Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Diagnostic Modalities for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2: Principles, Advantages, and Pitfalls.","authors":"Suresh Anand Bs,&nbsp;Jonath Sujan,&nbsp;Ashwin Kumar N,&nbsp;Ilamaran M","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020035591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020035591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a significant worldwide health concern in recent months. The world has not dealt with such adversities since World War II. The spread has had a devastating and massive impact on global health, the economy, and people's everyday lives. With the crisis looming around the world, there is not yet any report of a clinically approved drug effective against this virus or or vaccine that can prevent people from getting infected. In this article, we describe different types of diagnostic tests currently used to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also present an overview of the basic principles involved, advantages, and the pitfalls associated with each technique. This article also provides an insight into various supplementary diagnostic modalities, including recent advancements in sensing technologies and further clinical improvement and novelties to fight this pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":53679,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"48 4","pages":"235-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38754711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioengineered Exosomal Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Therapeutics.","authors":"J Miles, M Andre, A Caobi, M Ruiz, M Nair, Andrea D Raymond","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020034847","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020034847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liquid or blood-based biopsy is a less invasive and more efficient method in which to clinicians can identify diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic responsive biomarkers in cancer patients. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), RNAs, proteins, metabolites, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are all potential biomarkers found in liquid biopsies. All nucleated cells including healthy, virally infected, and cancer cells release EVs. Since the early 1980s, evidence has mounted to support the pathophysiological role of EVs in cancer. Here we focus on the smallest of the EV, the exosome, and their clinical relevance as nanotherapeutics for cancers. Exosomes obtained from tumors have been reported to promote and/or facilitate malignancy of cancers especially in terms of metastatic potential. Exosomal EVs have also contributed to the development of therapeutic resistance. Recent studies demonstrate that intrinsic and bioengineered exosomes can serve as effective therapeutic agents that disrupt cancer progression. Here we review the current literature regarding the utilization of bioengineered exosomes for therapeutics to treat prevalent cancers such as melanoma, glioma, breast, pancreatic, hepatic, cervical, prostate, and colon cancers. Overall, studies reviewed show that bioengineered exosomes are effective and promising for targeted cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":53679,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"48 3","pages":"177-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11102805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38773774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Locomotion Classification for Different Terrains Using Machine Learning Techniques.","authors":"Sachin Negi,&nbsp;Pranshu C B S Negi,&nbsp;Shiru Sharma,&nbsp;Neeraj Sharma","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020035013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020035013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gait analysis on healthy subjects was performed based on surface electromyographic and acceleration sensor signal, implemented through machine learning approaches. The surface EMG and 3-axes acceleration signals have been acquired for 5 different terrains: level ground, ramp ascent, ramp descent, stair ascent, and stair descent. These signals were acquired from the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medial head muscles that correspond to dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, respectively. After feature extraction, these signals are fed to 5 conventional classifiers: linear discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbors, decision tree, random forest, and support vector machine, that classify different terrains for human locomotion. We compared the classification results for the above classifiers with deep neural network classifier. The objective was to obtain the features and classifiers that are able to discriminate between 5 locomotion terrains with maximum classification accuracy in minimum time by acquiring the signal from the least number of leg muscles. The results indicated that the support vector machine gives the highest classification accuracy of 99.20 (± 0.80)% for the dataset acquired from 15 healthy subjects. In terms of both accuracy and computation time, the support vector machine outperforms other classifiers.</p>","PeriodicalId":53679,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"48 4","pages":"199-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38754708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Effects of Bioheat Transfer Characteristics of Malignant Melanoma on Thermal Conductivity Measurements.","authors":"Takahiro Okabe,&nbsp;Junnosuke Okajima,&nbsp;Taku Fujimura,&nbsp;Setsuya Aiba,&nbsp;Shigenao Maruyama","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020033900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020033900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In our previous study, we successfully detected a difference in the effective thermal conductivity between an invasive melanoma lesion and healthy skin, through clinical experiments conducted on melanoma patients. We found that the effective thermal conductivity of the lesions correlated with the tumor thickness, suggesting that it may be correlated with the prognostic risk of melanoma. However, the bioheat transfer mechanisms of the correlation remained unknown. The aim of this study was to numerically investigate the effects of the bioheat transfer characteristics of malignant melanoma on thermal conductivity measurements and explore the cause of the difference in the effective thermal conductivity between lesions and healthy skin. We used two different bioheat transfer models, the Pennes model and local thermal nonequilibrium model, and investigated the cause of the aforementioned differences by varying the bioheat transfer parameters associated with the thermophysical properties and blood flow of a tumor. The calculation results indicated that the contribution of the blood flow can be dominant in a measurement comprising the use of a guard-heated thermistor probe. Therefore, we found that it is necessary to take into consideration the contribution of the convective term to the effective thermal conductivity of the lesion in order to explain the clinical data of a Stage IV invasive melanoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":53679,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"48 2","pages":"95-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38773777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personalized NanoMedicine: Novel Theranostic Approach.","authors":"Madhavan Nair","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020032948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020032948","url":null,"abstract":"This brief state-of-the-art review touches on novel engineering of smart nanomaterials, their binding with therapeutic agents, on demand delivery of drugs, image guided target delivery, biocompatibility, and theranostic applications in biomedical research. Developing green or organic approaches using micro-nanogel particles for theranostic and prophylactic applications in a variety of diseases, including HIV and degenerative medicine, are proposed.","PeriodicalId":53679,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"48 3","pages":"133-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39122051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface: Personalized Nanomedicine","authors":"A. Tomitaka, Chen-zhong Li, M. Nair","doi":"10.1615/CRITREVBIOMEDENG.2020035734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CRITREVBIOMEDENG.2020035734","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53679,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1615/CRITREVBIOMEDENG.2020035734","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67421130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroencephalogram-Based Emotion Recognition Using a Particle Swarm Optimization-Derived Support Vector Machine Classifier.","authors":"K V Suma,&nbsp;G M Lingaraju,&nbsp;P A Dinesh,&nbsp;R Nivedha","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020033161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020033161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We sort human emotions using Russell's circumplex model of emotion by classifying electroencephalogram (EEG) signals from 25 subjects into four discrete states, namely, happy, sad, angry, and relaxed. After acquiring signals, we use a standard database for emotion analysis using physiological EEG signals. Once raw signals are pre-processed in an EEGLAB, we perform feature extraction using Matrix Laboratory and apply discrete wavelet transform. Before classifying we optimize extracted features with particle swarm optimization. The acquired set of EEG signals are validated after finding average classification accuracy of 75.25%, average sensitivity of 76.8%, and average specificity of 91.06%.</p>","PeriodicalId":53679,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"48 1","pages":"17-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020033161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38233819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-Analysis of Efficacy of Chemotherapy Delivered by Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles to Tumor-Bearing Mice.","authors":"Anthony McGoron","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020035804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020035804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanomedicines have played an important role in the management of cancer patients with PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (e.g., Doxil) and nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane) being two examples that have been commercially successful. However, the number of patients benefitting from these therapies is small compared with the potential impact. While off-site toxicities have been reduced, long term survival has not been realized. Thus, there continues to be a need for improved therapies and nanomedicine (delivery of drugs using nanoparticle carriers) that provide advantages over the delivery of free drug. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are a unique class of nanomedicine that offers high loading capacity, the ability of targeting specificity, potential for stimulated drug release and are considered generally safe and non-toxic. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of 166 published studies in which MSNs were evaluated in vivo and tumor response was reported. Eleven studies with liposomal doxorubicin and 3 studies with Abraxane are also included in the analysis. The MSN formulations exhibit a wide range of size, charge, drug loading and drug release. The tumor inhibition ratio (TIR) of some MSN formulations compared favorably to the FDA approved nanomedicines. However, TIR reached at least 99% in only 14 MSN formulations reported. On average, targeted MSNs and MSNs with combined therapy (multiple drugs, or drugs combined with thermal therapy) performed best. Survival was reported in 14 MSN studies. The reported increased life survival (ILS) tended to be longer for liposomal doxorubicin and Abraxane than for the MSN formulations. The paper also provides an overview of MSN synthesis strategies and compares the development timeline of MSNs to that of Doxil and Abraxane, discussing the barriers to commercialization. Finally, the paper provides recommendations to advance the development and commercialization of MSNs for cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":53679,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"48 6","pages":"327-418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25413699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave-Induced Thermal Lesion Detection via Ultrasonic Scatterer Center Frequency Analysis with Autoregressive Cepstrum.","authors":"Lei Sheng,&nbsp;Wei Rao,&nbsp;Zhuhuang Zhou,&nbsp;Shuicai Wu,&nbsp;Guolin Ma","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020033670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2020033670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We proposed a new method for microwave-induced thermal lesion detection using the autoregressive spectrum analysis of ultrasonic backscattered signals in this paper. Eighteen cases of microwave ablation experiments and twenty cases of water bath heating experiments were conducted. Ultrasonic radiofrequency data of normal and coagulated porcine liver tissues were collected through these two experiments. Then, autoregressive spectrum analysis was performed; the mean frequency of the dominant peak in the autoregressive spectrum was computed based on water bath experiments; and a method for recognizing normal and solidified tissues was obtained by comparing the difference of the dominant peak in the autoregressive spectrum. Two bandpass finite impulse response filters, whose passbands corresponded respectively to the dominant peak in the autoregressive spectrum of normal and coagulated tissues, were used to compute the power spectral integration for the microwave-induced experiments. Microwave-induced thermal lesions were detected based on the differences between the power spectral integrations from the two filters. Compared to the caliper-measured area, the power spectral integration detected area had an error of (10.25 ± 3.59). Experimental results indicated that the proposed method may be used in preliminary detection of microwave-induced thermal lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":53679,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"48 2","pages":"85-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38773776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface: Advanced Thermal Strategies in Cancer Therapy and Diagnostics","authors":"V. Timchenko","doi":"10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2020035867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2020035867","url":null,"abstract":"Mild hyperthermia and thermal ablation have been adopted as minimally invasive strategies for the treatment of malignant diseases. These treatments use thermal energy sources such as radiofrequency (RF), microwave, laser, and high-intensity focused sonography. Planning and control of thermal treatments is essential to avoid formation of thermal lesions and overheating of surrounding healthy tissues. The current issue of Critical ReviewsTM in Biomedical Engineering, “Advanced Thermal Strategies in Cancer Therapy and Diagnostics,” examines recent research in planning and monitoring of thermal ablation therapy. It also presents noninvasive thermal techniques developed to improve the accuracy in diagnostics of malignancy as well as research on thermal monitoring of tumor response during radiation and chemotherapy treatments. Various ultrasound-based methods have been studied in the field of noninvasive thermal therapy monitoring for the mild hyperthermia. However, at high temperatures, which are the case for thermal ablation, especially when the tissue is coagulated, ultrasound temperature monitoring becomes problematic. “Microwave-Induced Thermal Lesion Detection via Ultrasonic Scatterer Center Frequency Analysis with Autoregressive Cepstrum” by Dr. Sheng et al.1 presents a novel methodology that can be used for noninvasive monitoring of the microwave ablation therapy. To prevent complications while ensuring treatment efficacy, the authors proposed a new method for microwave-induced thermal lesion detection using the autoregressive spectrum analysis of ultrasonic backscattered signals. Planning and control of thermal treatments is enhanced by mathematical modeling that allows to predict and analyze the temperatures during treatment. The complex phenomena that need to be modeled involve interaction of a heat source with human tissues, blood perfusion, and metabolic heat generation. Additional complexity arises from uncertainty of thermophysical parameters that need to be taken into account for an accurate planning and control of hyperthermia and thermal ablation. In “Thermal Characterization of an Ex Vivo Tissue,” Dr. Orlande and his team estimated thermophysical properties of an ex vivo tissue through solution of inverse problems using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method.2 Estimated temperatures were confirmed by comparison with experimental measurements. In addition, the approximate Bayesian computation algorithm was applied to calculate the parameters of an Arrhenius thermal decomposition. This allowed to estimate thermal damage parameters of bovine muscle heated by thermal radiation. In “Numerical Simulation of Effects of Bioheat Transfer Characteristics of Malignant Melanoma on Thermal Conductivity Measurements,” Dr. Okabe et al. discuss modality for thermally diagnosing a malignant melanoma via thermal conductivity measurements.3 This modality is based on the use of a guard-heated thermistor probe, which is a penshaped device used for measuring","PeriodicalId":53679,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2020035867","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67421134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}