Polar Journal最新文献

{"title":"The global Antarctic through humanities and social sciences perspectives: observations from Japan","authors":"Zia E. Madani, Akiho Shibata","doi":"10.1080/20567790.2022.2060554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20567790.2022.2060554","url":null,"abstract":"The 2021 Biennial Conference of the Standing Committee on Humanities and Social Sciences (SC-HASS) of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) was held – for the first time in its history – in Asia, the theme of which was “The Global Antarctic”. Due to the continuing difficulties posed by COVID-19, the biennial conference was hosted by Kobe University Polar Cooperation Research Centre (PCRC) in a hybrid format, 18–19 November 2021. Having the conference in Japan spurred the participation of both international scientists and a wide spectrum of Japanese experts and scientists. This report seeks to reflect on two panels, entitled, Japan Session and Japan’s Antarctic Policy, respectively. The Japan Session was the customary event of the SC-HASS conference, which tries to attract the attention of local participants. It was thus conducted in Japanese with simultaneous interpretation into English. This panel was particularly interesting because all of its members have experience in participating in Japan’s Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE), providing non-traditional perspectives on Antarctic research activities. Professor Shin Murakoshi, a psychologist, delivered a keynote presentation on ‘The Antarctic as a Natural Laboratory: A Case of Cognitive Sciences’. Ms. Yumi Nakayama, a journalist, talked about ‘JARE’s first step: Journalist enthusiasm developed into national ebullience’. Ms. Yoriko Ikuta, a high-school teacher, spoke on the topic: ‘Teachers’ dispatch program under JARE and inquiry-based learning’. The panel was chaired by Professor Akiho Shibata, an international lawyer. Having studied risk cognition for 20 years, Prof. Murakoshi examines the cognitive science of people’s psychological adaptation in Antarctica, especially given that people working therein are isolated in certain spaces. While psychology studies concerning Antarctica are well-established in some Antarctic active nations, such as in the United States and Australia, Murakoshi hinted that there are certain ‘cultural’ aspects in risk recognition that differ across nations and societies, and that his studies on Japanese personnel at Syowa Station are unique in the field. Noting the fact that Shibata, within the 2016–17 JARE program, and Murakoshi, within the 2017–18 JARE program, have","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"180 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41680998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Arctic: a very short introduction","authors":"Alice Oates","doi":"10.1080/2154896x.2022.2056673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2022.2056673","url":null,"abstract":"into his harness and continue hauling, the reader is invited to empathise with a man at the absolute limit of his endurance: a man usually portrayed in a far less sympathetic light. The narrator then guides the reader seamlessly from his desperation to Worsley’s resulting dilemma: ‘He’s known sailors to transgress from time to time . . . he would prefer to let things slide . . . But this is different’ (p. 115). When Hurley weighs in, saying ‘He’s out of line, Skip, you’ve got to come down on him like a tonne of bricks or the others might decide they’re not moving either (p. 115)’ the true implications of this potential mutiny become clear. The reader is positioned between the conflicting subjectivities of McNish, Hurley and Worsley, and thoroughly invested in the verdict to come. While Heroic Era narratives continue to be dominated by the names of well-known expedition leaders, there has been a growing push in recent years to recognise the forgotten voices of the crew and teams who made early exploration possible. In her acknowledgements at the end of the book, Grochowicz notes that prior to researching this book she ‘knew a fair bit about Shackleton, but almost nothing about Wordie; or for that matter, any of the other men who survived their own epic journey across ice and ocean with the Boss’ (acknowledgements). Through thorough research, including several unpublished sources from the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) Archives, and careful characterisation, Grochowicz brings the men to life, guiding readers deftly from the innermost fears and hopes of one team member to the next, as they endure this unforgettable expedition. However, this insight comes at a cost. Any attempt to narrativise the past has the potential to polarise readers, particularly the purists among us. Stalwart ‘Shackletonites’ may find the speculative titbits placed in the mouths and minds of historical figures discomfiting. Nevertheless, this compassionate retelling offers a vibrant, nuanced and entertaining introduction to the Endurance expedition, and is one that is sure to capture the hearts of youthful Antarcticans.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"188 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49624751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Third Chilean conference on Antarctic law","authors":"C. Flores","doi":"10.1080/2154896x.2022.2047495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2022.2047495","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"177 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43523284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The continental, the hemispheric and the global Antarctica: Southern perspectives of climate change and the governance of Antarctica","authors":"Ignacio Javier Cardone","doi":"10.1080/2154896X.2022.2062556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2022.2062556","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present paper seeks to examine southern perspectives on climate change and their effects on Antarctica. Following that objective, the paper analyses, from a theoretical/philosophical and historical perspective, three different images of Antarctica that have played key roles in shaping the governance of the continent. Thus, I distinguish between the idea of a continental Antarctica, characterised as exceptional and isolated; the idea of a hemispheric – or regional – Antarctica, which relates to the vicinity of the southern hemisphere countries, their environmental identity with the southern polar regions and the more direct and immediate linkages between the Antarctic and the southern countries’ environments; and the idea of a global Antarctica, which stress the planetary dynamics that interlink the continent with the global phenomena. Whether the Antarctic Treaty and the evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System seem to have incorporated those different images successfully, the evolving and increasing phenomenon of climate change has stressed the idea of the global Antarctica as opposed to the continental Antarctica, disregarding the image of the hemispheric Antarctica. That could lead to efforts to widen or even open up participation in the regime, an option that most likely would confront a strong rebuttal from existing southern member countries, in particular from those that hold territorial claims upon Antarctica. As a conclusion, I argue that any successful attempt to address the global problem of climate change needs to take into account the perspectives of the southern countries and their particular identity/links with the Antarctic region, including their environments; and that any possible governance framework would need to accommodate the three disparate visions of Antarctica in order to be successful and ensure that the Antarctic remains free from strong political discord and conflicts.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"62 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44283343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"End of the common arctic seabed: recent state practice in the establishment of continental shelf limits beyond 200 nm","authors":"Øystein Jensen","doi":"10.1080/2154896X.2022.2062557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2022.2062557","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Arctic has been the focus of considerable attention over the past 10–15 years, often in connection with the alleged ‘race’ for the region’s natural resources. This article focuses on the extension of sovereign rights beyond 200 nm in the Arctic Ocean – in particular, the criteria and procedures for delineating the continental shelf under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the most recent developments in state practice. As coastal states continue to update their shelf submissions before the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), there would to be little, if any, international seabed area left in the central Arctic Ocean.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"108 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43752668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antarctic Atlas: New Maps and Graphics That Tell the Story of a Continent","authors":"R. Hingley","doi":"10.1080/2154896x.2022.2044986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2022.2044986","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"185 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43731603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China’s rise and the Arctic region up to 2049 – three scenarios for regional futures in an era of climate change and power transition","authors":"Liisa Kauppila, Sanna Kopra","doi":"10.1080/2154896X.2022.2058216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2022.2058216","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although China has emerged as an increasingly influential global actor over recent decades, it is unclear whether a more fundamental transformation is shaking processes of regionalisation in this context. Our scenario-based case study considers the spatial reconfiguration of the rapidly globalising Arctic with varying degrees of Chinese engagement. More specifically, we examine alternative and transformational configurations of the Arctic in 2049, and ponder upon the plausibility of the hypothesised changes in light of three schools of thought on International Relations – realism, liberal institutionalism and relationalism. Hence, we explore how the rise of China could potentially alter the regional dynamics and whether, consequently, regions should be rethought both empirically and theoretically. We conclude that pluralistic discussion on the multiple regional outcomes is a necessary precondition for achieving a balanced and democratic future in the Arctic and beyond.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"148 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46666896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction: ‘Studying from the margins’ - Global South perspectives on the future of Antarctic governance","authors":"Patrick Flamm, Jane Verbitsky","doi":"10.1080/2154896X.2022.2066613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2022.2066613","url":null,"abstract":"In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel Coronavirus Covid19 a global pandemic. Within nine months, every part of the globe had been touched by the pandemic, including the most remote continent, Antarctica. More than two years into the pandemic, collective scientific efforts have resulted in the achievement of vaccines that provide greater chances of protection against a virus that has, so far, claimed more than six million lives. However, what has also been brutally highlighted during this period is the inequality, vulnerability, precarity and marginalisation of Global South states and their peoples. While the pandemic has affected the entire human population, vaccine nationalism and the superior economic resources of the Global North has enabled richer countries to secure exclusive, plentiful stocks of vaccines and reach high rates of vaccination, while poor countries struggle with vaccine inequity and disparities in distribution that have significantly increased the public health burden, and disproportionately impacted their ability to recover economically from the effects of Covid-19. The gap between rich and poor countries and themes of inequality and marginalisation of Global South states are now familiar tropes in many domains. From the 1970s they began to be heard in more and more arenas of global organisation and management as recently decolonised countries challenged imperial paradigms and systems of control and dominance. This extended in the 1980s to management of the southernmost continent and resulted in reports to the United Nations General Assembly for more than a decade on the ‘The Question of Antarctica’. For over 60 decades, the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) has been the prime governance forum for the management of Antarctic affairs. It is often seen as one of the most successful multilateral agreements: the Antarctic Treaty sidelined conflicts about territorial sovereignty claims, nurtured peaceful scientific cooperation within the world’s first nuclear-free zone, and its additional protocols and related agreements regulate Southern Ocean fisheries, protect Antarctic environments and prohibit mining. Despite a growing number of signatories to the Treaty, Western nation states continue to dominate Antarctic affairs through the only legitimate activity on the ice: science understood as a Western mode of knowing.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"1 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43488752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antarcticness: inspirations and imaginaries","authors":"Rebecca Priestley","doi":"10.1080/2154896X.2022.2073643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2022.2073643","url":null,"abstract":"Arctic approaches. It is understandable, however, that the short length requires some compromises in content, and the book still fulfils its role, often signposting to topics dealt with only briefly so that engaged readers can delve further. The authors begin their concluding paragraph by saying ‘distinguishing between global geopolitical dynamics and local regional realities in the Arctic is crucial. We need to be wary of assuming that the Arctic is a singular region’ (142), and in this they have fulfilled what they set out to do. No reader could finish this book and remain unaware of the plurality and complexity of the Arctic. This book will be of significant use to students and publics new to the Arctic. The authors have achieved exactly what is suggested by the title: a short but detailed introduction to the Arctic. Accessible and concise but comprehensive, tackling both physical and human Arctic worlds, The Arctic is a strong and necessary addition to the Very Short Introduction series.","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"190 - 192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45372430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who saved Antarctica: the heroic era of Antarctic diplomacy","authors":"A. Press","doi":"10.1080/2154896x.2022.2040106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2022.2040106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52117,"journal":{"name":"Polar Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"183 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41494091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}