Eunjung Na, Karine Toupin-April, Janet Olds, Dorie Noll, Elizabeth M Fitzpatrick
{"title":"Cochlear implant decision-making for children with residual hearing: Perspectives of parents.","authors":"Eunjung Na, Karine Toupin-April, Janet Olds, Dorie Noll, Elizabeth M Fitzpatrick","doi":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2233191","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2233191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Cochlear implant (CI) decision-making is particularly challenging for families of children who have residual hearing. Parents of these children may be uncertain about whether the potential benefits of CIs outweigh the risks. This study aimed to understand parents' decisional needs during the decision-making process for children with residual hearing.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents of 11 children who had received CIs. Open-ended questions were asked to encourage parents to share their experiences about the decision-making process, their values/preferences, and their needs. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data were organized according to three key themes: (1) Parents' decisional conflict, (2) values and preferences, (3) decision support and parents' needs. We found that overall parents were satisfied with their decision-making process and the decision support from practitioners. However, parents stressed the importance of receiving more personalized information that considers their specific concerns, values and preferences related to family's circumstances.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our research provides additional evidence to guide the CI decision-making process for children with residual hearing. Additional collaborative research with audiology and decision-making experts specifically on facilitating shared decision-making is needed to provide better decision coaching for these families.</p>","PeriodicalId":53553,"journal":{"name":"COCHLEAR IMPLANTS INTERNATIONAL","volume":" ","pages":"301-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9767543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alejandro Garcia, Afash Haleem, Divya A Chari, Charlotte Morse-Fortier, Julie G Arenberg, Daniel J Lee
{"title":"Influence of listening environment on usage patterns in cochlear implant patients with single-sided deafness.","authors":"Alejandro Garcia, Afash Haleem, Divya A Chari, Charlotte Morse-Fortier, Julie G Arenberg, Daniel J Lee","doi":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2176990","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2176990","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare cochlear implant (CI) data logging of patients with single-sided deafness (SSD) and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (biSNHL) in various acoustic environments and study the implications of data logging on auditory performance.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective case control study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adult CI patients with SSD or biSNHL from 2010 to 2021 with usage data collected at 3-, 6-, and 12-months following device activation were identified. The CI listening environment was defined as speech in noise, speech in quiet, quiet, music or noise. Auditory performance was measured using the CNC word, AzBio sentence tests and the Tinnitus Handicap Index (THI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>60 adults with SSD or biSNHL were included. CI patients with biSNHL wore their devices more than those with SSD at 3-months post-activation (11.18 versus 8.97 hours/day, <i>p</i> = 0.04), though there were no significant differences at 6-12 months. Device usage was highest in the speech in quiet environment. In SSD CI users, there was a positive correlation (<i>p</i> = 0.03) between device use and CNC scores at 12-months and an improvement in THI scores at 12-months (<i>p</i> = 0.0004).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CI users with SSD and biSNHL have comparable duration of device usage at longer follow-up periods with greatest device usage recorded in speech in quiet environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":53553,"journal":{"name":"COCHLEAR IMPLANTS INTERNATIONAL","volume":" ","pages":"335-341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9249354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kristofer G Andren, Kevin Duffin, Matthew T Ryan, Charles A Riley, Anthony M Tolisano
{"title":"Postoperative optimization of cochlear implantation for single sided deafness and asymmetric hearing loss: a systematic review.","authors":"Kristofer G Andren, Kevin Duffin, Matthew T Ryan, Charles A Riley, Anthony M Tolisano","doi":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2239512","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2239512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Identify and evaluate the effectiveness of methods for improving postoperative cochlear implant (CI) hearing performance in subjects with single-sided deafness (SSD) and asymmetric hearing loss (AHL).</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Embase, PubMed, Scopus.</p><p><strong>Review methods: </strong>Systematic review and narrative synthesis. English language studies of adult CI recipients with SSD and AHL reporting a postoperative intervention and comparative audiometric data pertaining to speech in noise, speech in quiet and sound localization were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>32 studies met criteria for full text review and 6 (n = 81) met final inclusion criteria. Interventions were categorized as: formal auditory training, programming techniques, or hardware optimization. Formal auditory training (n = 10) found no objective improvement in hearing outcomes. Experimental CI maps did not improve audiologic outcomes (n = 9). Programed CI signal delays to improve synchronization demonstrated improved sound localization (n = 12). Hardware optimization, including multidirectional (n = 29) and remote (n = 11) microphones, improved sound localization and speech in noise, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Few studies meeting inclusion criteria and small sample sizes highlight the need for further study. Formal auditory training did not appear to improve hearing outcomes. Programming techniques, such as CI signal delay, and hardware optimization, such as multidirectional and remote microphones, show promise to improve outcomes for SSD and AHL CI users.</p>","PeriodicalId":53553,"journal":{"name":"COCHLEAR IMPLANTS INTERNATIONAL","volume":" ","pages":"342-353"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9873278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susanne Schwitzer, Moritz Gröschel, Horst Hessel, Arne Ernst, Dietmar Basta
{"title":"Short-term overstimulation affects peripheral but not central excitability in an animal model of cochlear implantation.","authors":"Susanne Schwitzer, Moritz Gröschel, Horst Hessel, Arne Ernst, Dietmar Basta","doi":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2202940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14670100.2023.2202940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Upper current limits (C-levels) are sometimes extremely increased over time since this procedure can enhance speech perception. It should be clarified if a larger amount of electrical stimulation is tolerated by the remaining peripheral and central auditory pathway.<b>Materials and Methods:</b> An animal electrode array was inserted in mechanically deafened guinea pigs. C-levels were adjusted to a mean of approximately 10 CL ('LOS' group), 40 CL ('MOS' group) or 60 CL ('HOS' group) above the electrode specific electrically evoked compound action potential (eCAP) threshold. The stimulation was performed via a sound processor in standardized auditory environment. Implanted and not stimulated animals served as controls.<b>Results:</b> A significant eCAP threshold shift was observed in the 'HOS'-group aftereight hours of stimulation at basal electrodes. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem thresholds were stable over time in all stimulation groups. The ratio between eCAP- and eABR threshold shifts was significantly enhanced in the 'HOS'- group.<b>Conclusion:</b> Even short-time overstimulation reduces the excitability of peripheral but not central auditory structures. The changed relationship between the excitability of spiral ganglion neurons and inferior colliculus neurons seems to indicate an overstimulation. The results are of utmost importance for a safe CI-processor fitting especially in children or non-compliant patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":53553,"journal":{"name":"COCHLEAR IMPLANTS INTERNATIONAL","volume":"24 5","pages":"250-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10280260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Long-term speech perception performance in prelingually deafened adult cochlear implant recipients.","authors":"Haruo Yoshida, Yukihiko Kanda, Chisei Satoh, Yoshihiko Kumai, Haruo Takahashi","doi":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2228031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14670100.2023.2228031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the postoperative long-term outcomes after an average of 9.2 years following cochlear implantation (CI) in prelingually deafened adults, along with preimplantation factors predicting postoperative outcomes.</p><p><p>Twenty-six prelingually deafened adults who underwent CI at >18 years were compared with those who had undergone CI in childhood (<9 years) and were >10 years old. Outcome measures includedhearing thresholds, preoperative and postoperative aided hearing level (HL), speech discrimination score (SDS), and Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) scores. Correlation analyses were performed on the following: SDS results, aided HL, school attendant status, implant manufacturers, and speech processor models.</p><p><p>Improvement was achieved in the aided HL and SDS results, although these results were not better than those of the child group. CAP score was also statistically significantly improved after CI. Statistically significant correlation between the preoperative SDS and postoperative HL with CI results was observed. In other words, the better the preoperative SDS results, the better the postoperative SDS results.</p><p><p>Prelingually deafened adults achieved considerable improvement through CI. It is important to understand that patients achieving better hearing with a well-fitted hearing aid and good SDS performance before surgery may be good candidates for CI.</p>","PeriodicalId":53553,"journal":{"name":"COCHLEAR IMPLANTS INTERNATIONAL","volume":"24 5","pages":"243-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9866601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew E Smith, Daniel J Moualed, Simon R Freeman, Emma J Stapleton, Raji Anup, Jincy Kurian, Nicola Jarvis, Owen M Thomas, Simon K W Lloyd
{"title":"The experience of auditory implant recipients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging: Factors associated with pain.","authors":"Matthew E Smith, Daniel J Moualed, Simon R Freeman, Emma J Stapleton, Raji Anup, Jincy Kurian, Nicola Jarvis, Owen M Thomas, Simon K W Lloyd","doi":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2172828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14670100.2023.2172828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Many patients with cochlear implants (CI) and auditory brainstem implants (ABI) require magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following implantation. This study explores the patient experience of MRI, identifying factors associated with pain, and the effect of interventions designed to enhance comfort and safety.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective observational case series from a tertiary referral unit. Tight head bandaging ± local anaesthetic injection (devices with non-MRI-compatible magnets) or observation alone (implants with MRI-compatible magnets) were employed for 1.5 T MRI of consecutive adult patients with CI or ABI without magnet removal. Pain was recorded via visual analogue scale (1 = no pain, 5 = extreme pain) at three time points; (1) baseline, (2) head bandage applied (3) during scanning. Patient age, device type, body area imaged and total scan time were recorded as variables, alongside adverse events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data were collected for 227 MRI scans (34 patients with ABI, 32 with CI). In patients managed with bandaging, pain score after bandaging but prior to scanning (median 2.2) did not differ from pain during scanning (2.1), but both were significantly higher than baseline (1.4, both P<i> </i>≤<i> </i>0.001). Scanning areas other than the head/cervical spine was associated with higher pain scores (P = 0.036). Pain during MRI differed between different manufacturers implants (P<i> </i>≤<i> </i>0.001). Adverse events occurred in 8/227 scans (3.5%), none occurring with devices containing an MRI-compatible magnet.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MRI scanning with auditory implant magnets in situ is safe and well tolerated by patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":53553,"journal":{"name":"COCHLEAR IMPLANTS INTERNATIONAL","volume":"24 5","pages":"260-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9866971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miriam R Smetak, Shanik J Fernando, Matthew R O'Malley, Marc L Bennett, David S Haynes, Christopher T Wootten, Frank W Virgin, Robert T Dwyer, Benoit M Dawant, Jack H Noble, Robert F Labadie
{"title":"Electrode array positioning after cochlear reimplantation from single manufacturer.","authors":"Miriam R Smetak, Shanik J Fernando, Matthew R O'Malley, Marc L Bennett, David S Haynes, Christopher T Wootten, Frank W Virgin, Robert T Dwyer, Benoit M Dawant, Jack H Noble, Robert F Labadie","doi":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2179756","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2179756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate whether revision surgery with the same device results in a change in three key indicators of electrode positioning: scalar location, mean modiolar distance (<math><mrow><mover><mi>M</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></math>), and angular insertion depth (AID).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective analysis of a cochlear implant database at a university-based tertiary medical center. Intra-operative CT scans were obtained after initial and revision implantation. Electrode array (EA) position was calculated using auto-segmentation techniques. Initial and revision scalar location, <math><mrow><mover><mi>M</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></math>, and AID were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean change in <math><mrow><mover><mi>M</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></math> for all ears was -0.07 mm (SD 0.24 mm; <i>P</i> = 0.16). The mean change in AID for all ears was -5° (SD 67°; <i>P</i> = 0.72). Three initial implantations with pre-curved EAs resulted in a translocation from Scala Tympani (ST) to Scala Vestibuli (SV). Two remained translocated after revision, while one was corrected when revised with a straight EA. An additional five translocations occurred after revision.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study examining revision cochlear implantation from a single manufacturer, we demonstrated no significant change in key indicators of EA positioning, even when revising with a different style of electrode. However, the revision EA is not necessarily confined by the initial trajectory and there may be an increased risk of translocation.</p>","PeriodicalId":53553,"journal":{"name":"COCHLEAR IMPLANTS INTERNATIONAL","volume":"24 5","pages":"273-281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9936022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jamie A Schlacter, Emily Kay-Rivest, Sean O McMenomey, J Thomas Roland, David R Friedmann, Daniel Jethanamest
{"title":"Bilateral cochlear implantation after immunotherapy-related profound hearing loss: A case report.","authors":"Jamie A Schlacter, Emily Kay-Rivest, Sean O McMenomey, J Thomas Roland, David R Friedmann, Daniel Jethanamest","doi":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2193918","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2193918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are being utilized with increasing frequency and may be linked to neurologic and audiovestibular toxicities. This report aimed to describe a case of ICI-induced sensorineural hearing loss ultimately requiring bilateral cochlear implantation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 42-year-old female with stage IV metastatic melanoma of the perianal skin was treated with ipilimumab (blocker of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 [CTLA-4]) and nivolumab (anti-programmed cell death protein 1 [PD1]). After 21 weeks of therapy, she developed sudden vertigo and bilateral hearing loss. A full workup including MRI and lumbar puncture ruled out intracranial parenchymal metastases, leptomeningeal metastases, stroke and intracranial infection. ICI-associated aseptic meningoencephalitis was therefore diagnosed. The patient received systemic steroids as well as intratympanic steroids, which temporarily improved hearing, but eventually developed permanent, bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patient received bilateral cochlear implants and has demonstrated good performance one year after implantation.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>ICI are being increasingly used to treat a variety of advanced malignancies. This is the first report of bilateral cochlear implants in the context of profound hearing loss after an immunotherapy induced meningoencephalitis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ICI carries the risk of potential ototoxicity, including profound SNHL as depicted in our case. Cochlear implantation proved to be beneficial and may be considered in patients with ICI-related hearing loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":53553,"journal":{"name":"COCHLEAR IMPLANTS INTERNATIONAL","volume":"24 5","pages":"268-272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10244282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ecem Kartal Özcan, Şule Çekiç, Gonca Sennaroglu, Sigfrid D Soli
{"title":"Development of the Turkish hearing in noise test for children.","authors":"Ecem Kartal Özcan, Şule Çekiç, Gonca Sennaroglu, Sigfrid D Soli","doi":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2179753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14670100.2023.2179753","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> The aim of this study is to develop the Turkish version of hearing in noise test for children (HINT-C) by providing norms and correction factors for the children in different age groups.<b>Methods:</b> A total of 77 individuals with normal hearing - 62 children (6-12 years old) and 15 adults (18-30 years old) - were included. Twelve phonemically balanced 10-sentence lists were created from the adult version of the Turkish HINT (Study 1). Age-specific norms, correction factors and maturation effects were examined using the Turkish HINT-C (Study 2).<b>Results:</b> Mean performances under different listening conditions and Spatial Release from Masking (SRM) advantage values were obtained for the 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-year-old and estimated for the 7-, 9-, and 11-year-old age groups, and correction factors were calculated for all children age groups. Turkish-speaking children did not achieve adult-like hearing in noise performance, until they were 12 years old.<b>Conclusions:</b> Twelve phonemically balanced 10-sentence lists of Turkish HINT-C were created, and the mean performances of children in different age groups were measured. In addition to the age-specific HINT-C norms and correction factors for the 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-year-old age groups, the maturation effects were determined.<b>Highlights</b> The assessment of speech-in-noise perception is highly critical for children.To evaluate the speech-in-noise perception ability, 12 phonemically balanced 10-sentence lists of Turkish HINT-C were created.Speech-in-noise perception ability improves with age.Turkish-speaking children do not achieve adult-like hearing in noise performance, until they were 12 years old.</p>","PeriodicalId":53553,"journal":{"name":"COCHLEAR IMPLANTS INTERNATIONAL","volume":"24 5","pages":"235-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9867759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editor-in-Chief position, Cochlear Implants International from 1 January 2023.","authors":"Helen Cullington","doi":"10.1080/14670100.2023.2183928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14670100.2023.2183928","url":null,"abstract":"I’m delighted to introduce our new Editor-in-Chief Helen Cullington. Helen has a long history of involvement with Cochlear Implants International. She has played all roles within the Journal: subscriber since the very first issue in 2000, author since 2003; reviewer since 2010; on the Editorial Board since 2013, and assistant editor since 2016. Our two previous Editors-inChief were men – it is time to have a woman. Women are underrepresented among Editors-inChief of leading medical journals (around 21%) (Pinho-Gomes et al. 2021). Helen has worked clinically in the cochlear implant field for 29 years – at six cochlear implant centres around the world, and is also active in research https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5093-2020. She is currently Chair of the British Cochlear Implant Group (BCIG).","PeriodicalId":53553,"journal":{"name":"COCHLEAR IMPLANTS INTERNATIONAL","volume":"24 4","pages":"177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9816767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}