The MAK collection for occupational health and safety最新文献

{"title":"Propoxur: MAK Value Documentation, addendum - Translation of the German version from 2024.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb11426e11_2ad","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34865/mb11426e11_2ad","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Propoxur [114-26-1] is used as an insecticide and acaricide. It is no longer approved in the European Union. The previous MAK Value documentation and addendum do not reflect the current data situation of the substance. The MAK Commissiondecided that a new evaluation is not of high priority. The MAK value and the other classifications are therefore suspended and the substance is listed in the Section II c of the List of MAK and BAT Values for substances no longer evaluated.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"11 2","pages":"Doc037"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malathion: MAK Value Documentation, addendum - Translation of the German version from 2024.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb12175e11_2ad","DOIUrl":"10.34865/mb12175e11_2ad","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malathion [121-75-5] is not approved in Germany either as a head lice treatment or in pesticides. In the EU the approval is temporarily limited until 2023. The previous MAK Value documentation and addenda do not reflect the current data situation of the substance. The MAK Commissiondecided that a new evaluation is not of high priority. The MAK value and the other classifications are therefore suspended and the substance is listed in the Section II c of the List of MAK and BAT Values for substances no longer evaluated.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"11 2","pages":"Doc033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148835451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trimethylbenzol (alle Isomere): MAK-Begründung, Nachtrag.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb2555113ismd11_2ad","DOIUrl":"10.34865/mb2555113ismd11_2ad","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"11 2","pages":"Doc024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>N</i>-Methylanilin: MAK-Begründung, Nachtrag.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb10061d11_2ad","DOIUrl":"10.34865/mb10061d11_2ad","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"11 2","pages":"Doc023"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EPN (<i>O</i>-ethyl-<i>O</i>-(4-nitrophenyl)-phenylthiophosphonate): MAK Value Documentation, addendum - Translation of the German version from 2024.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb210464e11_2ad","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34865/mb210464e11_2ad","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>EPN (<i>O</i>-ethyl-<i>O</i>-(4-nitrophenyl)phenylthiophosphonate) [2104-64-5] is used as an in-secticide and acaricide but is not approved in the European Union. The previous MAK value documentation and addendum do not reflect the current data situation of the substance. The MAK Commissiondecided that a new evaluation is not of high priority. The MAK value and the other classifications are therefore suspended and the substance is listed in the Section II c of the List of MAK and BAT Values for substances no longer evaluated.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"11 2","pages":"Doc031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbaryl: MAK Value Documentation, addendum - Translation of the German version from 2024.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb6325e11_2ad","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34865/mb6325e11_2ad","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbaryl [63-25-2] is used as an insecticide but is no longer approved in the European Union. The previous MAK value documentation and addendum do not reflect the current data situation of the substance. The MAK Commissiondecided that a new evaluation is not of high priority. The MAK value and the other classifications are therefore suspended and the substance is listed in the Section II c of the List of MAK and BAT Values for substances no longer evaluated.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"11 2","pages":"Doc028"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benzidine and its salts: MAK Value Documentation - Translation of the German version from 2024.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb9287e11_2or","DOIUrl":"10.34865/mb9287e11_2or","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The production and technical use of benzidine [92-87-5] and its salts are prohibited by law in the EU and many other countries. Although benzidine was added to the List of MAK and BAT Values in 1966 and classified in Carcinogen Category 1 in 1975, documentation for the substance had not yet been compiled. To remedy this, the German Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area (MAK Commission) has now prepared the documentation and additionally evaluated the end points germ cell mutagenicity, sensitization and skin absorption. Relevant studies and reviews were identified from a literature search. The carcinogenicity of benzidine has not been re-evaluated in detail because there is unequivocal evidence of its carcinogenic potential in humans: Numerous case reports and epidemiological studies from different countries show a strong and consistent association between benzidine exposure and the risk of bladder cancer. Many studies found benzidine to be genotoxic in vitro and in vivo. No studies with germ cells are available. Findings that benzidine dihydrochloride crosses the blood-brain barrier in mice after oral administration suggest that the substance may also be able to pass through the blood-testis barrier. Therefore, benzidine and its salts have been classified in Category 3 A for germ cell mutagens. Benzidine is readily absorbed by rats after dermal application in acetone. The substance is a genotoxic carcinogen and a systemically tolerable dose cannot be derived. Therefore, the designation with \"H\" (for substances which can be absorbed in toxicologically relevant amounts) has been retained. No studies that investigated benzidine salts are available. Although the salts are probably absorbed less readily, absorption cannot be ruled out and the salts of benzidine also remain designated with \"H\". There are no studies that investigated the sensitizing effects of benzidine in animals. Studies using alternative test methods are also not available. A limited number of clinical findings show positive reactions to benzidine. As patients with sensitization to aromatic para-amino compounds, such as p-phenylenediamine, often react to other compounds of this substance class as well, cross-reactivity to benzidine is possible. The data available are too limited to draw a conclusion regarding the skin sensitizing potential of benzidine and its salts. Data for respiratory sensitization are not available.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"11 2","pages":"Doc027"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pentaborane: MAK Value Documentation, addendum - Translation of the German version from 2024.","authors":"Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/mb1962422e11_2ad","DOIUrl":"10.34865/mb1962422e11_2ad","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The German Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area (MAK Commission) re-evaluated the occupational exposure limit value (maximum concentration at the workplace, MAK value) for pentaborane [19624-22-7] considering all toxicological end points. Relevant studies were identified from a literature search. The critical effect of pentaborane is its effect on the central nervous system (CNS). Inadequately documented studies carried out before 1960 reported findings of CNS effects in humans at concentrations below 1 ml/m³ and in various animal species at the lowest concentration tested of 0.2 ml/m³ and above (exposure period: 6 months). In rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs and monkeys, mortality was also observed at this concentration. As a result, no MAK value can be derived. Pentaborane, which is a liquid at room temperature, does not penetrate the skin in toxicologically relevant amounts. There are no studies investigating developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity or the sensitizing potential of pentaborane.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"11 2","pages":"Doc036"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"p-Chloranilin – Ableitung eines BAR: Beurteilungswerte in biologischem Material.","authors":"Isabell Schönrath, Gabriele Leng, Hans Drexler, Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/bb10647d11_2or","DOIUrl":"10.34865/bb10647d11_2or","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"11 2","pages":"Doc039"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethoxyquin - Determination of 2,2,4-trimethyl-6(2H)-quinolinone in urine by UPLC-MS/MS: Biomonitoring Method - Translation of the German version from 2026.","authors":"Gerhard Scherer, Nikola Pluym, Max Scherer, Nadine Rögner, Markus Stoeckelhuber, Thomas Jäger, Thomas Göen, Andrea Hartwig","doi":"10.34865/bi9153e11_2or","DOIUrl":"10.34865/bi9153e11_2or","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The working group \"Analyses in Biological Materials\" of the German Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area (MAK Commission) developed and verified this biomonitoring method for the determination of the most important urinary metabolite of ethoxyquin - 2,2,4‑trimethyl‑6(2H)-quinolinone (EQI). Ethoxyquin is a quinoline-based synthetic antioxidant. Its use as active substance in pesticides was prohibited in 2011. Nevertheless, it continues to be used as a feed additive and is mainly introduced into the environment by feeding treated fishmeal to fish in aquaculture. A human metabolism study showed that ethoxyquin is first metabolised to 1,2‑dihydro-2,2,4‑trimethyl-6‑quinolinol (hydroxyquin) and is then further oxidised to the more stable EQI. In the biomonitoring method presented here, the glucuronide of hydroxyquin in the urine sample is enzymatically hydrolysed using <i>β</i>‑glucuronidase from <i>E. coli</i>. Thereafter, hydroxyquin oxidises spontaneously to EQI. The hydrolysate is subject to salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) with ethyl acetate. Analysis is performed by UPLC‑MS/MS after positive electrospray ionisation (ESI+). Calibration is performed using standards prepared in pooled urine and processed analogously to the samples. EQI‑D₁₀ is applied as an internal standard. The method provides reliable and accurate analytical results, as shown by the good precision data with standard deviations no greater than 6%. Good accuracy data were obtained with mean relative recoveries in the range of 103-110%. The method is both selective and sensitive, whereby a quantitation limit of 0.03 μg EQI/l was achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":521214,"journal":{"name":"The MAK collection for occupational health and safety","volume":"11 2","pages":"Doc042"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13510712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}