Global Ecology and Conservation最新文献

{"title":"Evolutionary population dynamics and conservation strategies for Salix baileyi - a species with extremely small populations","authors":"Guang-Nan Gong ,&nbsp;Yuan Wang ,&nbsp;Zhi-Ying Zhu ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Elvira Hörandl ,&nbsp;Xiao-Ru Wang ,&nbsp;Zhi-Qing Xue ,&nbsp;Li He","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective conservation actions for endangered species rely on a good understanding of the evolutionary forces driving population decline. Detailed genetic analyses, including assessment of demographic history, population structure and diversity, are essential for gaining insights into the species’ adaptive potential and developing strategies of genetic rescue. <em>Salix baileyi</em> is an endemic vulnerable species in China with extremely small population sizes and a limited distribution. The samples of <em>S. baileyi</em> used for whole-genome resequencing cover its whole distribution. The results reveal four distinct genetic lineages within <em>S. baileyi</em> (DBSW, DBSE, TMS, and LXS), with divergence likely driven by paleoclimatic events and geographic barriers. All populations contracted during the Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS 5) up to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), with most recovering after the LGM, except for LXS lineage that continued to decline. Our results show that climate events, isolation barriers, inbreeding, and population bottlenecks have impacted the genetic status and evolutionary potential of these lineages of <em>S. baileyi</em>. Lineage-specific conservation measures should be applied based on the unique population dynamics of each lineage. This study provides valuable results for studies of vulnerable dioecious plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article e03504"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population genetics reveal potential threats from low maternal genetic diversity in wild Asian elephants in China","authors":"Minhui Shi ,&nbsp;Yinping Tian ,&nbsp;Yongjing Tang ,&nbsp;Haimeng Li ,&nbsp;Jishan Wang ,&nbsp;Yue Ma ,&nbsp;Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz ,&nbsp;Fei Chen ,&nbsp;Tianming Lan","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In China, wild Asian elephants (<em>Elephas maximus</em>) are primarily distributed in three prefectures in Southwest Yunnan, along the border with Laos and Myanmar. These elephants occur in small, fragmented populations and face significant threats from habitat loss and fragmentation. Here, we successfully retrieved 48 mitochondrial genomes, including those from 35 wild Asian elephants in China and those from 13 captive Asian elephants, based on whole genome sequencing data to analyze their maternal population structure and genetic diversity. In addition, we extracted approximately 600 kb of non-coding genomic regions for a comparative analysis of the genetic structure between the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Wild Asian elephants in China exhibited extremely low genetic diversity compared to global populations, with only two haplotypes detected in the Chinese population. Despite limited mitochondrial haplotypes, the Xishuangbanna population maintains gene flow with external populations. In contrast, the genetic diversity in the Cangyuan population was even more severely limited, with no evidence of gene flow with the nearest populations in Myanmar. Given the close genetic relationship between the Cangyuan population and populations in other countries, the most promising strategy for introducing genetic diversity to rescue the Cangyuan population may involve translocating Asian elephants from other countries. This study provides a deeper understanding of the genetic status of wild Asian elephants in China and offers important insights for future conservation efforts in China and elsewhere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article e03503"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duckling body mass increases with abundant aquatic invertebrates: Experimental approach","authors":"Basile Marteau ,&nbsp;Janne Sundell ,&nbsp;Roosa Pesonen ,&nbsp;Petri Nummi","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Fennoscandia, waterbirds have declined over several decade, and this decline could be linked to problems in the breeding success and loss of foraging habitat provided by wetlands. Availability of aquatic invertebrates is crucially important for ducks during the breeding season, and especially for young ducklings. However, the relationship of invertebrate food resources on duckling growth and survival is not very well understood. In this research, we used imprinted mallard ducklings (<em>Anas platyrhynchos</em>, 1758) to study the effect of the availability of aquatic invertebrates on duckling growth. At hatch, ducklings were divided into two different groups and assigned to forage either on permanent (lakes) or temporary (ponds) wetlands. Each day, ducklings were brought to the study sites for four hours to forage. Ducklings were weighed before and after the foraging period. Aquatic invertebrates were sampled with activity (macroinvertebrates and zooplankton) and emergence traps (aquatic emerging insects). The ducklings gain more weight in temporary ponds, and this was associated with the availability of macroinvertebrates. Temporary ponds had higher aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance than the permanent lakes. However, no significant relationship was found between duckling weight and abundance of emerging insects or zooplankton. We highlight the crucial role of aquatic invertebrates in ducklings’ mass gain and emphasize the importance of temporary wetlands during the brood rearing period for the breeding success of ducks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article e03490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and application of a forensic microsatellite panel for two endangered freshwater turtle species (Cuora flavomarginata and Mauremys mutica) in Taiwan","authors":"An-Ping Cheng ,&nbsp;Chi-Chun Huang ,&nbsp;Chi-Feng Tsai ,&nbsp;Fang-Tse Chan ,&nbsp;Yu-Tzu Cheng ,&nbsp;Chih-Chiang Wang ,&nbsp;Hou-Chun Chen ,&nbsp;Kuo-Hsiang Hung","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wildlife trafficking of tortoises and freshwater turtles (TFTs) remains a significant global concern, with many species falling victim to illegal trade. <em>Cuora flavomarginata</em> and <em>Mauremys mutica</em> are freshwater turtles native to Taiwan that have fallen victim to illegal poaching and trafficking. The large number of confiscated individuals is increasing the burden on rescue centers. Nevertheless, the inability to determine their origin makes it challenging to conduct field releases. In this study, we will test and characterize of microsatellites for <em>C. flavomarginata</em> and <em>M. mutica</em> in Taiwan for the application in conservation genetic or wildlife forensic studies. Out of the 19 microsatellite primers designed for <em>M. mutica</em>, 15 showed cross-species amplification in <em>C. flavomarginata</em>. The 12 and 11 unlinked microsatellites for <em>C. flavomarginata</em> and <em>M. mutica</em> displayed a marked ability to distinguish between individuals with a high degree of resolution. The cumulative probability of identifying unrelated individuals (cPI) and siblings (cPIsibs) in these microsatellites were 3.94 × 10⁻¹⁴ and 1.66 × 10⁻⁵ for <em>C. flavomarginata</em>, and 3.33 × 10⁻¹³ and 2.91 × 10⁻⁵ for <em>M. mutica</em>. However, it is worth noting that the levels of genetic diversity observed in both species were lower than those in other freshwater turtles. Our results clearly demonstrated that the high-resolution microsatellite panel could be effectively utilized for individual identification. To further enhance our efforts, we plan to collect samples from all existing wild populations in Taiwan to establish a comprehensive reference genotyping database. This database will play a crucial role in pinpointing the geographic sources of confiscated samples in future forensic work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article e03502"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of biomass dynamics in a tropical seasonal rainforest of Southwest China: The roles of environment and forest attributes","authors":"Ewuketu Linger ,&nbsp;James A. Lutz ,&nbsp;Wen-Fu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Fei Yang ,&nbsp;Yue-Hua Hu ,&nbsp;Min Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropical forests play a crucial role in global carbon storage, yet the influence of environmental factors and forest attributes on community-level biomass remains poorly understood. We investigated the intricate relationships between environmental variables, forest characteristics, and biomass, while also examining phylogeny-based patterns of demographic change. Based on the data of full plot censuses in 2007, 2012 and 2017 respectively, we assessed how environmental conditions and forest structure affect both live and dead biomass dynamics in a seasonal tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. We used Structural Equation Models (SEM) to quantify these relationships. Furthermore, by integrating long-term seasonal dendrometer band monitoring data from ∼273 species (2009–2017) with the census data, we used Blomberg’s K to detect phylogenetic signals linked to demographic changes. Our SEM results reveal that soil carbon (SC) and rainfall (RF) are the strongest drivers of both live and dead biomass, with SC significantly influencing dead biomass and solar radiation (RD) impacting live biomass. Forest structures, particularly large-diameter trees (LDT; trees with DBH ≥ 50 cm) and the upper tree canopy (UTC; trees with a height ≥ 30 m), also play critical roles. RF is vital for maintaining large and mid-story trees, serving as one of key contributors to live biomass. These findings highlight the importance of water availability and soil carbon in sustaining tropical forest biomass, informing ecosystem management and carbon sequestration strategies. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that tree mortality exhibits stronger phylogenetic signals than growth and recruitment, suggesting a closer link between evolutionary history and mortality patterns. Overall, this study underlines the significance of abiotic controls, particularly rainfall and soil carbon, alongside biotic factors such as forest structure, in shaping biomass dynamics. Our findings enhance the understanding of tropical forest ecosystem processes and offer valuable insights for conservation amid climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article e03492"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex, size, and dependent young influence how brown bears select habitat relative to salmon streams","authors":"Sarah L. Schooler ,&nbsp;Nathan J. Svoboda ,&nbsp;Shannon P. Finnegan ,&nbsp;Jerrold L. Belant","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To survive and reproduce, animals must balance resource acquisition with mortality avoidance and thus should maximize food intake while minimizing risk. Apex predators are unique because non-anthropogenic predation generally exists in the form of infanticide. Therefore, female apex predators with young may use sub-optimal resources to reduce risk of infanticide. Habitat use may also be driven by social dominance, where larger, more dominant individuals can exclude non-dominant individuals from prime foraging areas. Brown bears (<em>Ursus arctos</em>) are an apex predator, and coastal populations rely on spatially concentrated seasonal salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus spp.</em>). We examined how size, sex and cub age influenced brown bear habitat selection relative to salmon streams on Afognak and Raspberry islands, Alaska during salmon spawning season (1 June–15 September). We used brown bear Global Positioning Systems (GPS) locations in logistic habitat selection models to determine how presence of young and brown bear head circumference (as a proxy for dominance) affected brown bear selection of habitat near salmon streams. For males and females with young, probability of selection declined with increasing distance from salmon streams. For females with yearlings and two-year-olds, larger females selected habitat closer to streams than smaller females. For females without cubs, probability of selection increased farther from streams and the effect was stronger for smaller females than larger females. Females with cubs may prioritize energy acquisition over infanticide avoidance or may forage on less energetically optimal food farther from coasts to reduce contact with dominant males and females with older dependent young. Larger females with yearlings and two-year-olds may be more likely to compete with males for foraging opportunities in prime areas, as risk of infanticide may be lower. Brown bears use variable strategies across sex, age, and reproductive classes to acquire resources while reducing competition and risk of infanticide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article e03498"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of anthropic activity based on dam construction and land-use-type in plankton on taxonomic and functional groups","authors":"Qinghua Li,&nbsp;Xinxin Zhou,&nbsp;Yufeng Zhang,&nbsp;Jiaming Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaohan Dong,&nbsp;Jiaxin Huang,&nbsp;Yanjun Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plankton is a vital component of the river ecosystems. The hydrological parameters of rivers alter as cascades develop, resulting in a new pattern within the plankton community. We sampled 27 sections of the Wujiang River's main stream over four seasons from 2022 to 2023 and analysis of plankton and environmental factors. The samples were microscopically examined and classified according to taxonomy and functional groups. To investigate the impact of environmental variables on the plankton community, the study analyzed plankton diversity (α and β), redundancy analysis, the Mantel test, hierarchical segmentation analysis, and a benchmark random forest model. The results demonstrated that the plankton community structure exhibited a combination of river-type and lake-type characteristics in the main stream of the Wujiang River. River cascade dam development caused variance in plankton across and within reservoir areas, with lower reaches exhibiting increased plankton diversity. Elevation emerged as the primary factor influencing plankton diversity and richness, while dissolved oxygen is the main limiting factor for zooplankton and temperature impact succession of phytoplankton. Besides, the land-use-type data was used to discover the influence of cropland and impervious land on plankton. Overall, our study offers valuable insights into the significant effects of different human activities such as cropland, cascade dam and impervious land on the patterns of plankton. It helps to improve our understanding of the intricate relationship between human activities and the plankton community, also provides new ideas and directions for the ecological environment management of the Wujiang River.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article e03494"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological benefits of tourism management and the challenges of habitat classification","authors":"Andrew Torsney ,&nbsp;Yvonne M. Buckley","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nature-based tourism is increasingly popular, with destination competitiveness tied to natural assets or protection status. While tourism often poses conservation challenges, limited research explores its potential ecological benefits when management aligns ecological and visitor experience goals. We examine how management practices intended to enhance tourism offerings affect plant diversity in a Natura 2000 Special Area of Conservation. We also investigate how habitat classification influences conservation outcomes in two distinct habitat types: the more sensitive Machair Grassland and the less sensitive Fixed Dunes. Habitat classification criteria may affect biodiversity protection, site vulnerability, and the impact of tourism. Using a grazing exclosure experiment, we assess how grazing management influences plant diversity, measured by Simpson’s index. We compare the effects of grazing on biodiversity under the current Fixed Dune classification and an alternative classification as Machair, highlighting the impact of classification on conservation management outcomes. We demonstrate that appropriate grazing management significantly enhances plant diversity, providing evidence for the ecological benefits of managing for both tourism and conservation goals. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that habitat classification criteria can directly affect conservation management outcomes for protected habitats. This study challenges the prevailing 'war-on-tourism' narrative, supporting a synergistic management approach where tourism and conservation are jointly aligned, essential as nature-based tourism continues to grow. Emphasising the imperative of understanding habitat classification and ecological benefits for effective alignment of tourism and conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article e03477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reintroduction of an epiphytic orchid: Plant size matters","authors":"Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiao Qin ,&nbsp;Qin-Chang Liao ,&nbsp;Ying Zhou ,&nbsp;Xue-Wei Fu ,&nbsp;Zhong-Hui Hu ,&nbsp;Hong Hu ,&nbsp;Ge-Ge Xu ,&nbsp;Tian-Yang Gao ,&nbsp;Shi-Bao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Orchidaceae is one of the largest family and among the most threatened in flowering plants. Approximately 70 % of orchid species grow epiphytically on trees or rock surfaces without attaching to soils, making them highly sensitive to environmental changes. However, little attention has been paid to the epiphytic nature of orchids and the limitations of water and nutrients in the epiphytic habitat in reintroduction practice. In the present study, <em>Cymbidium tracyanum</em> was selected to investigate the impact of plant size, nitrogen addition, and mycorrhizal fungi application on the survival of epiphytic orchids after reintroduction. After transplanting onto tree trunks for 14 months, a survival rate of over 80 % was achieved using large-sized seedlings, while all small-sized seedlings died within 2 months. The application of nitrogen and mycorrhizal fungus did not affect plant survival but led to an increase in nitrogen content in the leaves, which could be beneficial for future growth in nutrient-deficient habitats. The difference in plant-fungi association primarily occurred between before and after reintroduction, rather than different treatments in the reintroduction site. Additionally, the application of nitrogen and mycorrhizal fungus primarily impacted the presence of endophytic fungi, with a lesser effect on the richness, presence, and abundance of orchid mycorrhizal fungi. These findings highlight the significance of plant size in the reintroduction success of epiphytic orchids, with nitrogen and mycorrhizal fungal applications holding potential benefits for future plant growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article e03496"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying priority conservation areas based on systematic conservation planning analysis in the Loess Plateau, China","authors":"Le Hui ,&nbsp;Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Jiamin Liu ,&nbsp;Xin Ye ,&nbsp;Binyao Han ,&nbsp;Yongqiang Xia ,&nbsp;Liwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conservation areas planning work has been carried out in the Loess Plateau (LP), but there is still insufficient attention paid to ecosystem services conservation. This study simulated four ecological conservation scenarios, considering the ecological status and economic benefits. The conservation targets were set to protect 20 % - 40 % ecosystem service, and the Marxan model and comprehensive effectiveness of spatial constraints (CESP) index were used to identify the optimal distribution of conservation areas. Results showed that: (1) In the minimum cost scenario, the conservation areas were mainly distributed in the northwest of LP, where human activities were sparse. The conservation areas in the other three scenarios were distributed in most areas of southeast, where some ecological protection projects have been implemented. (2) Aiming to protect 20 % ecosystem services, the balanced scenario represents the optimal distribution of conservation areas, featuring the highest CESP index (64.01) and covering a conservation area of 9.44 × 10⁴ km². When the conservation target was set to 30 % and 40 %, the social benefits scenario provided the most effective distribution of conservation areas. This study analyzed the conservation area construction from the perspective of ecosystem services protection, providing a scientific basis for future conservation area planning in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54264,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Conservation","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article e03495"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}