Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)最新文献

{"title":"The associations of accommodation and aberrations in myopia control with orthokeratology.","authors":"Chenglu Ding,&nbsp;Yunyun Chen,&nbsp;Xue Li,&nbsp;Yingying Huang,&nbsp;Hao Chen,&nbsp;Jinhua Bao","doi":"10.1111/opo.12930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effect of orthokeratology (OK) on accommodative function and aberrations, to explore the correlations between them and determine what role they play in myopia control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective case-controlled study, 61 children were divided into an OK (n = 30) and a single-vision spectacles (SVS) (n = 31) group. Accommodation and ocular wavefront aberrations in the OK group were measured at baseline and after 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of OK wear, and again at 1 month after stopping OK (13^th month). The same procedure was performed in the SVS group at baseline and at 3, 6 and 12 months. Axial length (AL), accommodative lag area and aberrations including spherical aberration (SA), coma and total higher-order aberrations (HOAs) were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During OK wear, the accommodative lag area at each visit was lower than the baseline level (all p < 0.01); all aberrations at each visit were higher than pre-treatment (all p < 0.001). After 1 month of OK treatment, changes in accommodative lag area and SA did not show significant correlation (p = 0.16), but after OK cessation these changes were correlated (p = 0.01). In the OK group, multivariate regression analysis showed changes in accommodative lag area were associated with AL progression in the first 6 months but not in the 1-year analysis. For the SVS group, there were no significant changes in the accommodative lag area or any aberrations during the study period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Increased HOAs and improved accommodative accuracy were observed during OK treatment, but began to regress after the cessation of OK. A significant positive correlation between improved accommodative accuracy and slowed axial elongation was only observed during the first 6 months of treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"327-334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/73/86/OPO-42-327.PMC9300108.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39945964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defocused contrast sensitivity function in peripheral vision.","authors":"Durgasri Jaisankar,&nbsp;Marwan Suheimat,&nbsp;Robert Rosén,&nbsp;David A Atchison","doi":"10.1111/opo.12932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Human peripheral detection performance is affected by optical factors such as defocus and higher order aberrations. From optical theory, we would expect defocus to produce local depressions (notches) in the contrast sensitivity function (CSF). However, such notches have not been observed in peripheral vision, and it is unknown whether human peripheral vision can detect local depressions (notches) in the CSF, such as those produced by monochromatic defocus when all monochromatic ocular aberrations are corrected. The purpose of the study was to identify such notches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were three adult emmetropes. Following full adaptive optics correction, on-axis and 20° nasal visual field detection CSFs in monochromatic light were measured for the right eye with a 7 mm diameter pupil, both without and with ±2 D defocus, and with separate determinations for horizontal and vertical gratings. Defocused CSFs were compared with predictions based on theoretical modulation transfer functions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Notches in the monochromatic defocused CSFs were identified for peripheral vision at optically predicted spatial frequencies with other monochromatic ocular aberrations corrected, provided that there was adequate spatial frequency sampling. The spatial frequencies of notches were similar to those predicted from optical theory, but their depths (0.3 to 0.9 log unit) were smaller than predicted.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>With fine spatial frequency sampling, notches were identified in defocused monochromatic CSFs when all other monochromatic ocular aberrations were corrected, both on-axis and at 20° eccentricity. Unless recognised as such, notches may contribute to noise in through-focus detection measurements of peripheral visual performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"384-392"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39718694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choroidal vascularity index changes during the Valsalva manoeuvre in healthy volunteers.","authors":"Mehmet Orkun Sevik,&nbsp;Furkan Çam,&nbsp;Aslan Aykut,&nbsp;Volkan Dericioğlu,&nbsp;Özlem Şahin","doi":"10.1111/opo.12935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the effects of the Valsalva manoeuvre (VM) on the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in healthy volunteers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective, cross-sectional study included 60 eyes of 30 healthy volunteers. Enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography scans of both eyes involving the fovea were taken, and a 1500 μm subfoveal choroidal area was selected for image binarization with open-access Fiji software. The binarized image was segmented into the stromal area (SA) and luminal area (LA), and CVI was calculated as the ratio (%) of LA to the total choroidal area (TCA). CVI, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), IOP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were evaluated at rest and during the VM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the VM, a mean ± standard deviation increase in LA (0.02 ± 0.05 mm² , p < 0.001) and CVI (1.72 ± 2.83%, p < 0.001) was observed, whereas SA (-0.02 ± 0.05 mm² , p < 0.001) decreased. There was no significant change in TCA (0.00 ± 0.03 mm² , p = 0.55) or SFCT (1.05 ± 10.92 μm, p = 0.46). There was a moderate positive correlation between the spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) and SFCT both at rest and during VM (r₅₈  = 0.49, p < 0.0005 and r₅₈  = 0.49, p < 0.0005, respectively). However, there was no significant correlation between SE and CVI either at rest or during VM (p = 0.11 and 0.06, respectively). In a multiple linear regression analysis, CVI was only associated with SFCT; however, SFCT was also associated with SE, both at rest and during VM (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Valsalva manoeuvre increases CVI by choroidal vascular dilation as demonstrated by an increase in LA and a decrease in SA. Researchers should be careful about unintentional VM during examinations.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"367-375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39606986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author's Reply.","authors":"Yajing Yang,&nbsp;Sin Wan Cheung,&nbsp;Pauline Cho,&nbsp;Stephen J Vincent","doi":"10.1111/opo.12941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12941","url":null,"abstract":"We thank Drs. Naduvilath and Sankaridurg for their interest in our article “Comparison between estimated and measured myopia progression in Hong Kong children without myopia control intervention”. They emphasise the utility of the BHVI myopia calculator as a tool to illustrate the progressive nature of myopia and the benefits of myopia control treatments to patients and parents. We agree with them, as stated in our original paper; “The graphical representation of myopia progression with and without an intervention can be a useful educational tool for eye care practitioners when discussing myopia management with patients and adult caregivers.” We also agree with Naduvilath and Sankaridurg that to estimate future myopia progression in diverse populations (i.e., not Asian or Caucasian children), different longitudinal childhood refractive error datasets would be required, including myopic children wearing single vision corrections. However, as noted in our original paper, future prospective data collection of myopic children wearing single vision corrections may not be considered ethical; “...given the mounting evidence supporting early intervention for progressive myopia in children to prevent ocular complications later in life it may not be ethically justifiable to conduct longterm prospective studies of myopic children wearing singlevision distance spectacles, particularly in Asian countries.” The authors present an analysis of one year follow up data of 526 children corrected with single vision lenses (BHVI data on file) to validate the “without management” option for Asian children in the BHVI calculator. It is not stated whether these 526 children are also included in the sample of 4504 myopic eyes included in the calculator's “without management” estimates for Asian children. Nonetheless, this analysis confirms the results from our study that; “... on average, the estimated SER data obtained from the BHVI Myopia Calculator using the baseline refraction, sex and ethnicity of Hong Kong children wearing singlevision distance spectacles was in close agreement with the measured cycloplegic subjective and objective refraction data over 1 and 2 years of followup (mean differences &lt;0.25 D).” The authors advocate for the use of the 95% prediction interval to study and monitor the refractive progression of individual eyes. While the 95% confidence interval is provided graphically in the BHVI calculator, the 95% prediction interval is not, and it cannot be calculated without knowledge of the sample characteristics used within the calculator (e.g., baseline ages and refractive errors, and myopia progression) for each age group and baseline refractive error combination. Despite the much wider 95% prediction intervals provided by the authors compared to 95% confidence intervals we extracted from the BHVI calculator (~3x wider for both the 1and 2year followup data), the authors analysis highlights that individual refractive progression data for children (~1","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"420"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39654091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between retinal structure and visual function in non-immuno-compromised people living with HIV without retinitis on antiretroviral therapy.","authors":"Alvin J Munsamy,&nbsp;Rune L Brautaset,&nbsp;Anandan A Moodley","doi":"10.1111/opo.12938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study sought to establish the association between retinal morphology, visual function and linear parameters of cerebral atrophy in non-immunocompromised people living with HIV (NIPLHIV).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty participants (30 NIPLHIV, 30 controls), aged 18-45 years, were sourced from an outpatient clinic in South Africa. NIPLHIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) had elevated CD4 counts and low viral loads. Macula thickness and volume measurements were obtained using the Spectralis optical coherence tomographer. Contrast sensitivity (CS), colour vision and visual-evoked potentials (VEP) were also obtained. Linear parameters of cerebral atrophy (Sylvian fissure ratio, SFR) and bicaudate nucleus ratio (BCR) were all acquired from computed tomography (CT) scans. Associations between retinal thickness and volume and visual function were established by principal component factor analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CS scores were indirectly associated with the Inner Nuclear Layer (INL)-ETDRS thickness and volume subfields (co-efficient = -0.07; p = 0.02 and -0.11; p = 0.001), respectively. F100 total error scores (TES) were directly associated with the thicknesses of Ganglion Cell Layer-ETDRS subfields (co-efficient = 6.06; p = 0.04) but indirectly associated with INL-ETDRS subfields (co-efficient = -5.49; p = 0.04). F100-TES were indirectly associated with volumes of RNFL (Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer)-ETDRS subfields (co-efficient = -5.54; p = 0.02) and inner retina -ETDRS subfields (co-efficient = -6.70; p = 0.02). P100 latency was directly associated with RNFL-ETDRS subfield thickness (co-efficient = 2.90; p = 0.02) and volumes of outer retina subfields (co-efficient = 2.72; p = 0.04). CS scores were directly associated with SFR (co-efficient = -0.04; p = 0.01). F100-TES were directly associated with BCR (co-efficient = 0.003; p = 0.004) and SFR (co-efficient = 0.002; p = 0.02). P100 latency was indirectly associated with BCR (co-efficient = -0.001; p = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The recognition of associations may be the first step in the proposal to develop a framework for the surveillance of vision in patients with NIPLHIV. We recommend a study of the sample population to track the stability of these observations before general recommendations for clinical care.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"393-409"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39815415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winners of the 2020 Naylor Prize.","authors":"Martin Cordiner","doi":"10.1111/opo.12934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12934","url":null,"abstract":"Although all Naylor Prize winners down the years are to be commended for their work, those attempting to complete undergraduate projects in the first half of 2020 faced a few more significant challenges compared to previous years. This impacted on the ability of some universities to submit applications for the Prize, but if ever there was a year to suggest that anyone completing their undergraduate optometry degree can call themselves a winner, 2020 was it. Jon Naylor, as well as being a pioneering academic optometrist at the University of Manchester, was awarded one of the UK profession's first PhDs for his work investigating polarisation optics of the eye. He also introduced project work as part of undergraduate optometry in 1964. In recognition of his contribution, the Naylor Prize was inaugurated in 1986, and now recognises undergraduate projects across three categories: literature reviews, clinical reviews of specific areas of practice and experimental projects. Here we present the winning and highly commended entries, and hopefully something good to remember about 2020. Aston University's Soneji Humaira was Highly Commended in the clinical reviews category for the project, ‘An investigation into the ocular neurophysiology of pain sensitivity and wetness’, which considered whether techniques to assess these qualities in the skin could be adapted to supplement the currently limited options to assess the ocular surface. This very detailed review found that it should be possible to adapt various skin assessment methods. The winning entry focused on an area of great need, with Cardiff University's Meera Patel scooping the Prize with her project, ‘Human iPS cells and the future potential for recovery of the retina’. Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells as a prospective treatment to repair retinal pigment epithelium have the advantage of being a potential source of unlimited retinal cells and are also patient specific. Meera's project assessed their possible use, including previous transplants, and this comprehensive report was praised by the judging panel for demonstrating a clear understanding through exemplary academic writing. It found most of the current evidence suggests that iPS cells could be used as a treatment to help restore vision where others are unlikely to help. We stick with stem cells for the Highly Commended literature review, ‘How close are we to curing visual impairment with stem cell therapy?’, by Zahrah Lalji of Aston University. This clear and balanced report provided a detailed analysis of stem cell therapy as a management option for patients with visual impairment. It suggested that the next six years may be crucial to the clinical application of research on such therapy, with several types of stem cell treatments appearing to be both safe and improving long term vision and short term quality of life. The winning literature review was by Danya Lahmami of City, University of London, entitled, ‘Toric versus spherical s","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"421-422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39838537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial protection is essential to increase effective refractive error coverage equitably.","authors":"Jacqueline Ramke,&nbsp;Jaymie T Rogers,&nbsp;Nicola S Logan","doi":"10.1111/opo.12927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12927","url":null,"abstract":"Financial protection is essential to increase effective refractive error coverage equitably We were pleased to read the letter from Fardow highlighting the need for public funding to improve access to refractive error services. Fardow's call speaks to the ambitious targets for effective service coverage for refractive error (eREC) all countries signed up to at the World Health Assembly in 2021 (alongside targets for effective service coverage for cataract [eCSC]). Depending on the context in each country, increasing eREC will involve improving refractive error services in terms of one or more of access, quality or financial protection— the latter of which can be provided via public funding. It remains unclear how increasing eREC might happen, with very little evidence on how to improve access to refractive error services equitably. Fardow outlines the situation in the UK and Sweden. However, we clarify that the four devolved nations within the UK each take a different approach to eye care services and funding. In England, only those who meet certain criteria are eligible to have their eye examination covered by the National Health Service (NHS), predominantly children, those on a low income, people with diabetes, those at risk of glaucoma or who have a high refractive error. For all others there is a charge, whereas in Scotland eye examinations are covered by the NHS for all UK residents. Optical vouchers of different values dependant on prescription level are issued to certain eligible groups. The constant underfunding of NHS sight test fees is increasingly taken as evidence that the UK government is not taking seriously prevention, eye care or the current crisis in ophthalmology (due to a shortage in the number of ophthalmologists being trained and a backlog in ophthalmology services due to Covid19). Yet despite the NHS covering the cost of both vision tests and provision of vouchers for spectacles for children, the refractive requirements of children are not being fully met. Two examples of this within the UK are the Born in Bradford study and the Villa Vision project. Born in Bradford has a ‘Glasses in Classes’ project that was designed to explore if schools could support children wearing their glasses. 15% of a large cohort of over 16,000 children aged 4 to 5 years failed vision screening with 4.4% identified as having vision impairment. Villa Vision is a partnership between Aston Villa Football Club, Aston University and Essilor. This project aims to raise awareness of the importance of eye examinations and eye health, and crucially how to access it. Over 2,100 children have participated in the Villa Vision interactive classroom workshop. Around 1,700 children have been vision and colour vision screened within their school setting and 100 pairs of spectacles have been dispensed to those children who need them. The critical aspect alongside the lack of government funding for universal primary eye care and provision of refractive correction i","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"416-417"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39688859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Binocular visual function and fixational control in patients with macular disease: A review.","authors":"Irina Sverdlichenko,&nbsp;Mark S Mandelcorn,&nbsp;Galia Issashar Leibovitzh,&nbsp;Efrem D Mandelcorn,&nbsp;Samuel N Markowitz,&nbsp;Luminita Tarita-Nistor","doi":"10.1111/opo.12925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For normally sighted observers, the centre of the macula-the fovea-provides the sharpest vision and serves as the reference point for the oculomotor system. Typically, healthy observers have precise oculomotor control and binocular visual performance that is superior to monocular performance. These functions are disturbed in patients with macular disease who lose foveal vision. An adaptation to central vision loss is the development of a preferred retinal locus (PRL) in the functional eccentric retina, which is determined with a fixation task during monocular viewing. Macular disease often affects the two eyes unequally, but its impact on binocular function and fixational control is poorly understood. Given that patients' natural viewing condition is binocular, the aim of this article was to review current research on binocular visual function and fixational oculomotor control in macular disease. Our findings reveal that there is no overall binocular gain across a range of visual functions, although clear evidence exists for subgroups of patients who exhibit binocular summation or binocular inhibition, depending on the clinical characteristics of their two eyes. The monocular PRL of the better eye has different characteristics from that of the worse eye, but during binocular viewing the PRL of the better eye drives fixational control and may serve as the new reference position for the oculomotor system. We conclude that evaluating binocular function in patients with macular disease reveals important clinical aspects that otherwise cannot be determined solely from examining monocular functions, and can lead to better disease management and interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"258-271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b8/08/OPO-42-258.PMC9299778.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39690089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary intake and associations with myopia in Singapore children.","authors":"Mijie Li,&nbsp;Chuen-Seng Tan,&nbsp;Li-Lian Foo,&nbsp;Ray Sugianto,&nbsp;Jia Ying Toh,&nbsp;Chen-Hsin Sun,&nbsp;Fabian Yap,&nbsp;Charumathi Sabanayagam,&nbsp;Foong-Fong Mary Chong,&nbsp;Seang-Mei Saw","doi":"10.1111/opo.12929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate associations of dietary factors with myopia, spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) and axial length (AL) in children at age 9 from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) birth cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included 467 multi-ethnic children (933 eyes) who participated in the GUSTO prospective birth cohort and were delivered in two major hospitals in Singapore (2009-2010). At the 9-year visit, we assessed the 6-year incidence of myopia (between ages 3 to 9), cycloplegic SE and AL in children without myopia (SE ≤ -0.5 D in either eye) at the 3-year visit. Using a validated 112-item food frequency questionnaire, parents reported each child's average daily intake of dietary factors (nutrients and food groups) in the past month. Paired eyes were analysed using Generalised Estimating Equations with multivariable logistic or linear regression. Bonferroni corrections were applied, correcting for multiple comparisons between the 13 nutrients (p < 0.004) or 8 food groups (p < 0.006) and each outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In children aged 9 years (51.0% boys; 56.3% Chinese), the 6-year incidence of myopia was 35.5%. Overall, the mean (SD) SE and AL were -0.3 (1.7) D and 23.4 (1.0) mm, respectively. In multivariable regression, macronutrients or micronutrients were not associated with incident myopia (p ≥ 0.004 for all), adjusting for total energy, gender, ethnicity, time outdoors, near-work and the number of myopic parents (additionally child's height for outcome AL). Similarly, all food groups (including refined grains, sugar-sweetened beverages, protein foods, fruits and vegetables) were not associated with incident myopia (p ≥ 0.006 for all). Additionally, none of the nutrients (p ≥ 0.004 for all) or food groups (p ≥ 0.006 for all) were associated with SE or AL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study findings of no significant association between specific nutrients or food groups and incident myopia or SE or AL suggest that diet may not be associated with myopia in children aged 9 years. Well-conducted prospective studies in other populations may clarify the association.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"319-326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39691028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positions of the horizontal and vertical centre of rotation in eyes with different refractive errors.","authors":"Arne Ohlendorf,&nbsp;Frank Schaeffel,&nbsp;Siegfried Wahl","doi":"10.1111/opo.12940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine how the position of the centre of rotation of the eyeball is related to axial length and refractive error when horizontal and vertical eye movements are performed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A custom-built eye tracker was used that determined the centre of rotation of the eye (COR) from lateral displacements of the pupil centre. Horizontal and vertical eye movements were studied in the right eyes, and each measurement performed five times in 59 subjects (32 females) with an average age of 36.6 ± 9.1 years. Spherical equivalent refractive errors ranged from -9.7 to +6.8 D with an average error of -1.5 ± 2.9 D. Axial lengths were measured with the ZEISS IOL Master 500.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean horizontal centre of rotation (COR) of the right eye for a saccade from 0° to ±11.9° was 15.3 ± 1.5 mm behind the corneal apex, while the average vertical COR for the same angle of eccentricity was 12.5 ± 1.4 mm, indicating that the horizontal COR was 2.8 ± 1.7 mm behind the vertical COR. In right eyes, horizontal COR was significantly correlated with axial length (r = 0.28, p = 0.02) but not with the spherical equivalent refractive error (r = 0.39, p = 0.90). Similarly, vertical COR was significantly correlated with axial length (r = 0.25, p = 0.03) but not with the spherical equivalent refractive error (r = 0.17, p = 0.90).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While it might be expected that the COR is dependent on axial length, the correlation was not strong. Interestingly, the location of the COR was substantially different for horizontal and vertical eye movements which may relate to the flatter curvature of the eyeball in the vertical meridian, compared to the horizontal, as described in previous studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"376-383"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9303901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39835549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}