Blockchain-Research and Applications最新文献

{"title":"A blockchain-based collusion-resistant and traceable broadcast encryption scheme","authors":"Tianqi Zhou ,&nbsp;Kai Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenying Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blockchain, as a rapidly developing technology nowadays, involves multi-party collaboration scenarios. However, as the number of users grows, security issues in blockchain systems also increase, driving the need for features such as collusion resistance and traceability. To meet the needs of multi-party collaboration on the blockchain, we propose a blockchain-based collusion-resistant and a traceable broadcast encryption scheme. On the one hand, the traitor tracing scheme is adopted to effectively enable accountability for malicious users. On the other hand, the SM2 public key encryption algorithm is deployed to satisfy high security requirements with relatively low computational costs. Security analysis demonstrates that the proposed scheme has the same level of security as the SM2 algorithm. Performance evaluation shows that the proposed scheme is superior to the relevant schemes and maintains functionalities such as collusion-resistant and traitor tracing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 1","pages":"Article 100311"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semantic interoperability on blockchain by generating smart contracts based on knowledge graphs","authors":"W. Van Woensel ,&nbsp;O. Seneviratne","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Health 3.0 enables decision-making to be based on longitudinal data from multiple institutions spanning the patient’s healthcare journey. Blockchain smart contracts can act as neutral and trustworthy intermediaries to implement such decision-making. In this distributed healthcare setting, transmitted data are structured using standards, such as Health Level Seven Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (HL7 FHIR), for semantic interoperability. Hence, the smart contract will require interoperability with the domain standard. However, it will also have to implement a complex communication setup to work in a distributed environment (e.g., using oracles), and be developed using special-purpose blockchain languages (e.g., Solidity). To support these requirements, we propose the encoding of smart contract logic using a high-level semantic Knowledge Graph (KG), which uses concepts and relations from a domain standard and additionally lists distributed data requirements. We subsequently deploy this semantic KG on blockchain via a hybrid on-/off-chain code-generation approach. We applied our approach to generate smart contracts for three health insurance cases from Medicare. We evaluated the generated contracts in terms of correctness and execution cost (i.e., gas) on blockchain. Finally, we discuss the suitability of blockchain—and by extension, our approach—for a number of healthcare use cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 1","pages":"Article 100320"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decentralized Trust: NFT and blockchain-enabled evidence system using fog computing","authors":"Mritunjay Shall Peelam ,&nbsp;Vinay Chamola ,&nbsp;Aditya Kumar Sharma ,&nbsp;Brijesh Kumar Chaurasia","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evidence plays a crucial role in judicial systems, and managing it securely and efficiently ensures justice. This paper introduces Decentralized Trust, a framework that combines blockchain technology, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and fog computing to address common issues like tampering, delays, and reliance on centralized systems. Traditional methods that depend on cloud computing often face high latency and slow processing, especially in remote areas. This research also builds upon the challenges identified in previous studies, such as tampering vulnerabilities, inefficiencies in evidence processing, and accessibility issues in underserved regions, providing a novel and comprehensive solution through Decentralized Trust. Fog computing handles tasks closer to where data is created, reducing delays and improving response times. Blockchain ensures that evidence records cannot be altered, while NFTs make each piece of evidence unique and tamper-proof. The framework is organized into layers: edge nodes at police stations capture evidence, fog nodes process the data and create NFTs, and cloud storage, supported by the Interplanetary File System, provides secure long-term storage. Results demonstrate that the framework achieves average transaction delays of 24.5 seconds on low-performance devices (Node A) and 168.9 seconds on high-performance devices (Node B), with margins of error showing efficient scalability even under significant processing loads. The observed transaction delays are due to differences in system architecture and processing priorities. High-performance devices (Node B) have more complex validation processes, increased security checks, or resource contention, contributing to longer transaction times. By combining these technologies, Decentralized Trust offers a reliable, fast, and secure way to manage judicial evidence, building trust in the framework while addressing the needs of remote and underserved areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 1","pages":"Article 100321"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical analysis of Android storage management using Network Block Device (NBD) protocol: A comprehensive performance and efficiency study","authors":"Tanvir Rahman ,&nbsp;Tanjid Ahmed ,&nbsp;Md. Sakibur Rahman ,&nbsp;Amreen Hossain ,&nbsp;Jannatun Noor","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Network Block Device (NBD) protocol enhances the Android ecosystem's storage management and power efficiency, particularly on ARM devices. The study addresses storage limitations on ARM devices and explores how NBD can provide a solution. By leveraging NBD, Android devices can connect to remote storage resources and expand storage capacity without physical upgrades. This enables Android devices to be used as controllers for IoT networks and smart home appliances. The study includes statistical comparisons of NBD with alternative protocols like secure File Transfer Protocol (sFTP), Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI), Network File System (NFS), Server Message Block (SMB), and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Through read-and-write tests, NBD exhibits superior performance in bandwidth speed and operation duration, with speeds more than twice as fast as other protocols. Furthermore, the evaluation compares NBD's cloud storage capabilities with popular services such as Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). NBD outperforms these services regarding read and write speeds, completing operations much faster. The study also examines NBD's power consumption, demonstrating its energy efficiency compared to other protocols and cloud storage services. NBD's lower power consumption makes it ideal for energy-sensitive Android applications. In conclusion, the integration of NBD into the Android ecosystem enhances efficiency, storage flexibility, and adaptability. It empowers ARM-based Android devices with increased capabilities and versatility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 1","pages":"Article 100310"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blockchain hybrid-model scheme for scalable cross-domain authorisation","authors":"Munkenyi Mukhandi ,&nbsp;Jorge Granjal ,&nbsp;João P. Vilela","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We introduce a novel blockchain-based interledger authorisation scheme, a unique solution designed to support delegated authorisation management in cross-domain cloud environments. This innovative approach enables client applications, acting on behalf of a user, to request access to specific resources owned by a different organization. It benefits cross-domain multi-cloud applications, such as large-scale collaboration projects involving multiple cloud service providers. Multi-cloud presents authorisation challenges because of complex access control operations in multiple distinct domains. OAuth2 is the state-of-the-art choice for delegated authorisation. However, it falls short in handling such complex interactions with multiple authorisation servers and resource servers, and this is our motivation. Compared with OAuth2, our approach overcomes the limitations of a centralized model and achieves coordinated distinct delegations among multiple entities without a third-party trusted component. authorisation servers are blockchain participants and designated access token issuers, ensuring minimum client data collection and promoting client privacy. Multiple smart contracts are deployed in our multi-ledger blockchain environment to guarantee the provenance of the authorisation operations and facilitate scalable cross-domain authorisation. Our “hybrid interledger model” combines security techniques such as blockchain-based device authentication, hashed time-lock contracts (HTLCs), and service discovery. The blockchain-based device authentication ensures secure and trusted interactions, HTLCs enable time-bound transactions, and service discovery simplifies finding and connecting to the required cloud services. Our experimental evaluation provides insights into the scalability of our approach, which achieves decentralized authorisation in a multi-cloud environment with acceptable latencies compared with related works and shows stable throughput against concurrent authorisation requests in a multi-ledger system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 100293"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tiered blockchain framework: A secure, trustworthy, and cost-efficient solution for the digital rights protection","authors":"Muhammad Hanif ,&nbsp;Ehsan Ullah Munir ,&nbsp;Muhammad Maaz Rehan ,&nbsp;Saima Gulzar Ahmad ,&nbsp;Imtiaz Khan ,&nbsp;Rossitza Setchi","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protecting intellectual property (IP) in the digital age presents significant challenges due to rapid technological advancements and industrial growth. Traditional methods of registering and securing IP are becoming increasingly ineffective. To address these challenges, a more robust system is needed to control access, prevent unauthorized use, and safeguard digital rights. Despite efforts to transition from central registries to encrypted systems, vulnerabilities still exist that can compromise IP security. Therefore, a comprehensive solution must ensure legal use, prevent misuse, and enhance overall IP protection. This study introduces a robust framework designed to prioritize IP security and protection while addressing financial considerations. Our tiered Blockchain-based approach features logically segregated layers governed by smart contracts, which control access based on predefined agreements set by the IP owner. A common application interface (CAI) via smart contracts simplifies common operation with regard to an IP. The decentralized nature of Blockchain technology ensures unassailable trust, availability, and security. Additionally, we employ a flexible off-chain identity verification and storage mechanism for quick access and improved processing capabilities. Financial aspects tied to digital rights are managed through Blockchain's oracle services, ensuring seamless integration and management. Our integrated solution provides a reliable platform for IP protection, validated through thorough performance evaluations across diverse real-world scenarios. This framework demonstrates significant improvements in efficiency, security, and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional IP protection methods. By leveraging Blockchain's immutable ledger and decentralized network, we enhance the traceability and accountability of IP transactions, reinforcing legal compliance and reducing disputes. Ultimately, this approach ensures that IP is safeguarded, valued, and shared in a manner that benefits creators, consumers, and society as a whole. The rigorous analysis showed significant enhancements in process optimization, technology adoption, efficiency, and cost reduction compared to traditional IP rights protection practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 100308"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the potential of ChatGPT in detecting logical vulnerabilities in smart contracts","authors":"Qingyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Meng Wu ,&nbsp;Jiachi Chen ,&nbsp;Ting Chen ,&nbsp;Xi Chen ,&nbsp;Renkai Jiang ,&nbsp;Yuqiao Yang ,&nbsp;Zhangyan Lin ,&nbsp;Yuanyao Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid expansion of blockchain applications, smart contracts are becoming increasingly complex, making the automated detection of contract vulnerabilities more critical than ever. Large language models, due to their advanced code comprehensive ability, are considered to have the potential to undertake the task of automated software vulnerability discovery. Although there have been empirical studies on ChatGPT's automated discovery of contract vulnerabilities, the current empirical research has not addressed how well ChatGPT can detect logical vulnerabilities in smart contracts or whether ChatGPT's detection performance for logical vulnerabilities can be improved. To fill this gap, this study collected and organized seven types of logical vulnerability source codes from 6165 real smart contract audit reports and three datasets, such as Web3Bugs, and used this database to validate ChatGPT's detection capability for logical vulnerabilities. To improve ChatGPT's accuracy in detecting logical vulnerabilities, we fine-tuned ChatGPT with a dataset marked with a specific method, achieving an average accuracy rate of 95% for single vulnerability detection per training session. We improved the original marking method to increase further the number of vulnerabilities that a single model can detect. We used a specific completion marking format, ultimately enabling ChatGPT to detect various logical vulnerabilities. In terms of enhancing model scalability, we found a special training set marking method that allows for the addition of detectable vulnerability types through secondary training.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 100294"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145371140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing blockchain consensus mechanisms: A comprehensive survey on machine learning applications and optimizations","authors":"Syamsul Rizal ,&nbsp;Dong-Seong Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research examines the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) in blockchain consensus algorithms, presenting an extensive overview of current improvements and anticipated effects. We conduct a thorough examination of a diverse array of academic sources, encompassing AI methodologies such as machine learning (ML) techniques—including deep learning and reinforcement learning—applied to blockchain consensus mechanisms. The study highlights critical areas where AI can bolster blockchain performance, including enhancing effectiveness, dependability, and flexibility. Despite the promising benefits that AI integration offers, it also presents complexities and potential security risks, including data centralization and increased computational power requirements. In this analysis, we review the risks and examine the proposed mitigation strategies from existing studies, such as federated learning to preserve data privacy, secure multi-party computation (SMPC) to protect sensitive data, and decentralized AI marketplaces to distribute AI resources fairly. This study makes a significant contribution to the field by emphasizing the dual potential of AI to both improve and challenge blockchain systems. By advocating for balanced approaches that prioritize decentralization and security, our findings aim to provide direction for future research and practical applications in this multidisciplinary field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 100302"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DBESN: A novel model for detecting and identifying malicious code in a smart contract","authors":"Punam Bedi ,&nbsp;Vinita Jindal ,&nbsp;Ningyao Ningshen ,&nbsp;Pushkar Gole","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smart contracts represent a predefined set of rules invoked when specific conditions are met within blockchain networks, eliminating the need for a centralized authority to validate the transactions. The absence of a central authority can potentially expose smart contracts to fraudulent behavior. Moreover, implementation flaws in smart contracts can be exploited to cause unintended behavior, resulting in security or financial risks. Traditionally, the identification of vulnerabilities in smart contracts has relied on methods such as pattern matching, data flow analysis, and input testing. While these techniques are foundational, they are constrained by human limitations and may not comprehensively address the full spectrum of potential issues. This necessitates more advanced approaches to ensure robust security and reliability. Therefore, in the literature, numerous researchers have leveraged different machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques to classify normal and malicious smart contracts. However, the existing literature either grapples with class imbalance issues or relies on conventional methods. Moreover, the existing research often falls short of locating the exact location of malicious code within the smart contracts. Therefore, to address these gaps, this paper proposes a novel model called the dual-branch encoder Siamese network (DBESN) for detecting malicious smart contracts. Furthermore, this model is extended to precisely identify the region of the vulnerable code fragment within the smart contract using the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) algorithm. Experimental results demonstrated a performance accuracy of 98.62% and an F1-score of 99.30% with an inference time of 0.296 s. Given the high performance coupled with the low inference time of the proposed DBESN model, it is suitable for deployment within blockchain networks to detect and identify malicious smart contracts effectively and efficiently.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 100304"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TrustChain: a privacy protection smart contract model with trusted execution environment","authors":"Fengyu Wu ,&nbsp;Ayong Ye ,&nbsp;Yiqing Diao ,&nbsp;Yuexin Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianwei Chen ,&nbsp;Chuan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the booming development of blockchain, it has gradually gained wide attention in the Internet of Things (IoT), finance, and other fields. However, due to the shared nature of blockchain ledgers among multiple users, sensitive user information, such as transaction amounts and private agreements, can be easily exposed. This poses significant privacy concerns for blockchain users. To address this issue, we propose TrustChain, a high-performance smart contract model based on the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE). TrustChain aims to safeguard the privacy of smart contract codes and user data by leveraging the secure execution environment provided by the TEE. Specifically, we introduce the TEE to run the smart contract with security and privacy without introducing a heavyweight cryptographic algorithm, thus improving the performance of the system. When running smart contracts, the operate nodes equipped with TEE ensure that the Operating System (OS) of the node itself cannot access the data within the TEE. This isolation effectively separates the sensitive information of the smart contract from the external environment. Furthermore, we introduce Verifiable Random Functions (VRFs) to randomly choose the operate nodes to prevent collusion attacks, further improving the security of the model. The graph ledger, based on the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG), is used to adapt to the high-performance characteristics of a smart contract system based on the TEE. Finally, we simulate the scheme in TrustZone and demonstrate the feasibility of TrustChain through a series of experiments and analyses. The analysis and experimental results demonstrate that our solution exhibits excellent privacy protection performance and achieves higher throughput compared to traditional smart contracts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 100296"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}