Designs Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.3390/designs7020056

{"title":"Effect of Chill Plate Thickness on Surface Hardening and Dimensional Accuracy of Nodular Cast Iron Gears Manufactured by the Chill Casting Method","authors":"","doi":"10.3390/designs7020056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7020056","url":null,"abstract":"The gear manufacturing method is an important determinant of their performance and service life. Surface hardness and dimensional accuracy play a significant influence in determining wear and contact fatigue in gears. This study’s goal was to measure the gear profile dimensions and surface behavior of nodular cast iron made using the chill casting technique. Chill plates made of 304 stainless steel with thicknesses of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mm were used to provide good surface cooling rates during the chill casting of gears performed using open molds of silica sand. Chill plates are plated onto the walls of the mold, and then the molten material is poured at 1400 °C. The obtained gears were tested using photographs, microstructures, SEM-EDX, microhardness, wear, and dimensional measurements. The thickness of the chill plate can affect the hardening process of the gear surface. Thicker chill plates result in slower cooling rates, resulting in a more homogeneous microstructure and increasing the hardness level of the hardened layer. Whereas thinner chill plates result in a faster cooling rate, which results in a higher hardness and wear resistance of the hardened layer. Reducing the thickness of the chill plate from 0.6 mm to 0.2 mm increases the cooling rate and increases the amount of diffusion that can occur. The results showed that M7C3 and the (FeCrC)7C3 matrices were formed, with an average hardness within a range of 700–994.96 HV. A chill plate with a thickness of 0.4 mm produces gear with the best accuracy and precision.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49653667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Technical and 2E Analysis of Hybrid Energy Generating System with Hydrogen Production for SRM IST Delhi-NCR Campus SRM IST德里NCR校区制氢混合能源发电系统的技术和2E分析

Designs Pub Date : 2023-04-09 DOI: 10.3390/designs7020055

Shilpa Sambhi, Himanshu Sharma, V. Bhadoria, Pankaj Kumar, G. Fotis, L. Ekonomou

{"title":"Technical and 2E Analysis of Hybrid Energy Generating System with Hydrogen Production for SRM IST Delhi-NCR Campus","authors":"Shilpa Sambhi, Himanshu Sharma, V. Bhadoria, Pankaj Kumar, G. Fotis, L. Ekonomou","doi":"10.3390/designs7020055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7020055","url":null,"abstract":"This work intends to perform technical and 2E (economic & environmental) analysis for the proposed hybrid energy generating system for a part load at SRM IST at the Delhi-NCR campus, India. The investigation has been done for electricity generation and hydrogen production through renewable energy sources, mainly solar energy. It is in line with the Indian Government’s initiatives. The proposed hybrid system has to meet the electric load demand of 400 kWh/day with a peak load of 74.27 kW and hydrogen load demand of 10 kg/day with a peak demand of 1.86 kg/h. The analysis has been performed for both on-grid and off-grid conditions. As a result, optimum results have been obtained off-grid condition, with $0.408 per kWh cost of energy, $16.6 per kg cost of hydrogen, low O&M cost ($21,955 per year), a high renewable fraction (99.8%), and low greenhouse emissions (247 kg/year). In addition, sensitivity analysis has been performed between—(1) the solar PV array size & the number of battery strings, with NPC, renewable fraction & CO2 emissions as sensitivity variables, and (2) reformer capacity & hydrogen tank capacity, with NPC as sensitivity variable.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42288981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

By Visualizing the Deformation with Mechanoluminescent Particles, Additive Manufacturing Offers a Practical Alternative to Stress and Strain Simulation 通过机械发光颗粒可视化变形，增材制造提供了应力和应变模拟的实用替代方案

Designs Pub Date : 2023-04-07 DOI: 10.3390/designs7020054

E. Einbergs, A. Spustaka, V. Vītola, A. Zolotarjovs

{"title":"By Visualizing the Deformation with Mechanoluminescent Particles, Additive Manufacturing Offers a Practical Alternative to Stress and Strain Simulation","authors":"E. Einbergs, A. Spustaka, V. Vītola, A. Zolotarjovs","doi":"10.3390/designs7020054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7020054","url":null,"abstract":"The use of stress–strain analysis in structural design or mechanical components is critical for avoiding or investigating structural failures. In the case of complicated designs, mathematical full-field stress modeling produces imprecise predictions. Experimental analysis can be used as a replacement for mathematical modeling, but with the use of currently available strain gauges, it is cumbersome and impossible in the case of moving parts. Mechanoluminescent materials transform mechanical energy into visible light and can be used as a replacement for strain gauges to monitor strain/stress. Three-dimensional printing technology has made major advances in terms of additive manufacturing. In this article, we describe a method to produce an ML 3D print. The fabricated samples are precise and versatile and satisfy the need for easy and non-destructible spatial stress analysis. A 3D printed photopolymer sample with SrAl2O4: Eu, Dy particle addition only to the final layers was tested, and the number of layers was optimized. It was determined that the optimal number of layers for easy detection is in the range of 10 to 20 layers. It opens the possibility for the real-time evaluation of complex uneven forces on complex parts, thus having a good potential for commercialization.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43681957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Dimensional Accuracy of Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion with Ti-6Al-4V 电子束粉末床熔合Ti-6Al-4V的尺寸精度

Designs Pub Date : 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.3390/designs7020053

E. Bol, M. Ramulu

引用次数: 2

Hybrid Control and Energy Management of a Residential System Integrating Vehicle-to-Home Technology 集成车到家技术的住宅系统混合控制与能源管理

Designs Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.3390/designs7020052

Khadija El Harouri, Soumia El Hani, Nisrine Naseri, E. Elbouchikhi, M. Benbouzid, S. Skander-Mustapha

{"title":"Hybrid Control and Energy Management of a Residential System Integrating Vehicle-to-Home Technology","authors":"Khadija El Harouri, Soumia El Hani, Nisrine Naseri, E. Elbouchikhi, M. Benbouzid, S. Skander-Mustapha","doi":"10.3390/designs7020052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7020052","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles (EV) and photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly becoming environmentally friendly and more affordable solutions for consumers. This article discusses the integration of PV and EV in a residential system to meet the requirements of residential loads taking into account the PV supplied power, availability and the state of charge (SOC) of EVs. A hybrid control model has been proposed to control the residential system. The combined PI-Fuzzy logic controller is employed to control the buck-boost bi-directional converter. The DC-AC grid-side converter is controlled by the ADRC controller. The effectiveness of PI-Fuzzy logic controller in reducing voltage and current ripples and ADRC controller in rejecting disturbances is demonstrated in each case. A rule-based energy management strategy has been proposed to control the flow of energy between the components of the residential system. The suggested energy management system (EMS) covers every scenario that might occur. Whether the EV is linked to the home or not, and also takes into account the owner using the EV in an emergency situation. The EV operates in two modes, Home-to-Vehicle (H2V) mode and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) mode, depending on the power produced by the PV and the conditions related to the EV. All possible scenarios are tested and validated. The simulation results show that the proposed EMS is a reliable solution that can reduce the power grid intervention.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47789748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Research on Interface Design of Interactive Response System App with Different Learning Styles 不同学习风格的交互式反应系统应用程序界面设计研究

Designs Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.3390/designs7020051

{"title":"Research on Interface Design of Interactive Response System App with Different Learning Styles","authors":"","doi":"10.3390/designs7020051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7020051","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the interaction between students (humans) and an interaction response system (IRS) app (machine) in the teaching context and explores the interface usability and interactive experience design through the experimental method. The experiment mainly explored the differences in the use of the IRS app by learners with different learning styles. A total of 72 subjects were recruited for the experiment, of which the four learning styles (diverger, assimilator, converger, and accommodator) and the two kinds of information architecture (deep/shallow) are discussed respectively. With operating time performance and use experience as dependent variables, the relationship between variables was explored. The results of this study are as follows: in the learning style factor, subjects of the reflection and observation type responded faster to vibration; in the information architecture factor, with the deep information architecture, it took longer for page switching as more pages needed to be switched, and thus the operation performance was poor. According to the results of the two-stage experiment, the following design suggestions are proposed. It is expected that the research results can contribute to the fields of interactive experience design and teaching technology.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42170783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Caffeine–Acrylic Resin DLP-Manufactured Composite as a Modern Biomaterial 咖啡因-丙烯酸树脂DLP复合材料作为现代生物材料

Designs Pub Date : 2023-03-26 DOI: 10.3390/designs7020049

Dorota Tomczak, Radosław Wichniarek, Wiesław Kuczko

{"title":"Caffeine–Acrylic Resin DLP-Manufactured Composite as a Modern Biomaterial","authors":"Dorota Tomczak, Radosław Wichniarek, Wiesław Kuczko","doi":"10.3390/designs7020049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7020049","url":null,"abstract":"Materials based on photocurable resins and pharmaceutically active agents (APIs) are gaining interest as a composite drug delivery system. In this study, a composite of caffeine with acrylic resin was obtained using an additive manufacturing method of digital light processing (DLP) as a potential material for transdermal drug delivery. The mechanical properties of the composites and the ability to release caffeine from the resin volume in an aqueous environment were investigated. The amount of caffeine in the resulting samples before and after release was evaluated using a gravimetric method. The global thresholding method was also evaluated for its applicability in examining caffeine release from the composite. It was shown that as the caffeine content increased, the strength properties worsened and the ability to release the drug from the composite increased, which was caused by negligible interfacial interactions between the hydrophilic filler and the hydrophobic matrix. The global thresholding method resulted in similar caffeine release rate values compared to the gravimetric method but only for samples in which the caffeine was mainly located near the sample surface. The distribution of caffeine throughout the sample volume made it impossible to assess the caffeine content of the sample using global thresholding.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44466604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Designing and Testing a Tool That Connects the Value Proposition of Deep-Tech Ventures to SDGs 设计和测试将深度科技风险投资的价值主张与可持续发展目标联系起来的工具

Designs Pub Date : 2023-03-26 DOI: 10.3390/designs7020050

Joppe Schutselaars, A. Romme, John Bell, Annelies Bobelyn, Robin van Scheijndel

引用次数: 2

Biomaterials Research-Driven Design Visualized by AI Text-Prompt-Generated Images 人工智能文本提示生成图像可视化的生物材料研究驱动设计

Designs Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.3390/designs7020048

Yomna K. Abdallah, A. T. Estévez

{"title":"Biomaterials Research-Driven Design Visualized by AI Text-Prompt-Generated Images","authors":"Yomna K. Abdallah, A. T. Estévez","doi":"10.3390/designs7020048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7020048","url":null,"abstract":"AI text-to-image generated images have revolutionized the design process and its rapid development since 2022. Generating various iterations of perfect renders in few seconds by textually expressing the design concept. This high-potential tool has opened wide possibilities for biomaterials research-driven design. That is based on developing biomaterials for multi-scale applications in the design realm and built environment. From furniture to architectural elements to architecture. This approach to the design process has been augmented by the massive capacity of AI text-to-image models to visualize high-fidelity and innovative renders that reflect very detailed physical characteristics of the proposed biomaterials from micro to macro. However, this biomaterials research-driven design approach aided by AI text-to-image models requires criteria for evaluating the role and efficiency of employing AI image generation models in this design process. Furthermore, since biomaterials research-driven design is focused not only on design studies but also the biomaterials engineering research and process, it requires a sufficient method for protecting its novelty and copyrights. Since their emergence in late 2022, AI text-to-image models have been raising alarming ethical concerns about design authorship and designer copyrights. This requires the establishment of a referencing method to protect the copyrights of the designers of these generated renders as well as the copyrights of the authors of their training data referencing by proposing an auxiliary AI model for automatic referencing of these AI-generated images and their training data as well. Thus, the current work assesses the role of AI text-to-image models in the biomaterials research-driven design process and their methodology of operation by analyzing two case studies of biomaterials research-driven design projects performed by the authors aided by AI text-to-image models. Based on the results of this analysis, design criteria will be presented for a fair practice of AI-aided biomaterials research-driven process.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42560943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sensor Data Quality in Ships: A Time Series Forecasting Approach to Compensate for Missing Data and Drift in Measurements of Speed through Water Sensors 船舶传感器数据质量：一种时间序列预测方法，用于补偿水传感器速度测量中的数据丢失和漂移

Designs Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.3390/designs7020046

Kiriakos Alexiou, E. Pariotis, H. Leligou

{"title":"Sensor Data Quality in Ships: A Time Series Forecasting Approach to Compensate for Missing Data and Drift in Measurements of Speed through Water Sensors","authors":"Kiriakos Alexiou, E. Pariotis, H. Leligou","doi":"10.3390/designs7020046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7020046","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, four machine learning algorithms are examined regarding their effectiveness in dealing with a complete lack of sensor drift values for a crucial parameter for ship performance evaluation, such as a ship’s speed through water (STW). A basic Linear Regression algorithm, a more sophisticated ensemble model (Random Forest) and two modern Recurrent Neural Networks i.e., Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Neural Basis Expansion Analysis for Time Series (N-Beats) are evaluated. A computational algorithm written in python language with the use of the Darts library was developed for this scope. The results regarding the selected parameter (STW) are provided on a real- or near-to-real-time basis. The algorithms were able to estimate the speed through water in a progressive manner, with no initial values needed, making it possible to replace the complete missingness of the label data. A physical model developed with the simulation platform of Siemens Simcenter Amesim is used to calculate the ship STW under the real operating conditions of a banker ship type during a period of six months. These theoretically obtained values are used as reference values (“ground-truth” values) to evaluate the performance of each of the four machine learning algorithms examined.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48841049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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