CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology最新文献_第5页

Optic Neuropathies. 视神经病变

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001545

Lindsey B De Lott

{"title":"Optic Neuropathies.","authors":"Lindsey B De Lott","doi":"10.1212/CON.0000000000001545","DOIUrl":"10.1212/CON.0000000000001545","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This article highlights the clinical features, evaluation, and management of optic neuropathies commonly encountered in clinical practice.Latest developments: Optic neuropathies encompass all conditions affecting the optic nerve, including those caused by ischemia, inflammation (including infections and autoimmune causes), elevated intracranial pressure, compression and infiltration, toxins, nutritional deficiencies, and hereditary diseases. Surgical and medical treatments targeting the specific causes of optic neuropathies are rapidly expanding, such as surgical options to address papilledema in patients with elevated intracranial pressure and the development of gene therapies for hereditary optic neuropathies. These advances underscore the importance of swift and accurate assessments to identify the cause of optic nerve dysfunction. The evaluation of the patient with an optic neuropathy begins with a careful history and examination. Signs of optic nerve dysfunction include decreased visual acuity, color vision impairment, a relative afferent pupillary defect in the affected eye, and visual field deficits. Neuroimaging of the orbits is one of the most useful tests in determining the cause of an optic neuropathy. Additional diagnostic testing and the formulation of a treatment plan should be guided by the differential diagnosis.Essential points: Optic neuropathies are often misdiagnosed because of errors in eliciting or interpreting the history and physical examination. A systematic approach to identifying the clinical manifestations distinctive to specific optic neuropathies is imperative for directing diagnostic assessments, formulating tailored treatment regimens, and identifying broader central nervous system and systemic disorders.","PeriodicalId":52475,"journal":{"name":"CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology","volume":"31 2","pages":"381-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning Objectives and Core Competencies. 学习目标和核心竞争力。

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001553

引用次数: 0

Key Points for Issue. 问题的关键点。

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/01.cont.0001110764.63401.62

引用次数: 0

Issue Overview. 问题概述。

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/01.cont.0001110768.26615.3e

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Postreading Self-Assessment and CME Test. 阅读后自我评估和CME测试。

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001547

Douglas J Gelb, Adam Kelly

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Disorders of Higher-order Visual Function. 高阶视觉功能障碍。

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001555

Victoria S Pelak

{"title":"Disorders of Higher-order Visual Function.","authors":"Victoria S Pelak","doi":"10.1212/CON.0000000000001555","DOIUrl":"10.1212/CON.0000000000001555","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This article provides an overview of disorders of higher-order visual function, encompassing key clinical features, methods for clinical assessment, anatomic localization, and etiologies associated with these disorders. A review of the organization and properties of the brain's visual system is introduced to enhance understanding and facilitate clinical recognition of higher-order visual dysfunction.Latest developments: Advances in the visual neurosciences have increased our understanding of the underlying properties of visual neurons. New therapies are available to treat diseases that impact cortical neurons and their white matter connections. Thus, recognizing the signs and symptoms of these disorders and using the proper assessment tools to measure dysfunction are essential for preventing disability.Essential points: Functional specialization for distinct visual features defines higher-order visual regions and their corresponding networks. Damage to specialized regions along the occipitoparietal pathway leads to impaired motion processing and visuospatial perception, whereas damage to the occipitotemporal regions results in visual agnosia, including impaired color, object, and facial recognition. Patients experiencing higher-order visual dysfunction do not express symptoms significantly different from those with ocular disorders. Identifying higher-order visual dysfunction requires knowledge of the anatomy and visual properties of neurons in these regions. Assessment of higher-order visual functions can be incorporated into the neurologic mental status examination and prevent delays in diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":52475,"journal":{"name":"CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology","volume":"31 2","pages":"543-565"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clinical Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Neurology Practice. 人工智能在神经学实践中的临床应用。

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001552

Peter N Hadar, Lidia Maria Veras Rocha Moura

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List of Abbreviations. 缩略语列表。

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/01.cont.0001110772.40746.a1

引用次数: 0

Disorders of the Pupil. 瞳孔疾病。

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001542

Aki Kawasaki

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Optic Neuritis. 视神经炎

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001560

Eric Eggenberger

{"title":"Optic Neuritis.","authors":"Eric Eggenberger","doi":"10.1212/CON.0000000000001560","DOIUrl":"10.1212/CON.0000000000001560","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This article reviews the most common and noteworthy inflammatory and infectious optic neuropathies, with an update on newer syndromes.Latest developments: We have entered an era of antibody-assisted definitions of distinct types of optic neuritis, including aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease, with distinct pathophysiologies, prognoses, and management options. It is crucial to distinguish between these entities and other common inflammatory (eg, sarcoid or other granulomatous inflammation) or infectious optic neuropathies as appropriate therapy radically differs. These developments highlight the increasing importance of precision terminology as many of these now distinctly defined syndromes have been previously lumped together as \"typical or atypical optic neuritis.\" An individualized evaluation and treatment approach is required.Essential points: Multiple sclerosis-related optic neuritis is the most common form of inflammatory demyelinating optic neuritis, causing short segments of optic nerve inflammation, with an excellent visual prognosis and tendency to improve with or without high-dose steroids.Aquaporin-4 associated optic neuritis causes longitudinally extensive optic nerve inflammation and has a more guarded prognosis for visual recovery, with poor visual outcomes in untreated patients compared with multiple sclerosis or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease.Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein optic neuritis also causes longitudinally extensive optic nerve inflammation with a predilection for optic disc edema and tends to be very steroid sensitive, but recurrent. Infectious optic neuropathies are important to recognize; syphilis incidence has doubled in the last decade and requires early aggressive therapy to maximize visual recovery.","PeriodicalId":52475,"journal":{"name":"CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology","volume":"31 2","pages":"407-435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0