Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the Community Urgent Eyecare Service in Greater Manchester, Including the Impact of Independent Prescribing.","authors":"Aoife L Y Quah, Amy Hughes, Wendy Craven, Helen Wilson, Emma Williams, Felipe Dhawahir-Scala, Patrick J G Gunn, Robert A Harper","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00137-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44402-026-00137-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Community Urgent Eyecare Services (CUES) utilises primary care optometrists to reduce urgent eyecare demand within ophthalmology and general practice (GP). This large-scale study evaluated CUES in Greater Manchester (GM), including assessing the embedded Independent Prescribing (IP) pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective, GM-wide analysis evaluated CUES data from 1st January to 31st December 2024. Primary care data included patient pathways, case mix and IP outcomes. Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) deciles were assigned to explore socioeconomic associations with CUES access. Secondary care data included sampling CUES referrals to Manchester Royal Eye Hospital (MREH), assessing diagnostic agreement with Eye Emergency Department (EED) clinicians and determining the proportion of cases potentially manageable by IP optometrists in primary care.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 2024, GM CUES managed 54,994 patients; 69.9% were self-presenting, and 78.2% were assessed, managed and discharged without referral. Furthermore, 5.2% of cases were referred to General Medical Practitioners (GPs), resulting in 83.4% overall being retained in primary care. Patients in the most deprived IMD decile attended more frequently. IP-episode discharge rate was significantly higher (87.5%, p = 0.000001) than non-IP episodes (78.1%). In the referred sub-sample, diagnostic agreement with EED clinicians was 75.0%, with 40.0% of these cases being potentially manageable within primary care had IP capacity been available. Primary care National Health Service prescriptions (FP10 prescriptions) were issued for 73.0% (N = 362) of IP cases with corticosteroids (43.7%, N = 190), antibiotics (14.3%, N = 62) and antimuscarinics (12.4%, N = 54) being the most common.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GM CUES managed and discharged most cases in primary care, reducing GP and EED demands. Greater IP optometrist availability could broaden CUES' scope and increase effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1133-1141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13545149/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148537744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myopia Awareness in Australia: Insights from a Nationwide Survey.","authors":"Mimi Vi, Isabelle Jalbert, Luke Arundel, Alex Huynh, Timothy Li, Pauline Kang","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00151-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44402-026-00151-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Myopia is an ocular condition that commonly develops in childhood and causes blurred distance vision. It poses a lifetime risk of serious ocular complications that can result in irreversible visual impairment. Early detection and implementation of treatment to slow myopia progression are key to managing the increase in prevalence. This study aims to assess the awareness and understanding related to myopia within the Australian community.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional nationwide survey was conducted between September and October 2024. The survey was designed using questions drawn from previous myopia awareness studies and tailored for the Australian context. It was administered online and participants were Australian residents, ≥18 years of age. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test of independence were used to evaluate associations between variables of interest.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1565 responses were analysed, with responses from 68 participants excluded due to their involvement in the eyecare industry. Seventy-nine percent of participants had heard of the term myopia; however, there were aspects relating to risk factors, complications and treatment options that were poorly understood. Only 15% of participants were aware of the existence of treatments to slow myopia progression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While many participants were aware of myopia, significant gaps existed in understanding its symptoms, risk factors and management. Public health initiatives are needed to improve community knowledge and promote early detection, prevention and treatment to reduce the long-term risk of visual impairment for myopic children.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1088-1094"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13545111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148623879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Changes in Relative Peripheral Refraction During Childhood Myopia Onset: A 3-year Prospective Observation.","authors":"Runting Ma, Xiao Wang, Yin Hu, Mengyi Wang, Feng Zhao, Mengya Han, Qihao Sun, Kaiyan Huang, Lan Guo, Weiyin Chen, Ciyong Lu, Zhouyue Li, Xiao Yang","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00158-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44402-026-00158-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate 3-year dynamic changes in relative peripheral refraction (RPR) and their association with axial elongation and myopia progression stages in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 564 children (mean age 9.22 ± 0.59 years; 51.1% female) completed three annual visits in a longitudinal observational cohort study (2020-2023) in Guangzhou, China. Annual assessments included cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL) and multispectral refractive topography. RPR was calculated across annular diameters up to 53° and quadrants; the total RPR (TRPR) was the mean across all regions. Analysis was stratified by baseline refractive status (myopia: SER ≤ -0.50 D, non-myopic: SER > -0.50 D) and 3-year outcomes (remained non-myopic, myopia onset or established myopia). Right eye data were included in the analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In non-myopic children, differences in baseline RPR were observed 1 year before myopia onset. Baseline temporal RPR showed a modest association with myopia onset (odds ratio = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.08-4.66, p = 0.03). Longitudinal hyperopic RPR shifts were more pronounced in the peripheral retina >30°. The 3-year ΔTRPR was higher in the myopia-onset group (0.21 D) and the remaining non-myopic group (0.16 D) than in established myopia (0.06 D). Additionally, significant differences in ΔAL were observed: myopia-onset (+0.91 mm), established myopia (+0.81 mm) and remained non-myopic (+0.45 mm) (p < 0.001). ΔTRPR was correlated with ΔAL in the myopia-onset group (r = 0.32, p < 0.001), but not in established myopia. Baseline SER alone showed strong predictive accuracy for 1-year onset with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.87, while RPR alone yielded moderate accuracy (AUC = 0.71), outperforming AL alone (AUC = 0.64). Adding RPR to SER did not improve discrimination (AUC = 0.88).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Baseline central refractive error remains the dominant predictor of myopia onset. Changes in RPR may be associated with myopia development. Dynamic RPR changes may provide complementary information regarding ocular shape remodelling, with limited added predictive value beyond baseline SER.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1107-1117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148633524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended Depth-of-Focus Intraocular Lens Based on Aberration-Neutral Technique.","authors":"Qing Liang, Fengzhou Fang","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00167-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44402-026-00167-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To design an extended depth-of-focus (EDoF) intraocular lens (IOL) with a full-aperture aberration-neutral profile and to evaluate its optical stability under decentration and tilt using an anatomically accurate schematic eye model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 'additional vision' refers to the functional intermediate/near vision range provided by the EDoF IOL beyond the distance focus. A new EDoF IOL based on the aberration-neutral technique was designed and optimised within the Navarro-Escudero model eye. Optical performance, including modulation transfer function through-object (MTF-TO), spot diagrams and ray tracing, was simulated under alignment, 0.5 mm decentration and 5° tilt using a numerical simulation method. Results were compared with a commercial monofocal IOL (IOL A) and two commercial EDoF IOLs (IOL B and IOL C) using the Liou-Brennan model eye.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Under perfect alignment, the new IOL achieved an MTF of 0.36 at 50 cycles/mm for distance and a continuous MTF-TO response from distance to near, confirming its EDoF functionality. Compared with IOL B and IOL C, the new design provided a wider depth of focus (1.2 D versus 1.1 D and 0.5 D) and a higher additional vision MTF (0.30 versus 0.19 and 0.27) under aligned conditions. Under 0.5 mm decentration, the distance MTF of the new IOL decreased by less than 3% (from 0.36 to 0.35), whereas IOL B and IOL C dropped to 0.09 and 0.23, respectively. Under 5° tilt, the additional vision MTF of the new IOL was 0.29, exceeding those of IOL B (0.20) and IOL C (0.19) by 45 and 53%, respectively. The MTF-TO curve showed no appreciable shift under tilt.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proposed full-aperture, system-level aberration-neutral EDoF IOL maintains stable optical quality and preserves both distance and additional vision under decentration and tilt. Its systematic evaluation using an anatomically accurate schematic eye model provides a robust theoretical basis for clinical application in eyes at risk of postoperative IOL misalignments.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1147-1155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148761964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustained Plus Lens Defocus Alters Retinal Responses and Ciliary Muscle Morphology In Myopes and Near-emmetropes.","authors":"Sandra Wagner, Carina Sommer, Sophia Häupler, Kerstin Woll, Torsten Strasser","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00169-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44402-026-00169-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The origin of myopia is multifactorial, with nearwork as one possible risk factor. Spectacles with peripheral positive defocus aim to inhibit further ocular elongation. However, myopic eyes of young adults were found to become longer with positive defocus. Additionally, they showed reduced ability to use chromatic cues for detecting the retinal defocus sign. Possible underlying retinal differences to non-myopes are yet to be determined.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The ciliary muscle (CM) was imaged in near-emmetropes and myopes (18-30 years of age) using optical coherence tomography after consecutively watching a movie for 30 min (i) in focus and (ii) with +3.00 D lenses, to assess possible interactions of defocus with accommodation. After a 2-h break, long flash electroretinograms (ERG) were measured after clear and defocused viewing. ERG b- and d-waves served as proxies to evaluate retinal ON- and OFF-responses. At a separate visit for a subgroup, the ERG experiment was exploratively repeated under red-light restriction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>B-wave amplitudes were reduced (-4.74 µV) and delayed (+0.30 ms, both p < 0.001) in both groups after experiencing defocus. The CM became significantly thinner in myopes only (-19.43 µm, p = 0.007). Exploratory outcomes with red filters revealed smaller b-wave amplitudes with defocus (Δ = -6.44 µV, p = 0.003), as well as delayed b-waves without (Δ = 1.03 ms) and with defocus (Δ = 0.67 ms, both p < 0.001) in both groups. OFF-response proxies of the myopic sub-group showed reduced i-waves after defocus, independent of light conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sustained positive defocus reduced physiological proxies for retinal ON activity irrespective of the refractive error. After defocus exposure, the CM of myopes reacted similarly to after sustained nearwork, as found previously. Altered OFF-response proxies in myopes after blur could point to modified retinal processing. Paediatric trials are required to assess whether these acute physiological responses following fixed-sequence defocus exposure relate to ocular growth signals, myopia progression or optical treatment response.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1235-1245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13545038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148763110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authors' Reply: Beyond Dose: Residual Functional Reserve Should Guide Atropine Safety Assessment in Children.","authors":"Clara Martínez-Pérez, Jacinto Santodomingo-Rubido, César Villa-Collar","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00154-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44402-026-00154-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1256-1257"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13545061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148765829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular Dominance is Associated With Interocular Asymmetry in Refractive Error and Axial Length Across Childhood and Early Adulthood.","authors":"Síofra C Harrington, Gareth Lingham, James Loughman, Ian Flitcroft, David A Mackey, Michael Moore","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00155-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44402-026-00155-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine whether ocular dominance is associated with systematic interocular asymmetry in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) across childhood and early adulthood, and assess whether such asymmetry exceeds laterality effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were analysed from three population-based cohorts: 728 children (6-7-year-olds) and 898 adolescents (12-13-year-olds) from Ireland and 303 young adults (25-30-year-olds) from Western Australia. Ocular dominance was assessed using sighting tests. SER was measured by cycloplegic autorefraction and AL by optical biometry. Interocular differences were evaluated using paired comparisons, concordance correlation coefficients (CCC), Deming regression, Bland-Altman analyses and mediation modelling. Analyses were stratified by refractive status and anisometropia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across all age groups, right-left differences in SER and AL were minimal (mean differences <0.05 D and <0.05 mm in children and adolescents), with small, significant laterality effects observed only in young adults (-0.13 D in SER; 0.06 mm in AL). In contrast, dominant-non-dominant comparisons demonstrated consistent directional asymmetry: the dominant eye was less hyperopic/more myopic (-0.09 D at 6-7 years; -0.10 D at 12-13 years; -0.08 D at 25-30 years) and longer (0.03-0.06 mm; all p < 0.05). Deming regression and Bland-Altman analyses confirmed systematic deviation from interocular symmetry, most pronounced in childhood. Mediation analyses indicated that ocular dominance statistically explained over 85% of the observed interocular asymmetry, independent of laterality. Dominance-related asymmetry was most evident in non-myopes (SER -0.09 to -0.36 D; AL 0.03-0.06 mm), attenuated in myopia and amplified in anisometropia (SER up to -1.09 D; AL up to 0.42 mm), particularly in younger cohorts.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this cross-sectional analysis, ocular dominance was associated with small but systematic interocular asymmetry in SER and AL across childhood and early adulthood, which exceeds laterality effects. Dominance-related asymmetry was attenuated in myopia and amplified in anisometropia. Ocular dominance should be considered when analysing interocular refractive and biometric data in research and clinical contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1095-1106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13545045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148623318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a Multimodal Wearable Device for Assessing Environmental and Behavioral Risk Factors of Myopia in Children and Adolescents.","authors":"Wenjun Xu, Junliang Chen, Zihang Zhang, Jiaqi Wang, Shiming Li, Ningli Wang, Shuo Gao, Mengtian Kang","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00148-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44402-026-00148-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To validate a wrist-worn multimodal wearable system for synchronised monitoring of multispectral light exposure, activity phenotypes and five-stage sleep architecture in children and adolescents in a structured 24-h pilot validation protocol.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A wrist-mounted multimodal wearable system was developed, integrating a 9-channel multispectral light sensor (350-1000 nm), a 9-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for synchronised acquisition of environmental light, body movement and cardiovascular signals. Twelve healthy children and adolescents (mean age: 10.04 ± 3.26 years; range: 6-15 years) underwent a 24-h pilot validation protocol. Long short-term memory (LSTM) networks were developed for activity recognition and a Stacking ensemble framework combined with cost-sensitive learning was implemented for five-stage sleep classification, i.e., wake (W), non-rapid eye movement stage 1 (N1), non-rapid eye movement stage 2 (N2), non-rapid eye movement stage 3 (N3) and rapid eye movement (REM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Under the three lighting conditions tested, the device captured distinct spectral irradiance profiles: outdoor natural light (1.8 W m^-2 nm^-1; broad-spectrum 350-1000 nm), indoor natural light (0.30 W m^-2 nm^-1) and artificial illumination (0.07 W m^-2 nm^-1; peak at 545-600 nm). The LSTM-based model achieved 86.33% overall accuracy for five-activity classification, with 92.4% for writing and 91.5% for walking. The Stacking ensemble sleep classifier attained 83.41% overall accuracy; cost-sensitive learning improved N3 and REM detection by 15.8% and 8.9%, respectively. Incorporation of PPG signals enhanced activity recognition accuracy by 3.62%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This multimodal platform enabled objective, high-resolution quantification of paediatric light exposure, behaviour and sleep architecture in a structured pilot validation setting, supporting individualised assessment of modifiable myopia-related factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1066-1078"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148703406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress of Diabetes-related Glaucoma: Mechanisms, Impacts and Management Strategies.","authors":"Liping He, Jinshen Liu, Yujia Yu, Chen Hu, Chunhan Feng, Feng Cheng, Xiangqu Yu, Xiang Li, Chengxian Liang, Hongji Liu","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00164-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44402-026-00164-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus (DM), a highly prevalent metabolic disorder, is increasingly recognised for its significant association with glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible vision loss. This review systematically synthesises recent advances in understanding DM-related glaucoma, focusing on its epidemiological links, core pathophysiological mechanisms and contemporary management strategies. The review elaborates on the dual-pathway model of glaucoma pathogenesis in diabetics, encompassing the aqueous humour dynamics pathway leading to neovascular glaucoma and the intraocular pressure -independent neurodegenerative pathway causing direct retinal ganglion cell injury. These pathways are driven by chronic hyperglycaemia, microvascular dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy, particularly proliferative diabetic retinopathy, markedly heighten the risk. The potential neuroprotective roles of anti-diabetic agents like metformin and GLP-1 receptor agonists beyond glycemic control are discussed. The review underscores the imperative of early detection through regular screening, the challenges of patient adherence and the application of modern technologies like optical coherence tomography angiography and artificial intelligence for monitoring. Finally, the need for individualised, multidisciplinary management to preserve vision is emphasised, and future research directions, including mechanistic studies and precision medicine approaches are outlined.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1156-1169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Dose: Residual Functional Reserve Should Guide Atropine Safety Assessment in Children.","authors":"Fengshuang Li, Chen Chen","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00153-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44402-026-00153-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148763164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}