The MAK collection for occupational health and safety最新文献

{"title":"Tartaric acid - Determination of L-(+)- and D-(-)-tartaric acid in workplace air using ion chromatography (IC): Air Monitoring Method - Translation of the German version from 2025.","authors":"Ulrich Prott, Claus-Peter Maschmeier, Ralph Hebisch, Uta Lewin-Kretzschmar, Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/am52683e10_4or","DOIUrl":"10.34865/am52683e10_4or","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The working group \"Air Analyses\" of the German Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area (MAK Commission) developed and verified the presented analytical method. It is used to determine the levels of L-(+)-tartaric acid [87-69-4] and D-(-)-tartaric acid [147-71-7] (occurring as inhalable particles) individually or as a racemic mixture [133-37-9] that occur in the workplace air. The method covers concentrations in the range from one tenth up to twice the current Occupational Exposure Limit Value (OELV) of 2 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction). The method is also suitable for measuring the short-term exposure limit (STEL; excursion factor 2) for the inhalable fraction. Samples are collected by drawing a defined volume of air through a glass fibre filter, which is inserted in a GSP sampling system, using a flow regulated pump at a volumetric flow rate of 3.5 l/min. Exposure during the shift is measured with a sampling period of 2 hours and the short-term exposure with a period of 15 minutes. Tartaric acid deposited on the glass fibre filter is extracted with the IC eluent and analysed by ion chromatography using conductivity detection. The quantitative determination is based on multiple-point calibrations with external standards. A relative limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.00043 mg/m³ is obtained for an air sample volume of 420 litres. As the LOQ for a sample volume of 52,5 litres is 0.0034 mg/m³, the STEL can also be measured. The recovery is 100-104% and the expanded uncertainty is 19-21% for a 2-hour sampling and 20-21% for a 15-minute sampling.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"10 4","pages":"Doc068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147680293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trimellitsäureanhydrid: MAK-Begründung, Nachtrag.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb55230raud10_4ad","DOIUrl":"10.34865/mb55230raud10_4ad","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"10 4","pages":"Doc060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147680259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benzoic acid (inhalable fraction): MAK Value Documentation, addendum - Translation of the German version from 2023.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb6585e10_4ad","DOIUrl":"10.34865/mb6585e10_4ad","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The German Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area (MAK Commission) has re-evaluated the data for benzoic acid [65-85-0] to derive an occupational exposure limit value (maximum concentration at the workplace, MAK value) for the inhalable fraction. The critical effects are severe irritation in the eyes and lung toxicity. For this reason, irritation is assumed to occur also in the upper respiratory tract. Inhalation studies investigating the inhalable fraction of benzoic acid in humans or animals are not available. Therefore, data for similarly strong acids are used for the evaluation of the local effects on the respiratory tract. In analogy to the MAK value derived for phosphoric acid, a MAK value of 2 mg/m³ I (inhalable fraction) has been established. This represents the \"worst case\" for benzoic acid due to its weaker acidity. Peak Limitation Category I with an excursion factor of 2 has been set in analogy to the classification made for phosphoric acid. There are no valid prenatal developmental studies of benzoic acid available. Benzoates are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C at the MAK value of 10 mg/m³. As the benzoate anion is responsible for the systemic effects of benzoic acid and the acid has a lower MAK value, Pregnancy Risk Group C is valid also for the inhalable fraction of benzoic acid at the MAK value of 2 mg/m³. Dermal uptake is expected to contribute to systemic toxicity and benzoic acid remains designated with \"H\" (for substances which can be absorbed through the skin in toxicologically relevant amounts).</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"10 4","pages":"Doc061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147680275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"5-Ethyl-3,7-dioxa-1-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octan (EDAO): MAK-Begründung, Nachtrag.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb774735kskd10_4ad","DOIUrl":"10.34865/mb774735kskd10_4ad","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"10 4","pages":"Doc058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147680255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zinc diamyldithiocarbamate: MAK Value Documentation - Translation of the German version from 2023.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb1533718kske10_4or","DOIUrl":"10.34865/mb1533718kske10_4or","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The German Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area (MAK Commission) has evaluated the data for zinc diamyldithiocarbamate [15337-18-5] to derive an occupational exposure limit value (maximum concentration at the workplace, MAK value) considering all toxicological end points. Relevant studies were identified from a literature search and also unpublished study reports were used. Zinc diamyldithiocarbamate does not lead to specific systemic toxicity, presumably due to low levels of uptake. Irritating effects induced by zinc diamyldithiocarbamate are only minimal, thus an oral study can be used to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value). A combined study investigating reproductive toxicity and repeated dose toxicity that was carried out with rats according to OECD Test Guideline 422 determined a NOAEL of 85 mg/kg body weight and day after oral administration. This dose has been scaled to a MAK value of 10 mg/m³ I (inhalable fraction). Exposure to the inhalable fraction results in gastrointestinal exposure via mucociliary clearance, reducing peak concentrations. Therefore, the substance has been assigned to Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 8. Similar to the findings after exposure to white mineral oil, inhalation of the aerosol of the poorly water-soluble zinc diamyldithiocarbamate may lead to lung overload, inflammatory reactions and microgranulomas. To prevent these overload effects, a MAK value of 5 mg/m³ has been derived for the respirable fraction in analogy to white mineral oil and Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 4 has been set. There are no prenatal teratogenicity studies with zinc diamyldithiocarbamate. Therefore, zinc diamyldithiocarbamate has been assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D. The substance is not genotoxic in vitro; there are no in vivo data. No carcinogenicity studies have been carried out. There is no evidence that zinc diamyldithiocarbamate has sensitizing potential. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"10 4","pages":"Doc064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147680266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"1,4-Butanediol - Determination of 1,4-butanediol in workplace air using gas chromatography (GC-FID): Air Monitoring Method - Translation of the German version from 2025.","authors":"Silke Werner, Lutz Nitschke, Ralph Hebisch, Uta Lewin-Kretzschmar, Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/am11063e10_3or","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34865/am11063e10_3or","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The working group \"Air Analyses\" of the German Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area (MAK Commission) developed and verified the presented analytical method. It is used to determine the levels of 1,4-butanediol [110-63-4] in workplace air. The method covers concentrations in the range from one hundredth up to twice the current occupational exposure limit value (OELV) of 200 mg/m³. The method is also suitable for monitoring compliance with the short-term exposure limit (STEL; excursion factor 4) for the inhalable fraction and vapour. Samples are collected by drawing a defined volume of air through a glass fibre filter and a sampling tube filled with activated charcoal which are inserted in a GGP mini sampling system using a flow regulated pump at a volumetric flow rate of 0.333 l/min. Exposure during the shift is assessed with a sampling period of 2 hours and the short-term exposure with a period of 15 minutes. The 1,4-butanediol deposited on the glass fibre filter and adsorbed to the activated charcoal is extracted by liquid desorption with dichloromethane/methanol (7:3 (v/v)) and analysed by gas chromatography using flame ionisation detection. The quantitative determination is based on multiple-point calibrations with an internal standard. A relative limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2 mg/m³ is obtained for an air sample volume of 40 litres. As the LOQ for a sample volume of 5 litres is below 400 mg/m³, the STEL can also be measured. The recovery is 95-101% and the expanded uncertainty is below 29% for a sampling period of 2 hours.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"10 3","pages":"Doc054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12820728/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146055828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>N</i>,<i>N'</i>,<i>N</i>''-Tris(β-hydroxypropyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine: MAK Value Documentation - Translation of the German version from 2023.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb2525450kske10_3or","DOIUrl":"10.34865/mb2525450kske10_3or","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The German Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area (MAK Commission) has evaluated the data for <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>',<i>N</i>''-tris(β-hydroxypropyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine [25254-50-6] to derive an occupational exposure limit value (maximum concentration at the workplace, MAK value) considering all toxicological end points. Relevant studies were identified from a literature search and also unpublished study reports were used. <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>',<i>N</i>''-Tris(β-hydroxypropyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine is a formaldehyde releaser in aqueous solution. The substance is highly irritating to corrosive to the skin and eyes of rabbits. It is expected to undergo rapid hydrolysis in aqueous solution. For this reason, the observed local effects of irritation are attributed to the hydrolysis products formaldehyde and 1-aminopropan-2-ol. There are no studies that investigated the carcinogenic effects of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>',<i>N</i>''-tris(β-hydroxypropyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine and its toxicity and genotoxic potential in the upper respiratory tract or nose, which are assumed to be the likely target organs. The substance has low mutagenic and clastogenic potency in vitro, presumably due to the release of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde was classified in Carcinogen Category 4 because it causes tumours in nasal tissue at concentrations that exceed their detoxification capacity. As formaldehyde is released from <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>',<i>N</i>''-tris(β-hydroxpropyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, the substance could be classified in Carcinogen Caegory 4. However, because it is not possible to derive a MAK value for <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>',<i>N</i>''-tris(β-hydroxypropyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, the substance has been assigned to Carcinogen Category 2 and given the footnote \"Prerequisite for Category 4 in principle fulfilled, but insufficient data available for the establishment of a MAK or BAT value\". As there are no data on the systemic bioavailability of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>',<i>N</i>''-tris(β-hydroxypropyl)hexhydro-1,3,5-triazine and formaldehyde released by hydrolysis in tissues, there is no experimental evidence that the formaldehyde reaches the germ cells. Therefore, <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>',<i>N</i>''-tris(β-hydroxpropyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine has been classified in Category 3 B for germ cell mutagens. The substance is a skin sensitizer in guinea pigs. Therefore, <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>',<i>N</i>''-tris(β-hydroxpropyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine has been designated with \"Sh\" (for substances which cause sensitization of the skin). Skin contact is not expected to contribute sinificantly to systemic toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"10 3","pages":"Doc050"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12820638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146055816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Die gaschromatographische Dampfraumanalyse im Human-Biomonitoring (Headspace-Gaschromatographie): Biomonitoring-Methoden, Konzeptionelle Themen.","authors":"Michael Bader, Bernd Roßbach, Thomas Göen, Elisabeth Eckert, Anja Schäferhenrich, Stefanie Nübler, Wolfgang Gries, Gabriele Leng, Jan Van Pul, Wolfgang Will, Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/bihsgcdgt10_3or","DOIUrl":"10.34865/bihsgcdgt10_3or","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"10 3","pages":"Doc056"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12820626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146047748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aluminium – Addendum: Reevaluierung des BAT-Wertes und Evaluierung einer Schwangerschaftsgruppe zum BAT-Wert: Beurteilungswerte in biologischem Material.","authors":"Sandra Michaelsen, Wobbeke Weistenhöfer, Rüdiger Bartsch, Nadine Hund, Gerlinde Schriever-Schwemmer, Hans Drexler, Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/bb742990d10_3ad","DOIUrl":"10.34865/bb742990d10_3ad","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"10 3","pages":"Doc052"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12820709/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146055806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>N</i>,<i>N'</i>,<i>N''</i>-Tris(β-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine: MAK Value Documentation, addendum - Translation of the German version from 2023.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb471904kske10_3ad","DOIUrl":"10.34865/mb471904kske10_3ad","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The German Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area summarized and re-evaluated the data for <i>N,N',N''</i>-tris(β-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine [4719-04-4] with regard to its carcinogenicity and germ cell mutagenicity classifications, its ability to be absorbed through the skin and in order to derive an occupational exposure limit value (maximum concentration at the workplace, MAK value). Relevant studies were identified from a literature search and also unpublished study reports were used. <i>N,N',N''</i>-Tris(β-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine rapidly releases formaldehyde in dilute aqueous solution. The substance is highly irritating to corrosive to the skin and eyes of rabbits and to the upper respiratory tract, which is attributed to the formation of the irritating formaldehyde and 2-aminoethanol. There are no studies that investigated the carcinogenic effects of <i>N,N',N''</i>-tris(β-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine and its genotoxic potential in the upper respiratory tract or nose. Formaldehyde was classified in Carcinogen Category 4 because it causes tumours in nasal tissues at concentrations that exceed their detoxification capacity. As formaldehyde is released from <i>N,N',N''</i>-tris(β-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, the substance could likewise be classified in Carcinogen Category 4. In a 28-day inhalation study in rats with an aerosol of <i>N,N',N''</i>-tris(β-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, multifocal squamous metaplasia of the larynx and nose as well as degeneration of the bronchial epithelium were observed at the lowest concentration tested of 3 mg/m³ and above. Due to the severity of these effects, it is not possible to derive a NOAEC or a MAK value from this study. Moreover, a MAK value cannot be established in analogy to the MAK value set for gaseous formaldehyde because aerosol impaction aggravates the effects. The substance has thus been assigned to Carcinogen Category 2 with the footnote \"Prerequisite for Category 4 in principle fulfilled, but insufficient data available for the establishment of a MAK or BAT value\". As there are no data on the systemic bioavailability of <i>N,N',N''</i>-tris(β-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine and formaldehyde released by hydrolysis in tissues, there is no experimental evidence that the formaldehyde reaches the germ cells. Therefore, <i>N,N',N''</i>-tris(β-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine has been classified in Category 3 B for germ cell mutagens. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"10 3","pages":"Doc049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12824610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146055774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}