Biomarker Research最新文献

{"title":"NLRP4 unlocks an NK/macrophages-centered ecosystem to suppress non-small cell lung cancer.","authors":"Zhouwenli Meng, Jian Li, Hui Wang, Zhengqi Cao, Wenqing Lu, Xiaomin Niu, Yi Yang, Ziming Li, Ying Wang, Shun Lu","doi":"10.1186/s40364-025-00756-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40364-025-00756-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tumor immune evasion extends beyond T cells, affecting innate immune elements like natural killer cells (NK) and macrophages within the tumor-immune microenvironment (TIME). Nevertheless, translational strategies to trigger collaboration of NK cells and macrophages to initiate sufficient anti-tumor cytoxicity remain scarce and are urgently needed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, TCGA datasets was used to confirm the prognosis value of the expression level of NLR family pyrin domain containing 4 (NLRP4) in NSCLC and the tumor tissues microarray was used to further check its clinical-relevance at protein-level. Subsequently, a tumor cell line with stable NLRP4 overexpression was established and subcutaneous tumor models in C57BL/6J mice were used to validate the anti-tumor characteristics of NLRP4. After analyzing the tumor microenvironment using flow cytometry and multiplex immunofluorescence, we further validated our findings through co-culture transwell assays and TCGA analysis. Utilizing bulk-RNA sequencing, proteomics, and mass spectrometry of mouse tumor tissues, we innovatively identified the downstream pathways of NLRP4 and verified them through co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and Western blot (WB) experiments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NLRP4 could trigger a distinct anti-tumor ecosystem organized by TIGIT⁺TNFA⁺ NK and iNOS⁺ M1 in lung cancer, discovered in TCGA analysis and verified in murine model. NLRP4-eco exerted tumor-suppression capacity through chemokine reprogramming including CCL5 and CXCL2. Meanwhile, the cytoxicity of NK could be facilitated by iNOS⁺M1. Mechanistically, NLRP4 stimulated PI3K/Akt-NF-kB axis through suppression of the activity of PP2A. Besides, knockdown of CCL5 and blockade of CXCL2-CXCR2 axis abolished chemotaxis of TIGIT⁺TNFA⁺ NK and iNOS⁺ M1 respectively, as well as for LB-100, a PP2A inhibitor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Altogether, we delineated NLRP4's unexplored facets and discovered an NLRP4-driven anti-tumor ecosystem composed of TIGIT⁺TNFA⁺ NK and iNOS⁺ M1. Finally, targeting PP2A by its inhibitor successfully mimicked the anti-tumor capacity of the overexpression of NLRP4.</p>","PeriodicalId":54225,"journal":{"name":"Biomarker Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11909883/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143634979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatty acid metabolism shapes immune responses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.","authors":"Yang Zhang, Jun Ma, Peipei Li, Kang Lu, Yang Han, Xinting Hu, Xiaosheng Fang, Xin Wang, Ya Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s40364-025-00753-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40364-025-00753-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fatty acids serve as a crucial energy source for tumor cells during the progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The present study aims to elucidate the characteristics of fatty acid metabolism (FAM) in CLL, construct a related prognostic score, and investigate the regulatory role and mechanisms of FAM in CLL development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bulk RNA sequencing data from CLL patients and healthy controls were analyzed to identify differentially expressed fatty acid metabolic genes. FAM-score was constructed using Cox-LASSO regression and validated. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to analyze the expression of key FAM genes in CLL immune cell subsets and investigate cellular communication. Functional assays, including cell viability, drug sensitivity, and oxygen consumption assays, were performed to assess the impact of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) inhibition on CLL cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three FAM-related genes (LPL, SOCS3, CNR1) were identified with independent prognostic significance to construct the risk score. The FAM-score demonstrated superior prognostic performance compared to the Binet stage and was associated with established clinical prognostic markers. Single-cell analysis revealed distinct expression patterns of LPL, SOCS3, and CNR1 across CLL immune cell subsets. Cellular communication analysis highlighted the regulatory role of distinct B cell and Treg subsets in the CLL microenvironment. CLL patients with high FAM-score displayed distinct immune infiltration patterns, with increased FAO pathway activity. Inhibition of FAO reduced CLL cell viability, synergistically enhanced the efficacy of the PI3K inhibitor idelalisib.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study constructed a prognostic risk score based on FAM gene expression, revealing related immune phenotypic differences and exploring the regulatory role of FAO in CLL development. Targeting fatty acid metabolism potentially modulates the CLL immune microenvironment and synergistically enhances the efficacy of PI3K inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":54225,"journal":{"name":"Biomarker Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting cGAS-STING pathway for reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy.","authors":"Weiyue Zhang, Xin Huang","doi":"10.1186/s40364-025-00750-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40364-025-00750-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in activating innate and specific immunity in anti-tumor immunotherapy. As the major infiltrating cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) could be polarized into either anti-tumor M1 or pro-tumor M2 types based on various stimuli. Accordingly, targeted reprogramming TAMs to restore immune balance shows promise as an effective anti-tumor strategy. In this review, we aim to target cGAS-STING pathway for reprogramming TAMs to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy. We investigated the double-edged sword effects of cGAS-STING in regulating TME. The regulative roles of cGAS-STING pathway in TAMs and its impact on the TME were further revealed. More importantly, several strategies of targeting cGAS-STING for reprogramming TAMs were designed for enhancing anti-tumor immunotherapy. Taken together, targeting cGAS-STING pathway for reprogramming TAMs in TME might be a promising strategy to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":54225,"journal":{"name":"Biomarker Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Disulfidptosis decoded: a journey through cell death mysteries, regulatory networks, disease paradigms and future directions.","authors":"Jinyu Chen, Boyuan Ma, Yubiao Yang, Bitao Wang, Jian Hao, Xianhu Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s40364-025-00761-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40364-025-00761-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54225,"journal":{"name":"Biomarker Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11899076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanobody-enhanced chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: overcoming barriers in solid tumors with VHH and VNAR-based constructs.","authors":"Shasha Guo, Xiaozhi Xi","doi":"10.1186/s40364-025-00755-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40364-025-00755-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CAR-T cells are genetically modified T lymphocytes that express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) on their surfaces. These receptors enable T lymphocytes to recognize specific antigens on target cells, triggering a response that leads to targeted cytotoxicity. While CAR-T therapy has effectively treated various blood cancers, it faces significant challenges in addressing solid tumors. These challenges include identifying precise tumor antigens, overcoming antigen evasion, and enhancing the function of CAR-T cells within the tumor microenvironment. Single domain antibody, versatile tools with low immunogenicity, high stability, and strong affinity, show promise for improving the efficacy of CAR-T cells against solid tumors. By addressing these challenges, single domain antibody has the potential to overcome the limitations associated with ScFv antibody-based CAR-T therapies. This review highlights the benefits of utilizing single domain antibody in CAR-T therapy, particularly in targeting tumor antigens, and explores development strategies that could advance the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":54225,"journal":{"name":"Biomarker Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11899093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"5-Hydroxymethylcytosine modifications in circulating cell-free DNA: frontiers of cancer detection, monitoring, and prognostic evaluation.","authors":"Danjun Song, Zhou Zhang, Jiaping Zheng, Wei Zhang, Jiabin Cai","doi":"10.1186/s40364-025-00751-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40364-025-00751-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Developing accurate, clinically convenient, and non-invasive methods for early cancer detection, monitoring, and prognosis assessment is essential for improving patient survival rates, enhancing quality of life, and reducing the socioeconomic burden associated with cancer. This goal is critical in precision oncology. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) have emerged as transformative tools for advancing early cancer detection, monitoring, and improving patient outcomes. Among these, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) modifications in circulating cfDNA stand out as promising epigenetic markers, offering insights into cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and prognosis across various cancer types, such as lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review comprehensively explores the biology and sequencing methodologies of 5hmC, emphasizing their potential in cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognostic assessment. It highlights recent advancements in cfDNA-derived 5hmC signatures' applications, addressing their strengths and limitations in the context of clinical translation. Furthermore, this review outlines key challenges and future directions for integrating 5hmC modifications in cfDNA into routine clinical practice, facilitating personalized and non-invasive cancer management.</p>","PeriodicalId":54225,"journal":{"name":"Biomarker Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11887266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143588152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focal adhesion in the tumour metastasis: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic targets.","authors":"Zonghao Liu, Xiaofang Zhang, Tianru Ben, Mo Li, Yi Jin, Tianlu Wang, Yingqiu Song","doi":"10.1186/s40364-025-00745-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40364-025-00745-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tumour microenvironment is the \"hotbed\" of tumour cells, providing abundant extracellular support for growth and metastasis. However, the tumour microenvironment is not static and is constantly remodelled by a variety of cellular components, including tumour cells, through mechanical, biological and chemical means to promote metastasis. Focal adhesion plays an important role in cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. An in-depth exploration of the role of focal adhesion in tumour metastasis, especially their contribution at the biomechanical level, is an important direction of current research. In this review, we first summarize the assembly of focal adhesions and explore their kinetics in tumour cells. Then, we describe in detail the role of focal adhesion in various stages of tumour metastasis, especially its key functions in cell migration, invasion, and matrix remodelling. Finally, we describe the anti-tumour strategies targeting focal adhesion and the current progress in the development of some inhibitors against focal adhesion proteins. In this paper, we summarize for the first time that focal adhesion play a positive feedback role in pro-tumour metastatic matrix remodelling by summarizing the five processes of focal adhesion assembly in a multidimensional way. It is beneficial for researchers to have a deeper understanding of the role of focal adhesion in the biological behaviour of tumour metastasis and the potential of focal adhesion as a therapeutic target, providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of metastases.</p>","PeriodicalId":54225,"journal":{"name":"Biomarker Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11884212/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Folate receptor 1 is a stemness trait-associated diagnostic and prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma.","authors":"Yuto Shiode, Takahiro Kodama, Yu Sato, Ryo Takahashi, Takayuki Matsumae, Kumiko Shirai, Akira Doi, Yuki Tahata, Hayato Hikita, Tomohide Tatsumi, Moto Fukai, Akinobu Taketomi, Mathuros Ruchirawat, Xin Wei Wang, Tetsuo Takehara","doi":"10.1186/s40364-025-00752-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40364-025-00752-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be classified into several subtypes based on molecular traits, aiding in prognostic stratification. The subtype with a poor prognosis is often associated with stem/progenitor features. This study focused on identifying circulating biomarkers for aggressive HCC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched for secretory proteins whose expression was positively associated with the stem/progenitor markers KRT19, EPCAM, and PROM1 in 2 independent HCC cohorts. Serum folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) levels were measured in 238 chronic liver disease and 247 HCC patients, evaluating their diagnostic and prognostic capabilities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FOLR1 was identified as a secretory protein that was positively correlated with all 3 stem/progenitor markers and a poor prognosis in both the discovery and validation cohorts. Higher FOLR1 expression was detected in tumor than nontumor tissues and was associated with aggressive subtypes, and activation of p53, DNA repair, Myc, E2F, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Serum FOLR1 levels correlated with tumoral FOLR1 expression in HCC patients and were significantly elevated compared with those in patients with chronic hepatitis or nonliver disease. Serum FOLR1 levels demonstrated diagnostic performance for HCC comparable to that of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and their combination increased the diagnostic accuracy. Elevated serum FOLR1 levels were associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients, regardless of treatment, especially in patients with early-stage disease. The multivariate analysis revealed that the serum FOLR1 level and the Gender, Age, AFP-L3, AFP, and Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (GALAD) score were independent predictors of a poor prognosis with their combination further stratifying prognosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FOLR1 is a stemness-associated biomarker for HCC, with serum levels serving as a diagnostic marker for HCC and a prognostic indicator for early-stage disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":54225,"journal":{"name":"Biomarker Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11877696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"X-chromosome-linked miR-542-5p as a key regulator of sex disparity in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis by promoting Th17 differentiation.","authors":"Jiu Jie Yang, Zhi Li, Lin Na Wang, Bai Xiong Huang, Jerome P L Ng, Xiong Fei Xu, Yu Ping Wang, David Wei Zhang, Bo Qin, Ding Qi Zhang, Chang Liu, Wei Dan Luo, Betty Yuen Kwan Law, Hui Miao Wang, Meng Han Liu, Xiao Yun Yun, Joyce Tsz Wai Chan, Wan Yu Wu, Yi Ting Li, Peter Kam Fai Cheung, Man Chon Pou, Kat Sang Ha, Wang Fai Ao Ieong, Chi Hou Leong, Kit Ieng Leong, Chan Wang Lei, Lek Hang Cheang, Vincent Kam Wai Wong","doi":"10.1186/s40364-025-00741-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40364-025-00741-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Studies have indicated that X-linked microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its gender-specific differences. However, research on specific miRNAs remains limited. This study aims to investigate the possible role of X-linked miR-542-5p in RA pathogenesis and gender differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated the impact of miR-542-5p on RA pathogenesis and gender differences by manipulating its expression in various rat models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings revealed a significant overexpression of miR-542-5p in RA patients compared with healthy individuals, with a notable gender difference among RA patients. In vivo experiments confirmed that upregulation of miR-542-5p could accelerate RA pathogenesis. Further analysis showed that the onset of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats exhibited significant gender differences, with more severe clinical phenotypes found in female rats. This may be attributed to their stronger immune responses and elevated levels of miR-542-5p. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that miR-542-5p contributes to the regulation of gender differences in RA pathogenesis by promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study offers new insights into the sex-specific nature of RA, suggesting X-linked miR-542-5p as a potential target for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. These findings lay the groundwork for the development of gender-specific therapeutic strategies for RA and underscore the importance of gender consideration in RA research.</p>","PeriodicalId":54225,"journal":{"name":"Biomarker Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11872315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term kinetics of proviral load in HTLV-1 carriers: defining risk for the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.","authors":"Koji Jimbo, Masanori Nojima, Keiko Toriuchi, Makoto Yamagishi, Makoto Nakashima, Yoshihisa Yamano, Kaoru Uchimaru, Yasuhito Nannya","doi":"10.1186/s40364-025-00747-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40364-025-00747-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Assessment of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) development among human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)-infected individuals (carriers) constitute a significant issue. A high HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) in carriers has been used as a risk factor for ATL development and PVLs are considered to remain unchanged over time among carriers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-center analysis used a cohort from a prospective observational study of HTLV-1 carriers in Japan (JSPFAD). Carriers whose PVL was measured at least twice between October 2004 and March 2023 were included. We used trajectory analysis to construct a kinetic model of the PVL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of 1371 samples from 252 carriers revealed a slight but significant increase in the PVL with age (P < 0.001). Trajectory analysis of PVL kinetics classified the carriers into six groups, in three of which increased over time. When we applied the model to 15 carriers who subsequently developed ATL, 12 (80%) were classified into the highest PVL group, with an estimated 15-year ATL development of 47.5% (95% confidence interval: 20.4-74.2%). Notably, younger patients are at greater risk of developing ATL if their PVL values are comparable. Our risk estimation model is available online ( https://atlriskpredictor.shinyapps.io/ATL_risk_calculator/ ).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated that the PVLs increases over time, allowing for prospective risk estimation for ATL development. Further validation is needed to assess the validity of this model.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Retrospectively registered.</p>","PeriodicalId":54225,"journal":{"name":"Biomarker Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11863581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143517357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}