Mouvement Social最新文献

{"title":"L’économie du quotidien entre 1914 et 1918 en France. Une autre histoire de la Grande Guerre","authors":"S. Le Bras","doi":"10.3917/lms1.278.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/lms1.278.0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54158,"journal":{"name":"Mouvement Social","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47645306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Les Lillois occupés face aux réquisitions allemandes de métaux, 1914–1918","authors":"Chad B. Denton","doi":"10.3917/lms1.278.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/lms1.278.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:De 1914 à 1918, l’armée allemande procède à des réquisitions de métaux aussi bien en Allemagne qu’en Europe occupée, ce qui implique des populations assujetties à l’effort de guerre de leur ennemi et viole directement la Convention de La Haye. Face aux demandes allemandes d’objets métalliques à transformer en obus et balles, les habitants des territoires occupés doivent choisir entre obéir ou défier l’occupant. En s’appuyant sur des témoignages publiés après-guerre et des documents d’archives, cette étude de cas reconstruit un récit de l’expérience lilloise des réquisitions de métaux. Après une phase initiale de pillage désordonné, l’administration allemande se livre à une réquisition des industries, suivie par des demandes de déclarations obligatoires et des perquisitions méthodiques qui obligent les individus à participer ou à s’abstenir. La Convention de La Haye et l’Église catholique ont donné des directives de comportement, mais elles n’ont pas pu empêcher les saisies, considérées comme la preuve à la fois de la barbarie et de la faiblesse allemandes.Abstract:From 1914 to 1918, the German army requisitioned metal, both in Germany and in occupied Europe. These requisitions forced the occupied populations to contribute to their enemy’s war effort and were a direct violation of the Hague Convention. Faced with German demands for metal objects to be turned into shells and bullets, the inhabitants of occupied territories had to choose between obeying or defying the occupier. Based on testimonies published after the war and archival documents, this case study reconstructs an account of the experience of metal requisitions in Lille. After an initial phase of haphazard looting, the German administration requisitioned industrial sites, followed by demands for compulsory declarations and methodical searches that forced individuals to participate or abstain. The Hague Convention and the Catholic Church provided guidelines for behaviour, but they could not prevent the seizures, which were seen as proof both of Germany’s barbarity and its weakness.","PeriodicalId":54158,"journal":{"name":"Mouvement Social","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46198808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Les leçons de l’agriculture américaine ?","authors":"Céline Pessis","doi":"10.3917/lms1.277.0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/lms1.277.0067","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54158,"journal":{"name":"Mouvement Social","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45154481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De l'usurpation coloniale au landgrabbing","authors":"P. Luna","doi":"10.3917/lms1.277.0083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/lms1.277.0083","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Tout au long de la période moderne et contemporaine, la terre, le territoire (et l'accès aux richesses naturelles qu'ils ouvraient) ont fait l'objet de la négociation et du conflit entre différents protagonistes. Ce fut le cas durant les deux principales vagues d'expansion coloniale et de réaction décolonisatrice (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles et XIXe-XXe siècles), et cela s'est poursuivi jusqu'au XXIe siècle. Cet article voudrait attirer l'attention sur l'usurpation et l'appropriation foncières coloniales, dans la longue durée, et la riposte des ruraux à travers le monde. Mais il voudrait aussi penser historiquement le landgrabbing actuel (la prise de contrôle du financier sur le foncier, à l'échelle mondiale, qui se consolide depuis la crise de 2007-2008). Il s'agit d'un processus qui est toujours en cours, qui mobilise une variété d'agents sociaux et institutionnels sur la planète et qui est vraisemblablement venu achever la mondialisation foncière.Abstract:Throughout the early modern and modern period, land and territory (and access to the natural resources they opened up) were the subject of negotiation and conflict between different protagonists. This was the case during the two main waves of colonial expansion and decolonising reaction (16th-18th centuries and 19th-20th centuries), and has continued into the 21st century. This paper endeavours to draw attention to colonial usurpation and appropriation of land over the long term, and the response of rural people around the world. Yet it also aims to view the current \"landgrabbing\" (whereby financial forces have taken over from landowning ones on a global scale, a trend that has been gathering pace since the 2007-2008 crisis) in an historical perspective. This financialisation process is still ongoing, mobilising a variety of social and institutional agents around the world, and has probably put an end to the globalisation of landowning.","PeriodicalId":54158,"journal":{"name":"Mouvement Social","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42669088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nouveaux regards sur les élites rurales au XIXe siècle","authors":"N. Vivier","doi":"10.3917/lms1.277.0149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/lms1.277.0149","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Nadine Vivier L'historiographie française depuis vingt-cinq ans a changé la vision que nous avions des sociétés rurales du XIXe siècle. Au lieu d'un monde immobile dominé par une étroite élite, essentiellement composée d'aristocrates, nous découvrons un monde plus complexe où les bouleversements économiques et culturels, l'introduction du suffrage universel masculin ont entraîné l'élargissement des élites rurales. Alors que les élites du début du siècle se définissaient par leur richesse matérielle, leur enracinement local et leur capital social, elles se sont diversifiées par l'importance accordée aux savoirs, la capacité à s'insérer dans les réseaux de pouvoir grâce à leurs compétences professionnelles.Abstract:Over the past 25 years, French historiography has changed our vision of 19th century rural societies. Instead of an unchanging world dominated by a narrow, mainly aristocratic elite, a more complex world has been highlighted, in which economic and cultural upheavals and the introduction of universal male suffrage prompted an expansion of rural elites. While the elites at the beginning of the century were defined by their material wealth, their local roots and their social capital, they diversified thanks to the importance given to knowledge and their capacity to join networks of power given their professional skills.","PeriodicalId":54158,"journal":{"name":"Mouvement Social","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45888415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L'agriculture dans la crise de 1929","authors":"Gérard Béaur","doi":"10.3917/lms1.277.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/lms1.277.0035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:La crise de 1929 fut aussi une crise agricole. Son ampleur n'a pas été ignorée par les historiens, mais son lien avec la dépression qui accabla tous les secteurs économiques reste problématique. Faut-il la considérer comme un phénomène marginal, autonome, qui n'aurait fait qu'accompagner la crise ou bien penser qu'elle a exercé un effet décisif dans l'émergence de la Grande Dépression des années 1930 ? Le débat n'a pas été esquivé, surtout dans la littérature anglophone, mais il est resté pendant. Il est revenu sur le devant de la scène avec la récente intrusion de J. Stiglitz qui, dans un parallèle hardi avec la crise de 2008, a attribué la responsabilité de la crise de 1929 à l'agriculture. L'ambition de ce texte n'est nullement de clore ce chapitre, mais de tirer le fil de cette histoire et de remettre les déboires des exploitants agricoles au cœur d'une question fort complexe. Il s'agit d'exploiter les riches statistiques américaines et de les confronter à celles qui émanent des archives britanniques, françaises et italiennes, pour analyser les mécanismes par lesquels le profond malaise des agriculteurs dans les années qui précèdent 1929 a pu dégénérer en crise générale ou par lesquels il a pu amplifier cette dernière au cours des années 1930.Abstract:The 1929 crisis was also an agricultural downturn whose magnitude has not been ignored by historians, but whose link with the depression that overwhelmed all economic sectors remains problematic. Should it be considered as a marginal and separate phenomenon that merely accompanied the broader crisis, or should we think that it had a decisive effect on the emergence of the Great Depression in the 1930s? The debate has not been avoided, especially in the English-language literature, but it has remained unsettled. It came to the fore again with the recent contribution of Joseph Stiglitz who, in a bold parallel with the 2008 crisis, attributed responsibility for the 1929 crisis to agriculture. The ambition of this paper is by no means to close this chapter, but to retrace the thread of this history and refocus this very complex issue on the setbacks suffered by farmers. The aim is to exploit the rich US statistics and to compare them with those found in British, French and Italian archives, in order to analyse the mechanisms whereby the profound malaise affecting farmers in the run-up to 1929 may have degenerated into a general crisis, or whereby which it may have amplified the latter during the 1930s.","PeriodicalId":54158,"journal":{"name":"Mouvement Social","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49297915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L'héritage renouvelé du contentieux foncier en Algérie (XIXe-XXIe siècle)","authors":"D. Guignard","doi":"10.3917/lms1.277.0099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/lms1.277.0099","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Comme pour de nombreux autres pays, le contentieux foncier actuel en Algérie plonge ses racines dans le passé colonial. Son renouvellement incessant suppose cependant des atteintes massives et répétées aux droits sur le sol du XIXe jusqu'au début du XXIe siècle ; la nécessité qu'une part significative de la population ait toujours à défendre ces droits (hérités ou plus récemment acquis) ; une capacité individuelle ou collective à les revendiquer. Or, depuis le tournant libéral des années 1980-1990 et la reconnaissance des titres de la période coloniale pour les seuls citoyens du pays, l'originalité du cas algérien tient au fait que l'objet des disputes soit généralement postérieur à l'indépendance, tout en mobilisant un savoir-faire en matière contentieuse, des droits individuels et collectifs reconnus sous la domination française.Abstract:As in many other countries, the current landowning dispute in Algeria has its roots in the colonial past. However, its constant renewal suggests massive and repeated infringements of land rights from the 19th to the early 21st century; the need for a significant portion of the population to still defend its rights (either inherited or more recently acquired); and an individual or collective capacity to claim these rights. Yet since the liberal shift of the 1980s-1990s and the recognition of deeds from the colonial period for Algerian citizens only, Algeria's situation is unique in that disputes generally involve situations that arose after independence, while leveraging litigation expertise, individual and collective rights recognised under French domination.","PeriodicalId":54158,"journal":{"name":"Mouvement Social","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49033367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Au rythme des spécialisations : travail et exploitations agricoles dans le Vaucluse (1945-1958)","authors":"Niccolò Mignemi","doi":"10.3917/lms1.277.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/lms1.277.0051","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Cet article explore l'essor des spécialisations fruitières et maraîchères sous l'angle de la mobilisation de la main-d'œuvre. Il se focalise sur le cas du Vaucluse entre 1945 et la fin des années 1950. Les données du premier recensement des exploitations servent de point de départ pour réinterroger les binômes traditionnels (familial/salarié, permanent/saisonnier, local/étranger) identifiables dans l'organisation du travail agricole. La production de fruits et légumes repose, en effet, sur la capacité de concilier deux exigences. D'une part, ces cultures s'appuient sur une mobilisation intensive de la main-d'œuvre s'étalant le plus possible sur l'année. D'autre part, elles nécessitent un système d'emploi fluide capable de fournir régulièrement une réponse aussi ponctuelle que rapide afin de préserver la qualité et la rentabilité des récoltes, face aux aléas du climat et des marchés. Si la famille se confirme comme la source première de bras occupés à temps plein ou de manière temporaire, la documentation de la Commission paritaire départementale de travail agricole permet d'approfondir le rôle crucial du salariat. Les débats sur la diversité des statuts et des systèmes de rémunération deviennent alors l'occasion pour explorer les clivages de genre, d'âge et de qualification observables chez les ouvriers et les ouvrières agricoles, ainsi que les nouvelles tensions déterminées par l'accélération de l'exode rural et professionnel.Abstract:This paper investigates the increasing specialisation of fruit and vegetable producers from a labour perspective. It focuses on the case of the Vaucluse region between 1945 and the end of the 1950s. The data from the first farm census are used as a starting point to reassess the contrasting pairs (household/wage, permanent/seasonal, local/foreign) that can traditionally be identified in the organisation of agricultural work. Fruit and vegetable farming is particularly interesting because of its dependence on the capacity to reconcile two requirements. On the one hand, these crops rely on intensive mobilisation of labour for as long over the year as possible. On the other hand, their production requires a flexible system of employment capable of providing a rapid and timely response in order to preserve the quality and profitability of the harvests against the risks connected to markets or bad weather. While the family was confirmed as the primary source of full-time and temporary workers, the archives of the Commission paritaire départementale de travail agricole allow us to examine in greater depth the crucial role of wage labour. The debates on the diversity of statuses and remuneration systems then become an opportunity to explore how gender, age and qualification shaped working conditions. They broaden our understanding of the new tensions caused by the acceleration of the exodus from rural areas and from farming as an occupation.","PeriodicalId":54158,"journal":{"name":"Mouvement Social","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45232724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nourrir la population : un défi permanent","authors":"P. Brassley, Antoni Furió, Alessandro Stanziani, N. Vivier","doi":"10.3917/lms1.277.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/lms1.277.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Le défi de se nourrir a toujours été le plus angoissant pour les sociétés humaines et il s'est amplifié avec la croissance urbaine. Les échanges de cette table ronde essaient de voir comment les sociétés ont fait face à cet impératif. En balayant rapidement l'échelle du temps depuis le Moyen Âge, on voit que les intempéries ne sont pas le seul facteur de pénuries. Les décisions des pouvoirs politiques ont été déterminantes, et parmi elles les mécanismes de distribution, que ce soit le marché local ou le marché mondial puis la globalisation des politiques commerciales. Dans un second temps, les échanges se consacrent à la situation contemporaine. Après 1950, la production agricole s'est considérablement accrue grâce aux politiques agricoles à visées économiques et sociales, assises sur la recherche agronomique. Mais, aujourd'hui, les méthodes de l'agriculture intensive montrent leurs limites et sont rejetées par les sociétés européennes inquiètes pour la qualité de la nourriture, la protection de l'environnement et le changement climatique.Abstract:Feeding human societies has always been the most serious challenge, and it became more acute with urban growth. The discussions of this roundtable aim at understanding how societies dealt with this priority. Looking back over the past centuries since the Middle Ages, it seems obvious that bad weather was not the only factor in food shortages. Most important were political choices, and among these, distribution mechanisms were decisive, be it the local market, the world market or the globalisation of trade policies. The second part of the roundtable focuses on the current situation. After 1950, with the population booming, agricultural production succeeded in feeding the population in spite of unprecedented population growth thanks to agricultural policies with economic and social aims, based on agronomic research. But today, intensive farming methods are revealing their limits and are rejected by European societies worried about the quality of their food, environmental protection and climate change.","PeriodicalId":54158,"journal":{"name":"Mouvement Social","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42503472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Le renouveau de l'histoire des campagnes","authors":"Gérard Béaur","doi":"10.3917/lms1.277.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/lms1.277.0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54158,"journal":{"name":"Mouvement Social","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47636167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}