Security and Defence Quarterly最新文献

{"title":"Book Review: The Lebanese Forces: Emergence and Transformation of the Christian Resistance","authors":"W. Raji","doi":"10.35467/sdq/162154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/162154","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52940,"journal":{"name":"Security and Defence Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42529441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Zangezur corridor as part of the global transport route (against the backdrop of power games in the South Caucasus region)","authors":"Piotr Gawliczek, Khayal Iskandarov","doi":"10.35467/sdq/161993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/161993","url":null,"abstract":"The restoration of historical transport routes and the creation of new ones is a strategic objective of most states in modern times. Located at the intersection of the North–South and East–West transport routes, Azerbaijan is currently recognised as an important transport and logistics hub. Successful cooperation with European Union countries in this field is taking place. The East–West and North–South international transport routes passing through the territory of Azerbaijan are very convenient for cargo transportation in terms of distance and duration. This paper discusses the plausibility of the Zangezur corridor being used (which is mentioned in the tripartite agreement that dates back to 10 November 2020) and highlights its importance as an integral element of the global transit route. A comparative analysis of different transit routes was carried out, and the advantages of opening this corridor for all stakeholders was justified.","PeriodicalId":52940,"journal":{"name":"Security and Defence Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46091553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing the financial impact of cybersecurity incidents","authors":"Zsolt Bederna, Tamás Szádeczky","doi":"10.35467/sdq/159625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/159625","url":null,"abstract":"The complex relationships of economic actors and the high dependency on information and communication technologies make it necessary for all relevant entities to develop protection. This protection should include preventive and reactive controls in a risk-proportionate manner in relation to the business value protected. We aimed to develop a solution to support cybersecurity-related business decisions with financial analytics. The risk-based approach helps management find the optimum solution with minimal costs, where protection prevents some incidents from occurring, while the risks associated with other incidents are accepted in an informed way. The security industry developed a number of apparatuses to find the optimum security controls that enforced the fiscal aspects, which typically contain solutions used in planning. However, the actual expenditure often differs from the planned budget for several reasons, one of which is\u0000the occurrence of security incidents. We used the common methodology toolset for financial analysis (NPV, NFV, risk assessment). We developed novel metrics based on these that can be used in cybersecurity management. Within the framework thus defined, the article discusses the economic context of the effects of incidents involving Meta (previously Facebook) services from 2016 to 2020. This paper introduces the ‘Effect of incidents’ metric to measure the impact of unplanned incidents’ on actual expenditure compared to the planned budget and the ‘Incidence of incident recognition’ metric to measure deviations of an incident’s impact as perceived by owners relative to the effect on the value of the assets. The paper also proves the applicability of those metrics using the example of Meta.","PeriodicalId":52940,"journal":{"name":"Security and Defence Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44669960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The attack-reconnaissance squadron as a new formula and a new quality of the attack helicopter squadron of the Polish Armed Forces","authors":"Sylwester Lubiejewski","doi":"10.35467/sdq/159101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/159101","url":null,"abstract":"This paper takes a comprehensive look at the current state of army aviation attack helicopter squadrons of the Polish Armed Forces. The aim of the article is to present a concept for the functioning of the attack reconnaissance squadrons of the Polish Armed Forces, which takes into account the identified requirements of the Land Forces of the Polish Armed Forces in relation to army aviation on the battlefield and the current limitations in the functioning of the attack helicopter squadrons of the Polish Armed Forces. To meet this aim, qualitative research included interviewing, observation and the collection and qualitative analysis of texts and documents. The study revealed that it is necessary to organise attack-reconnaissance squadrons with a modular organisational structure including: a headquarters, a command company, three attack-reconnaissance companies, an aviation maintenance company and a supply company, capable of conducting autonomous operations in independent directions (areas). The squadrons should be equipped with new attack-reconnaissance helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles as well as equipment for their technical and logistical support that will be part of their individual subunits. The results of the research are the basis for further, in-depth research on the issue of improving the functioning of attack helicopter squadrons, so that they are fully capable of supporting the land forces of the Polish Armed Forces in large scale combat operations.","PeriodicalId":52940,"journal":{"name":"Security and Defence Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45456025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The changing face of Russia’s information war against Ukraine and other democratic countries: Lessons and recommendations. Interview with Professor Sinan Aral","authors":"Sinan Aral","doi":"10.35467/sdq/156264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/156264","url":null,"abstract":"Domalewska: You have carried out extensive research on misinformation and disinformation that has helped us understand how fake news is distributed and what strategies are implemented to distribute it on social media. You have proved that “[f]alsehood [was] diffused significantly farther, faster, deeper, and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information","PeriodicalId":52940,"journal":{"name":"Security and Defence Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42481599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defence expenditure and public debt in Greece: A non-linear relationship","authors":"Ioanna Bardakas, Dimitris Doulos, G. Zombanakis","doi":"10.35467/sdq/155960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/155960","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to consider and evaluate the widely–used argument attributing the growth of the public debt of Greece in recent decades to the country’s defence expenditure. We employ a two-equation model that focuses on the determinants of the military debt and how this has affected the public debt. The source of our military debt data is the Hellenic General Accounting Office, an option taken to cope with confidentiality issues. Finally, we insist on focusing on the expenditure on defence equipment imports rather than the total defence spending that the literature mostly covers, for reasons extensively analysed. Our methodology firstly assumes a linear relationship between military debt and public debt. We solve the system using 3SLS to obtain consistent and efficient estimates to derive interesting policy implications. The employment of a non-linear quadratic form not previously adopted proves to be superior in terms of performance and reveals the complexity of the above relationship. These point to the conclusion that the defence equipment purchases made since the beginning of the eighties have not had a decisive impact on the public debt of Greece. The defence equipment purchases made since the beginning of the eighties represent a very low percentage of the total public debt of Greece. Moreover, these are considered to be an investment activity rather than consumer spending, which has been acknowledged in the literature as the primary cause of Greece’s high indebtedness and the ensuing economic crisis.","PeriodicalId":52940,"journal":{"name":"Security and Defence Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48602131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical studies of white organic materials for camouflage applications in Arctic environments","authors":"C. Åkerlind, T. Hallberg, K. Järrendahl","doi":"10.1117/12.2640498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2640498","url":null,"abstract":"Important properties for camouflage materials can be summarized in six criteria: (1) spectrally selective reflectance, (2) low gloss, (3) low degree of polarization, (4) low infrared emissivity, (5) non-destructive effect on radar properties and (6) color adaptivity. We have studied a collection of natural materials for potential use as camouflage surfaces for the arctic region. The four first camouflage criteria are analyzed using spectrometry, scatterometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry techniques. The materials involved in the study are diffuse white nature-inspired surfaces: Cuticles of the beetle Cyphochilus insulanus, and foams of freeze-casted cellulose nanofibrils. We present data that partly fulfills the addressed camouflage criteria. An adequate reflectance is achieved in the spectral range of 400–1600 nm for both samples. Scattering data show that near-Lambertian properties are achieved at 633 nm for both surfaces but at 1550 nm for only the beetle cuticle. The degree of polarization is low for unpolarized light incident near the surface normal for both surfaces.","PeriodicalId":52940,"journal":{"name":"Security and Defence Quarterly","volume":"144 1","pages":"122700D - 122700D-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80577086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstration of adaptive camouflage for the soldier","authors":"H. Kariis, André Barbosa, A. Barros, Patrícia Ferreira, C. Gullström, M. Hogervorst, Rolf Jonsson, Celine Millet-Ribot, V. Rubežienė, Gilda Santos, A. Schwarz, C. Senzier, Sandra Varnaitė-Žuravliova, Max E. Winkelmann, C. Åkerlind","doi":"10.1117/12.2639919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2639919","url":null,"abstract":"With the increased threat from advanced sensor systems using several wavelength bands and sensor fusion, the requirements on camouflage increase. Consequently, in order to reduce the risk of EU soldiers being detected, identified and engaged, adaptive camouflage prototypes have been developed, implemented and demonstrated. Several active and passive adaptation mechanisms were integrated into a textile-based soldier camouflage system. The prototypes address several wavelength bands, including visual, thermal infrared and radar. Military needs on sensing, fire power, mobility, compatibility with other equipment and wearing endurance were considered. The demonstration, at TRL5, took place in a relevant environment, an area adjacent to vegetation and buildings close to Paris, France. The reduction in detection range and hence the increase in survivability, as established in field trials previously conducted in Portugal and France, was made clear during the demonstration. The demonstrated technology comprised actively controlled light emitting diodes and thermochromic materials for visible signature adaptation, phase change materials and biologically degradable insulating cellulose cells (cork) for thermal camouflage and radar absorbing coatings with conjugated polymer compositions. Two suits were shown with soldiers walking along a treeline and in front of buildings. Prior to the public demonstration laboratory tests of the materials and components had been performed as well as ergonomic tests, signature measurements in different backgrounds and light conditions and radar cross section measurements at an outdoor test range. Production technologies were studied and production cost estimated. It was concluded that a similar system can be produced at a reasonable cost and the production scaled up to larger volumes. Throughout the project, dialogue with military end-users was upheld concerning requirements and applicable environments and tactical situations in order to ensure relevance. Military end-users from Sweden, Portugal, Germany, France, Lithuania and the Netherlands were invited to the final workshop and technical demonstration.","PeriodicalId":52940,"journal":{"name":"Security and Defence Quarterly","volume":"7 1","pages":"1227002 - 1227002-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75592255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolution of the Hungarian Defence Forces’ volunteer reserve component after the Cold War","authors":"László Ujházy","doi":"10.35467/sdq/154063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/154063","url":null,"abstract":"When Hungary transformed to an all-volunteer force in 2004, most attention was given to the regular component and very little mention was made of reservists. The main goal of this study is to draw attention to the importance of, and the potential, in the reserve component using historical research to produce an overview of how the reserve component of the Hungarian Defence Forces has evolved since the end of the Cold War. Information was collected and analysed from the discussed time period and interpretations were made of the collected evidence through systematic methods appraising all available studies to synthesise the findings. Similarly to other countries in the region, more than a century of conscription and the Warsaw Pact legacy still haunts the Hungarian Defence Forces. Fortunately, Hungary’s NATO membership spearheaded the drive for qualitative change within the armed forces and more attention was paid to a volunteer reserve system. Hungary’s NATO membership has ushered in a new era of security guarantees and obligations which, among other things, brought with it the realisation that the time for qualitative change in the armed forces had come. Among other changes, an initial shift of emphasis towards a reserve system – followed by the adoption of the all-volunteer force model – made it clear that a new basis had to be provided upon which to address the reserve issue in Hungary.","PeriodicalId":52940,"journal":{"name":"Security and Defence Quarterly","volume":"69 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41260413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully polarimetric UWB imaging demonstrator for group screening","authors":"F. Gumbmann","doi":"10.1117/12.2644294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2644294","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the demonstrator of a fully polarimetric ultra-wideband (UWB) multistatic imaging system for screening of groups of walking people in public areas. The system is working in the FCC UWB frequency band from 3.6 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The low frequency range is chosen to reduce the influence and clutter of clothes to a minimum. This is important for the screening in public places because the scanner needs to identify threats even under thick and heavy jackets with a low false alarm rate. Furthermore, the effect of motion blurring in the reconstructed radar images is enormously reduced. To further improve the detection of threats a fully polarimetric radar frontend was chosen for the imaging system. Radar polarimetry is a well-established technique in remote sensing to characterize di erent scattering mechanisms like single and double bounce or volumetric scattering. This offers the opportunity to classify different terrain properties or manmade objects in remote sensing. The investigated antenna arrangement is a roof-like geometry which can be installed on ceilings or archways in public areas. This approach doesn't disturb the flow of walking persons and even could enable a hidden installation of the screening device. Furthermore, this arrangement reduces shadowing risks, i.e. that a terrorist hides himself between closely walking neighbors. The paper discusses the applied signal processing and the polarimetric evaluation. Results are demonstrated for static and dynamic scenarios.","PeriodicalId":52940,"journal":{"name":"Security and Defence Quarterly","volume":"11 1","pages":"122740U - 122740U-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80405319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}