{"title":"Accumulation of nanoparticles in the soil-plant systems and their effects on human health","authors":"Vishnu Rajput , Tatiana Minkina , Mahmoud Mazarji , Sudhir Shende , Svetlana Sushkova , Saglara Mandzhieva , Marina Burachevskaya , Victor Chaplygin , Ajeet Singh , Hanuman Jatav","doi":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanotechnology paradigm is to endow the agriculture with new tools to increase sustainable food production. Although numerous benefits, the unsafe discharge of nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment is an issue. The unregulated exposure to the soil is expected to impair plant growth and accumulate into edible tissues. As a consequence, human exposure becomes inevitable. The problems of detecting NPs in soil and uptake mechanism in plants are ones of the critical aspects that necessitate being determined and understood. Therefore, the accurate determination of environmentally released NPs and their accumulation in plants, and the impact on health are imperative to assess.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54198,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agricultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.08.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43580458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed G. Shehata , Fauziah T. Ahmad , Ahmed N. Badr , Saad H. Masry , Sobhy A. El-Sohaimy
{"title":"Chemical analysis, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties of propolis from different geographic regions","authors":"Mohamed G. Shehata , Fauziah T. Ahmad , Ahmed N. Badr , Saad H. Masry , Sobhy A. El-Sohaimy","doi":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Propolis is a resinous beehive product containing functional compounds and differs based on geographical region. Physicochemical properties of each propolis effectuate their uses within modern applications. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity of propolis ethanol extracts (PEE) sourced from six geographical regions. Antioxidant potency was determined using four assays: DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, and malondialdehyde inhibition (MDA). The phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) was calculated as gallic acid and catechol equivalents, respectively. Antimicrobial properties of propolis against pathogens and toxigenic fungi were determined using agar well diffusion assay. The cytotoxicity effect was estimated against the human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell line using MTT assay. The results manifested propolis variations of samples, specifically for the chemical composition (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Omanis' propolis recorded by the highest moisture content, while the Egyptian propolis featured by high protein content. Brazilians' propolis was distinguished among samples by the highest ash content (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Propolis from Saudi, Omani, China, and Bulgaria represented by higher fiber content. Egyptians' propolis showed a promising antioxidant and antimicrobial potency, reflecting a high activity against food pathogen and toxigenic fungi. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of propolis samples following 24 h exposure to the normal human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells did not show any cytotoxic effect. This study demonstrated the distinguishes between propolis sourced from different regions regarding their bioactive contents. The Egyptian's propolis can be recommended as a preservative additive that can be applied to solve numerous food safety issues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54198,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agricultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.12.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44881249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Short-term drought exposure decelerated growth and photosynthetic activities in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)","authors":"Laily Ilman Widuri , Benyamin Lakitan , Jyunichi Sakagami , Shin Yabuta , Kartika Kartika , Erna Siaga","doi":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chili pepper (<em>Capsicum annuum</em> L.) is a preferred vegetable by local farmers at a riparian wetland in Indonesia due to high market demand and its economic value. Chili pepper can be grown immediately after rice harvesting, concurrently with the early dry season. Three chili pepper varieties, namely Genie, Romario, and Laris were evaluated for their adaptability to drought condition. Drought treatment was imposed for 7 days until soil water potential was dropped to around −30 to −40 kPa. Morphological and photosynthetic traits were measured at pre-, during, and post-drought exposures. Growth analysis was calculated based on measured morphological traits. Results indicated that the number of leaves (NoL), total leaf area (TLA), total accumulated dry matter (TDM), and relative growth rate (RGR) were negatively affected by drought. Water content of shoot (SWC), leaf (LWC), and root (RWC) were significantly decreased during drought exposure; yet, able to fully recover at 7 days after drought treatment was terminated. Decrease in shoot root ratio (SRR) and leaf weight ratio (LWR); reversely, increase the root weight ratio (RWR) under drought condition, was not associated with enhancement of root growth. Rather, it was due to less negatively effect of drought on roots than on the above-ground organs. Simultaneously, chlorophyll fluorescence, LWC, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthetic rates declined during drought exposure. However, 7 days after drought treatment was terminated, all traits were able to return to pre-drought levels. Among chili pepper varieties studied, Genie exhibited better overall performance than Laris and Romario did under drought stress condition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54198,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agricultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.09.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46763857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel El Chami , André Daccache , Maroun El Moujabber
{"title":"What are the impacts of sugarcane production on ecosystem services and human well-being? A review","authors":"Daniel El Chami , André Daccache , Maroun El Moujabber","doi":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper provides a narrative systematic review (SR) of the impacts of sugarcane production on different ecosystems employing the ecosystem services framework. The literature assessed showed that sugarcane, like all agro-systems, depends on practices and techniques to transform negative impacts into positive externalities on ecosystems. However, the literature studied failed to include the inter-linkage in the effects of sugarcane production and therefore, evaluate the ecosystem services and account for existing trade-offs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54198,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agricultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.10.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42040133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mixture cropping of berseem clover with cereals to improve forage yield and quality under irrigated conditions of the Mediterranean basin","authors":"Heba Sabry Attia Salama","doi":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mixture cropping of annual forage legumes and grasses is a common strategy to support sustainable forage supply in low input agricultural systems, especially in the Mediterranean basin. In a two-year field study, conducted in Northern Egypt, productivity and nutritive value of four cuts of berseem clover, triticale, and oat, cultivated as monocultures as well as legume-grass binary mixtures, with variable mixing rates, were investigated using a split plot design in three replicates. The tested mixing rates were: 1. 0% Grass (G) + 100% Berseem clover (BC), 2. 25% G + 75% BC, 3. 50% G + 50% BC, 4. 75% G + 25% BC, and 5. 100% G + 0% BC. Berseem clover mixtures with triticale produced the highest significant 3rd cut fresh yield, while BC mixtures with oat were superior at the 1st and 2nd cut's fresh yield. Crude protein (CP) content was highest in BC monocultures and clover-triticale mixture (75%:25%). Grasses, in general, improved the dry matter accumulation and carbohydrate components in the forage mixtures, with triticale being superior to oat. The significantly highest digestible organic matter (DOM) was a character of the pure BC stands, and mixtures with 75% BC. Noticeably, the tested grasses did not regrow after being cut for the third time; thus, the fourth cut was composed only of BC. Variations in DOM were most dependent on variations in CP content. Results revealed that mixtures of BC with triticale at 75%:25% mixing rate produced high forage yield with improved quality than the other mixtures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54198,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agricultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.09.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45569056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of meat marinating in kefir, yoghurt and buttermilk on the texture and color of pork steaks cooked sous-vide","authors":"Agnieszka Latoch","doi":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Texture and color are some of the most important qualitative features of meat and its products. They affect the acceptance among consumers, and they are very important parameters of the culinary and meat industry's usefulness of meat. However, cooked meat is usually not enough soft and juicy to satisfy consumers. Researches try to find methods to improve the texture of the meat products. One method is acidic marinating meat. But there are no reports on the use of fermented dairy products (FDP) for meat marinating. The acids contained in FDP can be improved tenderness, juiciness and color of meat products. Also, the use of lower heat treatment temperature for cooking meat positively affects its sensory properties and texture. The aim of the study was the impact of meat marinating in FDP (kefir, yoghurt and buttermilk) marinating time (3, 6, 9 and 12 days) and <em>sous-vide</em> (SV) cooking temperature (<em>vacuum</em>, 60 or 80 °C, 6 h), on texture and color parameters of pork steaks. Marinating the meat increased the tenderness (lowering the hardness and chewiness) of steaks. The best results were obtained by marinating steaks in buttermilk or yoghurt for 6 or 9 days and SV cooking at 60 °C for 6 h. There was no influence of the marinade type and SV cooking temperature on L* and b* color parameters. Redness increased with marinating time and cooking temperature. Kefir and buttermilk did not affect the a* value of SV cooked steaks; however, marinating in yoghurt reduced that value.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54198,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agricultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.07.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43129290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatma Abdel-Motaal , Noha Kamel , Soad El-Zayat , Mohamed Abou-Ellail
{"title":"Early blight suppression and plant growth promotion potential of the endophyte Aspergillus flavus in tomato plant","authors":"Fatma Abdel-Motaal , Noha Kamel , Soad El-Zayat , Mohamed Abou-Ellail","doi":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tomato (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em> L.) is an important worldwide vegetable crop. This paramount crop would be infected by a serious set of pathogenic fungal diseases. Growth and production are hampered by early blight caused by <em>Alternaria phragmospora</em>. <em>In vitro</em> the production of growth promoted hormone indole acetic acid (IAA) by <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> isolated from the medicinal plant, <em>Euphorbia geniculata</em> was stimulated in culture media supplemented or not by tryptophan (120 and 40 μg mL<sup>−1</sup>) respectively. The blue fluorescence test showed that the endophytic <em>A. flavus</em> was lacking to produce aflatoxins. Inoculation of <em>S. lycopersicum</em> with <em>A. flavus</em> enhanced the fresh weight (FW) and plant length (PL) of <em>S. lycopersicum</em> significantly in comparison to untreated plants. The PL of treated plants was 39.05 cm ± 3.16, while control was 22.19 cm ± 4.54. IAA stimulated overproduction of lateral roots and root hairs in treated plants compared to control. After spraying with <em>A. phragmospora</em>, the treated plant with <em>A. flavus</em> showed healthy leaves and completely protected (100%) from the disease symptoms. There were significant increases in chlorophyll (1.68 mg g<sup>−1</sup> FW), flavonoids (105.4 mg g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight), carbohydrates (155.5 mg g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight), phenolics (0.9 mg g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight) and total proteins contents (94.13 mg g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight) in treated plants relative to untreated control plants. Our findings demonstrated the contribution of <em>A. flavus</em> to improve the growth and the secondary metabolites contents of tomato, which subsequently leads to the improvement of the resistance of this plant to an aggressive plant pathogen like <em>A. phragmospora</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54198,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agricultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.07.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41333756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tony K. Sajyan , Saleh M. Alturki , Youssef N. Sassine
{"title":"Nano-fertilizers and their impact on vegetables: Contribution of Nano-chelate Super Plus ZFM and Lithovit®-standard to improve salt-tolerance of pepper","authors":"Tony K. Sajyan , Saleh M. Alturki , Youssef N. Sassine","doi":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The implementation of nano-technology for the amelioration of plant tolerance against abiotic stress has been widely reported in last years. In the current study, the separate and combined effects of Nano-chelate Super Plus ZFM (A) and Lithovit®-standard (B) on salt-stressed chili pepper were evaluated. Two different concentrations of each products were tested (A1, 2.5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, A2, 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>; B1, 3 g L<sup>−1</sup> and B2, 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>) on pepper irrigated by three NaCl solutions (1.5dS m<sup>−1</sup>, 3dS m<sup>−1</sup> and 6dS m<sup>−1</sup>. The control (no treatment) experiments were only irrigated with the three NaCl solutions. Spraying Nano-chelate Super Plus ZFM in low concentration (A1) enhanced significantly iron, zinc and manganese content in shoots and fruits. The application of Lithovit®-standard at high concentration ameliorated calcium and magnesium content in plant parts. A1B2 caused the highest enhancement in leaf number, fresh and dry weights of plant parts. It also improved fruit number significantly, fruit fresh and dry weight, yield plant<sup>−1</sup> and fruit dimension compared to control under all NaCl solutions. All treatments improved carotenoids content and reduced cellular electrolyte leakage and sodium content, as compared to control. Low concentration of Nano-chelate Super Plus ZFM improved chlorophyll <em>a</em> (Chl <em>a</em>), b (Chl <em>b</em>) and total chlorophyll (TChl) more than the high concentration (A2). Photosynthetic pigments were maximized by A1B2. Treating plants with A1B2 and A1B1 improved the most nitrogen and potassium content respectively in shoots and fruits compared to control at all EC levels. Combining both products would be an efficient method inducing salt-tolerance of pepper.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54198,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agricultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.11.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44770029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia Marcela Cuellar-Palacios , Jackeline Gaviria-Vega , James Montoya-Lerma
{"title":"Life cycle and larval growth of Dynamis borassi (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), an emerging pest to the peach palm","authors":"Claudia Marcela Cuellar-Palacios , Jackeline Gaviria-Vega , James Montoya-Lerma","doi":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Dynamis borassi</em> Fabricius (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) is widely distributed in South America and is an economic pest in commercially important palms (Arecaceae). In Colombia, peach palm production is of socio-economic importance in the Pacific region but has decreased dramatically due to a weevil complex that attacks the top of the palm. <em>Dynamis borassi</em> is the principal cause of this damage. Despite its importance, the biology of this species is unknown. A rigorous study of life cycle duration, as well as each stage of development, is key to future ecological and behavioural studies and essential in the design of comprehensive pest management plans. We report details of the life history of this pest in a laboratory colony. Life cycle and the larval growth were studied under controlled laboratory conditions (27 ± 1 °C and 75 ± 5% RH) using two artificial diets: Diet 1 without peach palm inflorescences and Diet 2 with 100 g of inflorescences. The egg stage lasted 3.5 ± 0.1 days, the larval stage 165.5 ± 4.7 days for Diet 1 and 153.8 ± 3.9 days for Diet 2, and the pupal stage 37 ± 1.7 days for Diet 1 and 39.7 ± 1.2 days for Diet 2. Twelve instars were observed. The instar when pupation took place varied from instar VII to XII. The weight gain curve had four growth phases with both diets. Each diet produced a different life cycle duration and growth rate. No significant differences were found in the life cycle between the diets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54198,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agricultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.12.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48965728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization of indigenous upland rice varieties for high yield potential and grain quality characters under rainfed conditions in Thailand","authors":"Atit Phapumma, Tidarat Monkham, Sompong Chankaew, Wanwipa Kaewpradit, Pornthippa Harakotr, Jirawat Sanitchon","doi":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aoas.2020.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Indigenous upland rice is a staple food for local people in the North and Northeast regions of Thailand. As a result, variations of grain yield and G<em>x</em>E interactions have been utilized for wider adaptability of upland rice varieties. A high yielding genotype that performs well under a good yielding environment as well as in poor environments is greatly needed. Our experiment, therefore, aimed to identify high potential indigenous upland rice varieties for grain yield and yield stability under rainfed conditions. Fifty upland rice genotypes were evaluated from 2013 to 2015, in which a randomized complete block design with three replications was laid out over the three years. Based on grain yield, eight indigenous upland rice varieties, including ULR026, ULR042, ULR075, ULR078, ULR080, ULR081, ULR089 and ULR105; demonstrated superior performance, high yield stability, and greater adaptability over the other varieties, including the Sew Mae Jan check variety. Additional qualities of the superior varieties included high amylose content (ULR081 and ULR075), high aroma (ULR078), and intermediate gelatinization temperature test (GT) (ULR078, ULR026, and ULR105). The participatory varietal selection (PVS) test for farmer(s) acceptance, and promotion of these varieties under rainfed conditions will be further studied.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54198,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agricultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.09.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47116496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}