Baltic Journal of Art History最新文献

{"title":"The Triple Pompejanum Possessed by the von Stryk Family: The Manor Houses of Vana-Võidu, Suure-Kõpu and Voltveti","authors":"Jaanika Anderson, Hilkka Hiiop","doi":"10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.08","url":null,"abstract":"The article is inspired by the fascinating findings and conservation work done on the Pompeian style murals in Estonian manor houses during the last few decades. The focus is on the murals in the manor houses of Voltveti, Suure-Kopu and Vana-Voidu – all of which belonged to different members of the von Stryk family of Baltic Germans. The article focuses on the figurative paintings and the style of the murals, as well as on an art-history-related interpretation and a wider contextual analysis of the Vana-Voidu wall paintings. These finds are the most recent, and this article will study the possible models and ideas for them, search for their art history context and importance among the triple Pompejanum of the von Strycks. The wall paintings in the Suure-Kopu and Voltveti manor houses are used as reference material. The Vana-Voidu, Suure-Kopu and Voltveti manor houses were rebuilt in the late neoclassical style between 1830s and 1840s. The wall paintings in these late neoclassical manor houses were made during the second half of the 19th century and were inspired, in all cases, by a desire to achieve the look of an ancient interior. There are Pompeian-style murals in all three manors. In Suure-Kopu and Vana- Voidu, can see figurative paintings as well as the division of the walls into panels, which is characteristic of the Pompeian style. In Voltveti, there are no figurative paintings and the colour palette – alternating warm and cool pastel shades – is not characteristic of the Pompeian style, but the ornamental motives are derived from antiquity. It is known that different publications about the excavated Campanian cities, were available in Estonia in the 19th century. Apparently, the von Stryk brothers and the painter(s) were able to use the published motifs, because the figurative paintings at Vana-Voidu and Suure- Kopu are very accurately detailed.","PeriodicalId":52089,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Art History","volume":"13 1","pages":"165-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47486556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time and Space of Heritage Preservation: Conservation Theoretical Perspective","authors":"Kurmo Konsa","doi":"10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.09","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I discuss the categories of time and space in light of heritage conservation. I demonstrate that heritage creation is the simultaneous creation of human time and space and that the critical treatment of heritage requires a more specific analysis of these terms. First, I look at how the creation of human space occurs through objects, and how the objects of the physical environment become things, i.e. parts of our living world. The world can only be understood through change. This is a fundamental finding that forms the basis for both elementary senses and complicated philosophies. In order to explain the change in heritage-related space, I am using the terms artificialisation and heritage technology. Artificialisation means the anthropogenic transformation of the environment, which takes place mainly with the help of technological systems. Therefore, the environment encompasses physical, biological and genetic environments, as well as the human culture with its past. In this environment, it is impossible to distinguish between the human and non-human, since they make up a single hybrid whole. Artificialisation is by no means a determined course in history; it is a human means of description, a metaphor that helps to explain the processes ongoing in nature and human society. According to this approach, the heritage process is one technique in the artificialisation of the environment. Although change is central to conservation theory, it is also a concept that causes the greatest doubts and ambiguous interpretations. The reason for this is very simple: change is related to time, which is a foundational concept. In this article, I use metaphysical time models to analyse the life course of things and their damage. Finally, I also refer to the conservation theories of Eugene Viollet-le-Duc and John Ruskin. The essential difference between the conservation theories that are discussed here lies in their attitudes toward time, and the related problems of object authenticity and identity. In the framework of the presentist model, it is not possible to solve the main contradiction connected to restoration. Stylistic restoration ruins the authenticity of buildings as historical documents; however without restoration, the objects would be destroyed and thereby lose their historical value. However, a solution to this dilemma can be found based on the eternalist time model, which helps connect heritage to contemporary time, and avoid its physical, legal, and mental separation from the everyday life of society. The fact that including objects as a part of heritage may damage them instead of preserving them should not be overlooked. The authenticity of an object is not related to any ideal state in its history but to a conceptual, factual and actual state in its wholeness.","PeriodicalId":52089,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Art History","volume":"13 1","pages":"193-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.09","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47513149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambiguity and the Representation of an Authority. A Heraldic Image of Laurentius Michaelis Suurpää, the Bishop of Turku?","authors":"M. Hiekkanen","doi":"10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.11","url":null,"abstract":"The starting point for this article, which is dedicated to Kaur Alttoa, my friend since the late 1980s, is a photo of the choir window of the Tyrvää Church (Fig. 3). On the window arch besides a modified chevron ornament, we can see two images in red ochre. On the left, there is a cross with a six-pointed star beneath it. On the right, we can see a head of a human being, probably – at least in my opinion – a man, with long, curly hair pushing out from under the rim of a headdress or something that resembles one. The imagery is about as simple as it can get. Tyrvää is one of the parishes of Satakunta in the medieval Diocese of Turku or present-day Finland (Fig. 2). It had been part of the parish of Sastamala since the first half of the 13th century, but was established as a partially independent chapelric or chapel congregation, around 1400. A wooden church was built on a small island on the same spot where the stone church that still exists was later built during the summers between 1506 and 1516.","PeriodicalId":52089,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Art History","volume":"13 1","pages":"247-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44009844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Artistic Papsaare Macehead – Weapon or Symbol of Power?","authors":"A. Mäesalu","doi":"10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.05","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides a survey of an archaeological find from 2016 – a macehead of moulded bronze found in the village of Papsaare in Parnu County. Human faces are depicted on two opposite side of the middle section with hemispheres between them that are separated by grooves into six “leaves”. Maceheads with images of humans are extremely rare in Europe. Until now, only one macehead with a man’s face was known to exist from Sweden, and another from Norway. A macehead with the full figures of two clerics was found in Finby, on the Aland Islands. The Papsaare macehead was apparently produced in the second half of the 12th century or the 13th century somewhere in northern Europe. It was probably the power symbol of a noble or military leader, which could also be used as a weapon if necessary.","PeriodicalId":52089,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Art History","volume":"13 1","pages":"87-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49133151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Die Burg Warbeck (Kastre)","authors":"A. Selart, Andres Tvauri, Alar Läänelaid","doi":"10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.03","url":null,"abstract":"Kastre (sometimes called Uue-Kastre) Castle on the north shore of the Emajogi River has been almost totally destroyed. At one time it belonged to the Tartu bishops, and a trade route connecting the Baltic Sea countries and Russia through Tartu and Pskov ran past the castle. In the Middle Ages, this also marked the actual boundary of the Tartu bishopric, since only unsettled wetlands covered the area between the castle and the lake. The Kastre Castle is mentioned in the written records for the first time in 1392 as a customs checkpoint, in connection with a treaty between the Hanseatic towns and Novgorod. There was a barrier near the castle that was stretched over the river with a rope or chain, which stopped the boats and ships from sailing through without stopping. When the Pskovians launched a military expedition on their lodʼya boats against the Tartu bishopric in 1342, there is no mention of the Kastre Castle. The place name is probably based on the Old Russian word kosterʼ ( костеръ ), which meant stronghold and has been used as a loan word in the eastern Finnic languages. The German name of Kastre is Warbek, and the current explanation is that this meant “river defence” (Middle German were des bekes). However, were has also meant fish barrier, i.e. a fishing structure built across the flow of the river. In 1993, the owner of the castle property had the moats around surrounding the castle and outer bailey dredged and widened, which changed their location and appearance notably. The first archaeological studies at the castle were conducted to verify the damage caused by this unauthorised excavation work. In 1994, the profile of the ground exposed by excavator rooting around in the moats was documented. In 2001, the first archaeological excavations took place at the site of the Kastre Castle. There were plans to build a new structure between the walls of the tavern that had been built on the site of the castle in the late 18th and 19th century, and the necessary trenches were dug in the course of the archaeological rescue excavations. Supervision of the construction work, as well as excavation work related the cleanup of the moats and surrounding property, continued for the next few years. Depending on the location, the excavations reached the cobblestone paving that was located 40–120 cm below the prior ground level in the courtyard and interiors of the castle. In 2001, wood samples were taken from the logs that were revealed on the western slope of the western moat of the Kastre outer bailey, and had been used to fortify the incline. The dendrochronological study shows that the logs were fell after the 1376 growth period (summer). Therefore, the moat of the Kastre outer bailey was probably fortified in 1377. The direct motivation for building the castle may have been the border war between Pskov and the Tartu bishopric that lasted from 1367 to 1371. The main battlefield of the war was Lake Peipsi, and a dispute about the fishing rights in La","PeriodicalId":52089,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Art History","volume":"13 1","pages":"39-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47677177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kaur Alttoa 70","authors":"Anti Selart, Juhan Maiste","doi":"10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52089,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Art History","volume":"13 1","pages":"5-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44827128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Origins of Churches and Churchyards of Southern Estonia: The Evidence of Early Grave Finds","authors":"H. Valk","doi":"10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.06","url":null,"abstract":"Data about the earliest history of medieval churches of southern Estonia are fragmentary, being limited to the first mentions of the parish, priest or congregation, or to mostly scanty historical information about the architecture. Some information can also be provided by archaeological grave finds, which often date back further than the first data about the churches. The article presents a brief survey of the finds from the churchyards of southern Estonia, the area of medieval diocese of Tartu, from before ca. 1450 AD. The finds, mostly jewellery and fragments of cremated bones, show that churches were often built on top of old cemeteries from the Final Iron Age, whereby the pre-Christian jewellery items, mostly brooches, rings and bracelets, date mainly from the 11th to the early 13th centuries. If the cases in which the archaeological information is limited or non-existent are excluded, 60% of the rural churches of southern Estonia (9 out of 15) were built on pre-Christian cemeteries. The percentage may even be higher, since archaeological data for more than half of the churchyards is either missing or insufficient for drawing any conclusions. In the cases where major temporal gaps exist between the Final Iron Age finds and the first written or architectural data about the church, the cemetery probably functioned continuously as a village cemetery in the Christian period. The pre-Christian origins of the cemeteries in the churchyards indicate that the local communities were actively involved in choosing the locations for the churches at the time of Christianization. Place continuity also shows that, despite the violent nature of Christianization, the natives of southern Estonia did not oppose having Christian sanctuaries built on pre-Christian cemeteries, and evidently, the continuous use of the former burial site was considered important.","PeriodicalId":52089,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Art History","volume":"13 1","pages":"99-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.06","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45128358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carved Stone Fragment of Sanidine Trachyte from the Viljandi Castle","authors":"A. Kriiska, J. Kirs, Kaur Alttoa, Lennart Maala","doi":"10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.04","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the medieval carved stone fragment found in the course of archaeological excavations from a stable boys’ house in the third bailey of the Castle of the Teutonic Order in Viljandi (Estonia), which was built during the Middle Ages. It is likely that the piece of carved stone ended up in the layer of ruins when the buildings in the third bailey were demolished. Based thereon, no conclusions can be drawn about the original location of the carved stone – it may have been brought from somewhere in the vicinity. However, based on the place it was buried it is clear that the stone was carved before the second half of the 16th century. The carved stone fragment is a wedge-shaped piece of light grey limestone-like stone, which is few centimetres thick, 6–9 cm long and 5–8 cm wide, with carved profiling still visible on its sides. This mineralogicalpetrographical picture of carved stone fragment is characteristic of alkali volcanic rock trachyte, and considering the relationships of main minerals, it is more precisely characteristic of porphyritic sanidine trachyte from the Drachenfels Hill in Germany. Carved stone fragment is extremely small and seriously damaged, but the fine profiling is clearly visible. It is more likely that it comes from a small form. Since, in the Estonian context, this is a rare material, it is more believable that was a precious, rather than a mundane, object. First off, one would assume that it was a sacrament niche, but naturally there are other possibilities.","PeriodicalId":52089,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Art History","volume":"13 1","pages":"75-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46099563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eduard Wiiralt’s Unknown Matchbox Picture from Vienna, 24 December 1944","authors":"A. Raudsepp","doi":"10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.12","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of the article is to introduce the matchbox picture called Girl Looking Up in Prayer created in Vienna on 24 December 1944 and the bookplate based thereon that was produced in Estonia in 1960. In addition, based on archival sources, an explanation is provided of the reception of Eduard Wiiralt’s work in occupied Estonia until the end of the 1950s. Despite the common belief that Wiiralt was totally ignored during the Stalinist period in Estonia, he was still included in the art history curricula of the official schools of higher education. Many of the students at that time were soon actively helping to restore public recognition to Wiiralt, which occurred after the artist’s death in 1954. The introduction of Wiiralt’s oeuvre in Estonia was preceded by an exhibition in Moscow in 1956. It is possible that the matchbox picture that was sent to Estonia in a letter on 15 February 1959 was not the first original post-war work by Wiiralt to arrive here. The owner had the picture made into a bookplate that was produced in a large run. Eduard Wiiralt himself is known to have made seven bookplates between 1918 and 1936. It is also possible to document the changes that have occurred in society and the moods of the times through art. From the matchbox picture that Wiiralt drew on Vienna on Christmas Eve in 1944, the year that Estonia lost its independence, one can surmise the artist’s belief and hope that his beloved Estonia would someday become free again.","PeriodicalId":52089,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Art History","volume":"13 1","pages":"259-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12697/BJAH.2017.13.12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42810078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Die Arbeiten des Stuckateurs Johann Michael Graff in Põltsamaa – ein Rokoko-Kunstwerk zwischen Berlin und Kurland","authors":"Imants Lancmanis","doi":"10.12697/292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/292","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52089,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Art History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48009364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}