Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture最新文献

{"title":"Computer vision in smart agriculture and precision farming: Techniques and applications","authors":"Sumaira Ghazal ,&nbsp;Arslan Munir ,&nbsp;Waqar S. Qureshi","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.06.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2024.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The transformation of age-old farming practices through the integration of digitization and automation has sparked a revolution in agriculture that is driven by cutting-edge computer vision and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. This transformation not only promises increased productivity and economic growth, but also has the potential to address important global issues such as food security and sustainability. This survey paper aims to provide a holistic understanding of the integration of vision-based intelligent systems in various aspects of precision agriculture. By providing a detailed discussion on key areas of digital life cycle of crops, this survey contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities associated with the implementation of vision-guided intelligent systems in challenging agricultural environments. The focus of this survey is to explore widely used imaging and image analysis techniques being utilized for precision farming tasks. This paper first discusses various salient crop metrics used in digital agriculture. Then this paper illustrates the usage of imaging and computer vision techniques in various phases of digital life cycle of crops in precision agriculture, such as image acquisition, image stitching and photogrammetry, image analysis, decision making, treatment, and planning. After establishing a thorough understanding of related terms and techniques involved in the implementation of vision-based intelligent systems for precision agriculture, the survey concludes by outlining the challenges associated with implementing generalized computer vision models for real-time deployment of fully autonomous farms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"13 ","pages":"Pages 64-83"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589721724000266/pdfft?md5=85ca785f72940b6f0eede997e4743f8c&pid=1-s2.0-S2589721724000266-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141539935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An artificial neuronal network coupled with a genetic algorithm to optimise the production of unsaturated fatty acids in Parachlorella kessleri","authors":"Pablo Fernández Izquierdo ,&nbsp;Leslie Cerón Delagado ,&nbsp;Fedra Ortiz Benavides","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, an Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) approach was successfully applied to optimise the physicochemical factors influencing the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in the microalgae <em>P. kessleri</em> UCM 001. The optimized model recommended specific cultivation conditions, including glucose at 29 g/L, NaNO₃ at 2.4 g/L, K₂HPO₄ at 0.4 g/L, red LED light, an intensity of 1000 lx, and an 8:16-h light-dark cycle. Through ANN-GA optimisation, a remarkable 66.79% increase in UFAs production in <em>P. kessleri</em> UCM 001 was achieved, compared to previous studies. This underscores the potential of this technology for enhancing valuable lipid production. Sequential variations in the application of physicochemical factors during microalgae culture under mixotrophic conditions, as optimized by ANN-GA, induced alterations in UFAs production and composition in <em>P. kessleri</em> UCM 001. This suggests the feasibility of tailoring the lipid profile of microalgae to obtain specific lipids for diverse industrial applications. The microalgae were isolated from a high-mountain lake in Colombia, highlighting their adaptation to extreme conditions. This underscores their potential for sustainable lipid and biomaterial production. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of using ANN-GA technology to optimise UFAs production in microalgae, offering a promising avenue for obtaining valuable lipids. The microalgae's unique origin in a high-mountain environment in Colombia emphasises the importance of exploring and harnessing microbial resources in distinctive geographical regions for biotechnological applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"13 ","pages":"Pages 32-44"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589721724000254/pdfft?md5=5e368428bd6813d6d581e52a6bbbc317&pid=1-s2.0-S2589721724000254-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141481876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Image classification on smart agriculture platforms: Systematic literature review","authors":"Juan Felipe Restrepo-Arias ,&nbsp;John W. Branch-Bedoya ,&nbsp;Gabriel Awad","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, smart agriculture has gained strength due to the application of industry 4.0 technologies in agriculture. As a result, efforts are increasing in proposing artificial vision applications to solve many problems. However, many of these applications are developed separately. Many academic works have proposed solutions integrating image classification techniques through IoT platforms. For this reason, this paper aims to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the main problems to be solved with smart farming IoT platforms that incorporate images? (2) What are the main strategies for incorporating image classification methods in smart agriculture IoT platforms? and (3) What are the main image acquisition, preprocessing, transmission, and classification technologies used in smart agriculture IoT platforms? This study adopts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. We searched Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Springer Link databases from January 2018 to July 2022. From which we could identify five domains corresponding to (1) disease and pest detection, (2) crop growth and health monitoring, (3) irrigation and crop protection management, (4) intrusion detection, and (5) fruits and plant counting. There are three types of strategies to integrate image data into smart agriculture IoT platforms: (1) classification process in the edge, (2) classification process in the cloud, and (3) classification process combined. The main advantage of the first is obtaining data in real-time, and its main disadvantage is the cost of implementation. On the other hand, the main advantage of the second is the ability to process high-resolution images, and its main disadvantage is the need for high-bandwidth connectivity. Finally, the mixed strategy can significantly benefit infrastructure investment, but most works are experimental.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"13 ","pages":"Pages 1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589721724000205/pdfft?md5=adaa2b4e5272ad9c56b921776eacfaa1&pid=1-s2.0-S2589721724000205-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141325301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of flea beetle damage in the field using a multistage deep learning-based solution","authors":"Arantza Bereciartua-Pérez ,&nbsp;María Monzón ,&nbsp;Daniel Múgica ,&nbsp;Greta De Both ,&nbsp;Jeroen Baert ,&nbsp;Brittany Hedges ,&nbsp;Nicole Fox ,&nbsp;Jone Echazarra ,&nbsp;Ramón Navarra-Mestre","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Estimation of damage in plants is a key issue for crop protection. Currently, experts in the field manually assess the plots. This is a time-consuming task that can be automated thanks to the latest technology in computer vision (CV). The use of image-based systems and recently deep learning-based systems have provided good results in several agricultural applications. These image-based applications outperform expert evaluation in controlled environments, and now they are being progressively included in non-controlled field applications.</p><p>A novel solution based on deep learning techniques in combination with image processing methods is proposed to tackle the estimate of plant damage in the field. The proposed solution is a two-stage algorithm. In a first stage, the single plants in the plots are detected by an object detection YOLO based model. Then a regression model is applied to estimate the damage of each individual plant. The solution has been developed and validated in oilseed rape plants to estimate the damage caused by flea beetle.</p><p>The crop detection model achieves a mean precision average of 91% with a [email protected] of 0.99 and a [email protected] of 0.91 for oilseed rape specifically. The regression model to estimate up to 60% of damage degree in single plants achieves a MAE of 7.11, and R2 of 0.46 in comparison with manual evaluations done plant by plant by experts. Models are deployed in a docker, and with a REST API communication protocol they can be inferred directly for images acquired in the field from a mobile device.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"13 ","pages":"Pages 18-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589721724000199/pdfft?md5=6734d348bce39475c37cb2c23f24a354&pid=1-s2.0-S2589721724000199-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141390129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-comparative review of Machine learning for plant disease detection: apple, cassava, cotton and potato plants","authors":"James Daniel Omaye ,&nbsp;Emeka Ogbuju ,&nbsp;Grace Ataguba ,&nbsp;Oluwayemisi Jaiyeoba ,&nbsp;Joseph Aneke ,&nbsp;Francisca Oladipo","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plant disease detection has played a significant role in combating plant diseases that pose a threat to global agriculture and food security. Detecting these diseases early can help mitigate their impact and ensure healthy crop yields. Machine learning algorithms have emerged as powerful tools for accurately identifying and classifying a wide range of plant diseases from trained image datasets of affected crops. These algorithms, including deep learning algorithms, have shown remarkable success in recognizing disease patterns and early signs of plant diseases. Besides early detection, there are other potential benefits of machine learning algorithms in overall plant disease management, such as soil and climatic condition predictions for plants, pest identification, proximity detection, and many more. Over the years, research has focused on using machine-learning algorithms for plant disease detection. Nevertheless, little is known about the extent to which the research community has explored machine learning algorithms to cover other significant areas of plant disease management. In view of this, we present a cross-comparative review of machine learning algorithms and applications designed for plant disease detection with a specific focus on four (4) economically important plants: apple, cassava, cotton, and potato. We conducted a systematic review of articles published between 2013 and 2023 to explore trends in the research community over the years. After filtering a number of articles based on our inclusion criteria, including articles that present individual prediction accuracy for classes of disease associated with the selected plants, 113 articles were considered relevant. From these articles, we analyzed the state-of-the-art techniques, challenges, and future prospects of using machine learning for disease identification of the selected plants. Results from our review show that deep learning and other algorithms performed significantly well in detecting plant diseases. In addition, we found a few references to plant disease management covering prevention, diagnosis, control, and monitoring. In view of this, little or no work has explored the prediction of the recovery of affected plants. Hence, we propose opportunities for developing machine learning-based technologies to cover prevention, diagnosis, control, monitoring, and recovery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"12 ","pages":"Pages 127-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S258972172400014X/pdfft?md5=a2288673548d57c63626027a95ff21bf&pid=1-s2.0-S258972172400014X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141054049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperparameter optimization of YOLOv8 for smoke and wildfire detection: Implications for agricultural and environmental safety","authors":"Leo Ramos ,&nbsp;Edmundo Casas ,&nbsp;Eduardo Bendek ,&nbsp;Cristian Romero ,&nbsp;Francklin Rivas-Echeverría","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.05.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2024.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we extensively evaluated the viability of the state-of-the-art YOLOv8 architecture for object detection tasks, specifically tailored for smoke and wildfire identification with a focus on agricultural and environmental safety. All available versions of YOLOv8 were initially fine-tuned on a domain-specific dataset that included a variety of scenarios, crucial for comprehensive agricultural monitoring. The ‘large’ version (YOLOv8l) was selected for further hyperparameter tuning based on its performance metrics. This model underwent a detailed hyperparameter optimization using the One Factor At a Time (OFAT) methodology, concentrating on key parameters such as learning rate, batch size, weight decay, epochs, and optimizer. Insights from the OFAT study were used to define search spaces for a subsequent Random Search (RS). The final model derived from RS demonstrated significant improvements over the initial fine-tuned model, increasing overall precision by 1.39 %, recall by 1.48 %, F1-score by 1.44 %, [email protected] by 0.70 %, and [email protected]:0.95 by 5.09 %. We validated the enhanced model's efficacy on a diverse set of real-world images, reflecting various agricultural settings, to confirm its robustness in detecting smoke and fire. These results underscore the model's reliability and effectiveness in scenarios critical to agricultural safety and environmental monitoring. This work, representing a significant advancement in the field of fire and smoke detection through machine learning, lays a strong foundation for future research and solutions aimed at safeguarding agricultural areas and natural environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"12 ","pages":"Pages 109-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589721724000187/pdfft?md5=c551b82b80431a9f2f37f79894497fcb&pid=1-s2.0-S2589721724000187-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141263998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hazelnut mapping detection system using optical and radar remote sensing: Benchmarking machine learning algorithms","authors":"Daniele Sasso ,&nbsp;Francesco Lodato ,&nbsp;Anna Sabatini ,&nbsp;Giorgio Pennazza ,&nbsp;Luca Vollero ,&nbsp;Marco Santonico ,&nbsp;Mario Merone","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2024.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mapping hazelnut orchards can facilitate land planning and utilization policies, supporting the development of cooperative precision farming systems. The present work faces the detection of hazelnut crops using optical and radar remote sensing data. A comparative study of Machine Learning techniques is presented. The system proposed utilizes multi-temporal data from the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 datasets extracted over several years and processed with cloud tools. We provide a dataset of 62,982 labeled samples, with 16,561 samples belonging to the ‘hazelnut’ class and 46,421 samples belonging to the ‘other’ class, collected in 8 heterogeneous geographical areas of the Viterbo province. Two different comparative tests are conducted: firstly, we use a Nested 5-Fold Cross-Validation methodology to train, optimize, and compare different Machine Learning algorithms on a single area. In a second experiment, the algorithms were trained on one area and tested on the remaining seven geographical areas. The developed study demonstrates how AI analysis applied to Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data is a valid technology for hazelnut mapping. From the results, it emerges that Random Forest is the classifier with the highest generalizability, achieving the best performance in the second test with an accuracy of 96% and an F1 score of 91% for the ‘hazelnut’ class.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"12 ","pages":"Pages 97-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589721724000163/pdfft?md5=3c0871cbfa7a056adc6aefce898ac420&pid=1-s2.0-S2589721724000163-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141244415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"InstaCropNet: An efficient Unet-Based architecture for precise crop row detection in agricultural applications","authors":"Zhiming Guo ,&nbsp;Yuhang Geng ,&nbsp;Chuan Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Xue ,&nbsp;Deng Sun ,&nbsp;Zhaoxia Lou ,&nbsp;Tianbao Chen ,&nbsp;Tianyu Geng ,&nbsp;Longzhe Quan","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Autonomous navigation in farmlands is one of the key technologies for achieving autonomous management in maize fields. Among various navigation techniques, visual navigation using widely available RGB images is a cost-effective solution. However, current mainstream methods for maize crop row detection often rely on highly specialized, manually devised heuristic rules, limiting the scalability of these methods. To simplify the solution and enhance its universality, we propose an innovative crop row annotation strategy. This strategy, by simulating the strip-like structure of the crop row's central area, effectively avoids interference from lateral growth of crop leaves. Based on this, we developed a deep learning network with a dual-branch architecture, InstaCropNet, which achieves end-to-end segmentation of crop row instances. Subsequently, through the row anchor segmentation technique, we accurately locate the positions of different crop row instances and perform line fitting. Experimental results demonstrate that our method has an average angular deviation of no more than 2°, and the accuracy of crop row detection reaches 96.5%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"12 ","pages":"Pages 85-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589721724000175/pdfft?md5=4c6e92e045769fe5ef6e32adc1438b8b&pid=1-s2.0-S2589721724000175-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141143901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards sustainable agriculture: Harnessing AI for global food security","authors":"Dhananjay K. Pandey ,&nbsp;Richa Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.04.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2024.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The issue of food security continues to be a prominent global concern, affecting a significant number of individuals who experience the adverse effects of hunger and malnutrition. The finding of a solution of this intricate issue necessitates the implementation of novel and paradigm-shifting methodologies in agriculture and food sector. In recent times, the domain of artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a potent tool capable of instigating a profound influence on the agriculture and food sectors. AI technologies provide significant advantages by optimizing crop cultivation practices, enabling the use of predictive modelling and precision agriculture techniques, and aiding efficient crop monitoring and disease identification. Additionally, AI has the potential to optimize supply chain operations, storage management, transportation systems, and quality assurance processes. It also tackles the problem of food loss and waste through post-harvest loss reduction, predictive analytics, and smart inventory management. This study highlights that how by utilizing the power of AI, we could transform the way we produce, distribute, and manage food, ultimately creating a more secure and sustainable future for all.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"12 ","pages":"Pages 72-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589721724000151/pdfft?md5=a9d0ed80991556893a392b3b0a4013c0&pid=1-s2.0-S2589721724000151-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning-based intelligent precise aeration strategy for factory recirculating aquaculture systems","authors":"Junchao Yang ,&nbsp;Yuting Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Guo ,&nbsp;Yueming Zhou ,&nbsp;Yu Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiia.2024.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Factory recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is facing in a stage of continuous research and technological innovation. Intelligent aquaculture is an important direction for the future development of aquaculture. However, the RAS nowdays still has poor self-learning and optimal decision-making capabilities, which leads to high aquaculture cost and low running efficiency. In this paper, a precise aeration strategy based on deep learning is designed for improving the healthy growth of breeding objects. Firstly, the situation perception driven by computer vision is used to detect the hypoxia behavior. Then combined with the biological energy model, it is constructed to calculate the breeding objects oxygen consumption. Finally, the optimal adaptive aeration strategy is generated according to hypoxia behavior judgement and biological energy model. Experimental results show that the energy consumption of proposed precise aeration strategy decreased by 26.3% compared with the manual control and 12.8% compared with the threshold control. Meanwhile, stable water quality conditions accelerated breeding objects growth, and the breeding cycle with the average weight of 400 g was shortened from 5 to 6 months to 3–4 months.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"12 ","pages":"Pages 57-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589721724000138/pdfft?md5=35867104fdfd8d303cccc4a2f32568ae&pid=1-s2.0-S2589721724000138-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140768894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}