David W. Shields , Yash Sewpaul , Sandeep K. Nayar , Caroline M. Atherton , Joaquim Goffin , Mustafa S. Rashid
{"title":"Current trends in shoulder arthroplasty - Are the trends backed by evidence?","authors":"David W. Shields , Yash Sewpaul , Sandeep K. Nayar , Caroline M. Atherton , Joaquim Goffin , Mustafa S. Rashid","doi":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shoulder arthroplasty is the third most common joint replacement performed worldwide and remains a rapidly innovative area for improvement in patient care. This article explores the evidence surrounding current trends aiming to improve patient outcome in all forms of shoulder arthroplasty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 102897"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Musculoskeletal infection, diagnosis and management","authors":"Vijay Kumar Jain, Karthikeyan. P. Iyengar","doi":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102898","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 102898"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Three-dimensional printed anatomical models as an educational tool for orthopaedic surgical trainees – A single institution experience","authors":"Li YiTammy Chan, Gui Jie Michael Yam","doi":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the utility of three-dimensional (3D) anatomical models as an educational tool among Orthopaedic surgical trainees.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Seven types of 3D anatomical models - humerus, elbow, ankle, calcaneum, knee, femur, and pelvis- based on patients' computational tomography (CT) scans were printed in the study institution and used by surgical trainees preoperatively. Responses were collected in the form of a Likert scale questionnaire. Descriptive statistics of participants’ ratings were calculated. Non-parametric analysis using Wilcoxon test and Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to determine if effectiveness varied with gender, clinical experience, and anatomical model type.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Observational cross-sectional study.</div></div><div><h3>Setting</h3><div>Single center study.</div></div><div><h3>Participant selection criteria</h3><div>All participants within a period of 16 months who were Orthopaedic surgical trainees within the study institution and utilised 3D anatomical models preoperatively were selected for this study.</div></div><div><h3>Outcome measures and comparisons</h3><div>Primary outcome was Likert scale ratings for three aspects - understanding of patients’ anatomy, learning of a patient-specific orthopaedic condition, retention of anatomical knowledge.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This study revealed that 3D anatomical models were well-received as an educational tool among Orthopaedic surgical trainees. There were no significant differences between gender, clinical experience or anatomical model type regarding 3D models in improving understanding of patient anatomy and retention of anatomical knowledge (p < 0.05). There were significant differences among participants based on clinical experience regarding the use of 3D models in learning of the patient-specific orthopaedic condition (p = 0.0106).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Preliminary results from this study demonstrate overall effectiveness of 3D models as an educational tool in Orthopaedic surgery, but is limited by the qualitative nature of data collected. Higher quality evidence is required to demonstrate that 3D anatomical models are effective tools to impart critical knowledge of anatomy to surgical trainees.</div></div><div><h3>Level of evidence</h3><div>IV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 102885"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trends in shoulder arthroplasty research over the decades","authors":"Leanne Dupley , Yousif Atwan , Aparna Viswanath","doi":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The aim of this study is to analyse the most cited articles in shoulder arthroplasty surgery and identify trends in topics by decade.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Journal Citation Index Web of Science (WoS) was searched to find articles using the search terms “shoulder arthroplasty”, “shoulder hemiarthroplasty”, “shoulder replacement” and “shoulder prosthesis”. All articles were ranked according to most cited overall and most cited between 2022 and 2023, and then further analysed to find the most cited articles per decade. Articles were studies for topic, study type, evidence level and number of subjects. A second search was performed using Google Scholar (GS) with the same search terms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All the most cited articles were published in 4 orthopaedic journals. Citation counts were higher for GS searches than WoS for every article, by an average of 1.92 times. Each decade's most cited articles seemed to fit into a few broad topics, showing trends in that decade. The highest cited papers were generally low-level evidence studies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Shoulder arthroplasty literature appears to follow trends throughout the decade. High quality evidence is lacking in the highest cited papers, but this study highlights the importance and value of these lower-evidence breakthrough studies, which have shaped shoulder arthroplasty surgery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 102882"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lateralisation in reverse shoulder arthroplasty – A narrative review","authors":"Kapil Kumar, Devansh Goyal","doi":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) has witnessed a significant advancement with the introduction of lateralisation techniques, aiming to enhance shoulder function and implant durability. Traditional medialised designs, following Grammont's principles, have encountered challenges such as scapular notching, reduced rotational strength, and instability. In contrast, lateralisation methods, which reposition the joint center of rotation laterally on the glenoid, humerus, or both, seek to improve deltoid leverage, optimize the rotator cuff muscles' length-tension relationship, and enhance joint stability. Strategies for achieving lateralisation include bone grafts, lateralised glenosphere designs, and metallic augmented base plates. Clinical and biomechanical studies have shown that lateralised RSA designs decrease scapular notching, enhance range of motion, and promote stability. However, these advantages come with drawbacks like heightened shear forces, potential acromial stress fractures, and the risk of joint overstuffing. The future of RSA involves striking a balance between these aspects through tailored implant configurations and the utilization of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, 3D modeling, and augmented reality to optimize surgical results. Further research is imperative to validate the long-term efficacy of lateralised RSA and refine these novel approaches to shoulder arthroplasty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 102881"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of platelet-rich plasma versus placebo or corticosteroid for knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","authors":"Ranakishor Pelluri , Bhima Sridevi , Chakravarthi Guntupalli , Prasada Chowdari Gurram , Vanitha Rani Nagasubramanian , Usha Sree Punnem , Raju Kanukula , Sivasankaran Ponnusankar , Vishwas Hunsur Nagendra , Uday Venkat Mateti","doi":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The effectiveness of intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (IA-PRP) injections for managing pain in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) remains inconsistent. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of IA-PRP.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 21 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected from various scientific databases, all of which compared PRP to either a placebo or an active comparator, such as corticosteroids (CS), in the treatment of KOA. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) for the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), along with their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated for each study. A subgroup analysis was conducted for the pain scores, comparing leukocyte-poor and leukocyte-rich PRP with either a placebo or CS. The evidence was synthesized using a random-effects meta-analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There were 2406 participants in all included studies; 1223 were in the PRP versus placebo group and 1183 were in the PRP versus corticosteroid group. The IA-PRP showed significant improvement of VAS, and WOMAC scores compared to placebo (P < 0.00.05), except KOOS score (P > 0.05). All pain scores were highly sinficant improved with IA-PRP, compared to IA-CS (P < 0.05). Additionally, the leukocyte rich PRP was efficasious than leukocyte poor PRP (P < 0.05) improving the all pain scores at the 6-month follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>PRP treatment showed better results than placebo and corticosteroids in terms of reducing pain and improving function in KOA patients. Furthermore, lecocyte rich PRP is more effective than lecocyte poor PRP [PROSPERO, CRD42024540507].</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 102870"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imran Shah , Zeeshan Khan , Zainab Aqeel Khan , Ali Ekram , Umer Butt , Junaid Ali Shah
{"title":"Clinical and functional outcomes of a modular fluted titanium stem in complex hip surgery with femoral bone loss","authors":"Imran Shah , Zeeshan Khan , Zainab Aqeel Khan , Ali Ekram , Umer Butt , Junaid Ali Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The tapered fluted titanium stem is a viable option for complex hip reconstruction. We therefore, evaluate the results of complex hip arthroplasty for femoral bone loss (Paprosky type IIIA to type IV femoral defect), using a modular fluted titanium stem.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data for this retrospective study was collected from the medical records of the 2 participating orthopaedic units from December 2018 to December 2021. Twenty-seven patients who underwent reconstruction of femoral bone loss with a modular fluted titanium stem were included in this study. General, demographic and clinical data including patient's age, comorbidities, ambulatory status before and after surgery, blood transfusion, surgical complications, rehabilitation after surgery, length of stay in hospital (in days), readmission after surgery, implant details and mortality rate were recorded. Clinical evaluation was performed using the oxford hip score and 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12). Complications and survivorship were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival rate with 95 % confidence interval.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean age for the cohort was 60.14 ± 11.58 years, with mean follow-up of 3.2 years for the study. The median pre-operative OHS was 10 (8), which improved to 39 (12) and 41 (4) at 1 and 2-year postoperative follow-up, respectively (P < 0. 001). The quality of life measures (SF-12 scores) in both mental and physical components showed progressive improvement at 2 years follow-up with P- value < 0.001. A total of five patients (18.5 %) had postoperative complications, including deep venous thrombosis in one patient, dislocations in two patients and one patient each with superficial and deep infection. The implant survival rate was 100 % at mean follow-up of 3.2 years.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Proximal femur reconstruction with a modular fluted titanium stem restores mobility, improves the quality of life and reduces pain significantly. It can be considered as a good option as a salvage procedure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 102843"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dr Karan R. Lakhani , Dr Sumedh Chaudhary , Dr Shrikant Gade , Dr Aashay Sonkusale
{"title":"Prospective study of the functional and radiological outcome of subtrochanteric femur fractures treated by long proximal femoral nailing in lateral decubitus position","authors":"Dr Karan R. Lakhani , Dr Sumedh Chaudhary , Dr Shrikant Gade , Dr Aashay Sonkusale","doi":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Subtrochanteric fractures are subject to a variety of deforming forces that pose challenges to achieving an optimal reduction. This study aims to assess and highlight the advantages of treating these fractures with a long proximal femoral nail while in the lateral decubitus position.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This prospective study was carried out on 35 patients in our institute, managed with long proximal femoral nailing in lateral decubitus position. After surgery, the patients underwent functional and radiological evaluations one, three, and six months later.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Patients in the age group of 18–80 were operated on in this study. The mean age was 52.57, with 14 % [20/35] being males and 42.86 % [15/35] being females. 65 % [23/35] patients had a Russell Taylor type 1A fracture, 20 % [7/35] had 1B type, 8.6 % [3/35] had 2A type and 5.7 % [2/35] had 2B type. The average duration of the surgical procedures was 80 min. The average intraoperative blood loss was 105 ml. Intraoperative reduction assessment using the Modified Baumgartner classification showed 60 % [21/35] having a good reduction, 31.5 % [11/35] having an acceptable reduction, and 8.5 % [3/35] having poor reduction. Mean Harris Hip Score at the end of 6 months was 88 with 38.7 % [12/35] having excellent outcome, 41.9 % [13/35] having good outcome, 12.9 % [4/35] having fair outcome, 6.4 % [2/35] having poor outcome. The most common postoperative complication was shortening with 8.5 % [3/35].</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The lateral decubitus position when by utilizing a long proximal femoral nail in subtrochanteric fractures has been demonstrated to facilitate easier identification of the entry point and provide easier access for reaming. This also reduced operative time while improving fracture reduction and subsequently radiological and functional outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 102842"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimizing surgical management of acetabulum fractures involving both columns using buttress plating of posterior column through AIP approach","authors":"Sandeep Kumar , Shataayu Gugale , Rohit Goyal , Akash Mishra , Vivek Bhambhu , Ganpat Choudhary","doi":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Acetabulum fractures involving both columns are complicated injuries to treat, and achieving satisfactory post operative reduction with less extensile approaches is difficult. These injuries often require dual approaches, associated with their own share of complications. The anterior intrapelvic approach (AIP) addresses both columns through a single approach, minimizing these complications. Specifically, posterior column fixation is of utmost importance. This study aims to evaluate functional outcomes and complications of posterior column fixation using medial surface buttress plate in fractures involving both columns.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Between 2017 and 2024, 366 patients had fractures involving both columns, out of which 64 were operated using the AIP approach. Excluding patients with displaced posterior wall fractures, transverse fractures, delayed treatment, or aged under 18 years. Out of 64, we collected data from 60 patients, as 4 patients could not be followed up. All patients were operated using the AIP approach, and posterior column fixation was done using 3.5 mm reconstruction plates. Patients were followed for minimum 6 months–70 months, with an average of 29 months. The associations between variables and functional outcomes were examined using the Chi-Square Test or Fisher's Exact Test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study included 60 patients, with 48.3 % under 40 years old and 51.7 % older. Males comprised 68.3 % of the cohort. 46.7 % sustained road traffic accidents and 53.3 % had fall from height. T-type fractures were most common (50.0 %), with high posterior column fractures in 66.7 % of patients. Post-operative reductions less than 1 mm were achieved in 80.0 % of patients. Functional outcomes using the Harris hip Scores were found to be excellent to good in 90.0 % of patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We conclude that medial surface buttress plating of the posterior column using the standard AIP approach can be utilised to treat even the most complex of acetabular fracture patterns involving both anterior as well as posterior columns, excluding those that contain a displaced posterior wall.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 102837"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vicent Hurtado-Oliver, Marta Gracia-Ochoa, Sonia Orenga-Montoliu, Sonia Escribano-Zacarés, José Carlos Martínez-Algarra, Damián Mifsut
{"title":"Etiology and prosthesis model have no influence in the functional outcomes of total knee arthroplasty revision surgery at five years","authors":"Vicent Hurtado-Oliver, Marta Gracia-Ochoa, Sonia Orenga-Montoliu, Sonia Escribano-Zacarés, José Carlos Martínez-Algarra, Damián Mifsut","doi":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The rising number of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) replacements and their uncertain functional results according to the revision etiology and the prosthesis model implanted are a challenge for orthopedic surgeons and patients. A better knowledge of these results is mandatory to make the best decision. We present our clinical outcomes with a 5-year follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We retrospectively reviewed 104 patients, 108 knees (77 aseptic and 31 septic), who underwent TKA revision surgery from 2007 to 2017 with three different models of prosthesis. KSS score, range of motion (ROM), pain, and independence for walking were recorded at 5 years according to our own database and the clinical interview and compared to the different models of prosthesis and the etiology of the revision.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed 81.5 % of good or excellent functional outcomes in our patients with a mean KSS score of 76,7 ± 14,3, a mean ROM of 1.68 ± 0.30 radians, and 77 % of them are independent for walking without any aids. The results do not show any difference between the groups comparing the model of prosthesis and the etiology of the revision surgery.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>At 5 years, TKA revision surgery offers good clinical and functional outcomes, independence for walking, good range of motion, and low residual pain regardless of the cause of the revision or the model of prosthesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 102844"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}