size distribution into lognormal distributions","authors":"Naofumi Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1186/s40645-023-00601-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-023-00601-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polymodal particle size distributions are generally analyzed by separating them into lognormal distributions, but estimating the precise number of lognormal components required remains a considerable problem. In the present study, appropriate evaluation criteria for the estimation of the number of components were examined by using artificial data for which the true number of components was known. The characteristics of estimations of the number of components by four evaluation criteria, the mean square error (MSE), Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and adjusted R-squared (ARS), were investigated. The results showed that the MSE and ARS were less sensitive to the true number of components and tended to overestimate the number of components. By contrast, the AIC and BIC tended to underestimate the number of components, and their correct answer rates decreased as the true number of components increased. The BIC tended to include the true number of components among its higher ranked models. The present evaluation results suggest that the MSE, although frequently used, is not necessarily the most appropriate evaluation criterion, and that the AIC and ARS may be more appropriate criteria. Furthermore, checking whether the number of components estimated by the AIC or ARS is included among higher ranked BIC models might prevent overestimation and thereby allow for more valid estimation of the number of components. When the criteria were applied to grain-size distributions of lacustrine sediments, it was possible to estimate the number of components that reflected differences in grain-size distribution characteristics.</p>\u0000","PeriodicalId":54272,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Earth and Planetary Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138630750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coherent amplification of the Okhotsk high, Korean trough, and northwestern Pacific subtropical high during heavy rainfall over Japan in August 2021","authors":"Masaya Kuramochi, Hiroaki Ueda, Tomoshige Inoue, Meiji Honda, K. Takaya","doi":"10.1186/s40645-023-00598-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-023-00598-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54272,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Earth and Planetary Science","volume":"75 1‐2","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138622086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An introductory review of the thermal structure of subduction zones: II—numerical approach and validation","authors":"Cian R. Wilson, Peter E. van Keken","doi":"10.1186/s40645-023-00588-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-023-00588-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The thermal structure of subduction zones is fundamental to our understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur at active convergent plate margins. These include magma generation and related arc volcanism, shallow and deep seismicity, and metamorphic reactions that can release fluids. Computational models can predict the thermal structure to great numerical precision when models are fully described but this does not guarantee accuracy or applicability. In a trio of companion papers, the construction of thermal subduction zone models, their use in subduction zone studies, and their link to geophysical and geochemical observations are explored. In this part II, the finite element techniques that can be used to predict thermal structure are discussed in an introductory fashion along with their verification and validation.</p><p>Steady-state thermal structure for the updated subduction zone benchmark. a) Temperature predicted by TF for case 1; b) temperature difference between TF and Sepran using the penalty function (PF) method for case 1 at f_m=1 where f_m represents the smallest element sizes in the finite element grids near the coupling point; c) slab top temperature comparison for case 1; and d)–f) as a)–c) but now for case 2. The star indicates the position or temperature conditions at the coupling point.</p>","PeriodicalId":54272,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Earth and Planetary Science","volume":"55 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138513095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the LBM snowdrift model output with the observation results","authors":"Seika Tanji, Masaru Inatsu, Yusuke Harada","doi":"10.1186/s40645-023-00599-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-023-00599-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, snowdrift experiments which are equivalent to one drifting snow event are performed by the snowdrift model. The model consisted of the computational fluid dynamics part of the large-eddy simulation with the lattice Boltzmann method and the drifting snow part of the conventional advection algorithm for representative Lagrangian particles. The observed vertical wind profile of a 4 h drifting snow event in Teshikaga Town was used as the inflow boundary conditions in the model to compare the results of the snowdrift estimated by the model and the observed snowdrift distribution. Parallelization enabled us to simulate the snowdrift distribution in a realistic domain and on the time scale of a single drifting snow event. We demonstrated that the upgraded model could quantitatively reproduce the height and position of the observed snowdrift along the center of a three-dimensional fence.</p>","PeriodicalId":54272,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Earth and Planetary Science","volume":"55 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138513096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}